2398. Cf. Demosth. adv. Callip. § 2.

2399. Philost. Vit. Sophist, ii. 21. § 2. Athen. i. 49.

2400. Herod, iii. 97.

2401. Dioscor. i. 129.

2402. Plin. Nat. Hist. viii. 10.

2403. Herod. iii. 97.

2404. From the same country the ancients likewise obtained the rhinoceros, as well, no doubt, as the giraffe, sometimes paraded in their processions. Athen. v. 32. Didymus, however, supposes the giraffe to have been brought from India. Ἐγὼ δὲ ἀπὸ τῆς Ἰνδίας ἐνεχθεῖσαν ἐθεασάμην ἐν Ἀντιοχείᾳ καμηλοπάρδαλιν, ap. Geopon. xvi. 22. 9. Agatharchid. ap. Phot. p. 455. b.

2405. Philost. Vit. Apoll. Tyan. vi. 2, p. 229.

2406. Herod, iv. 195.

2407. Dioscor. v. 123.

2408. Id. v. 126.

2409. Id. v. 119.

2410. Id. v. 109.

2411. Plin. Nat. Hist. xxxvii. 60. Solin. cap. xxxi. Isidor. Orig. xvi. 12.

2412. Plin. Nat. Hist. xxxvi. 29. 39. 25. Isidor. Orig. xvi. 4. Marbod. de Lapid. cap. xliii.

2413. Plin. Nat. Hist. xxxvii, 15.

2414. Iorio, Storia del Commercio, t. v. 1. ii. c. x. p. 268.

2415. Plin. Nat. Hist. xvi. 12. xxii. 3. Iorio, Storia, &c., t. iv. 1. ii. c. x. p. 269. Colonel Scott, who mistakes the insects for berries, gives the following brief account of the collection and price of kermes in the territories of Abd-el-Kader: “We travelled for the greater part of the day through a barren and mountainous country; but one at the same time abounding in riches, from the circumstance of its being covered with the plant which furnishes the kermes, a small berry about the size of a pea split in two, and which gives a dye between vermilion and red, and is an article of considerable trade, selling at from a dollar to one dollar and a half per pound in Fez, whilst here, during the month of May, which is the season for gathering it, it can be procured at from one bougou (1s. 4d.) to one and a half per pound, when bought from the Arabs: but if the proper plan were adopted, which is, to send a party hired by the month, with a superintendent to direct their operations, it might be procured at from eight-pence to one shilling per pound, and would form a most lucrative branch of trade.” Journal of a Residence in the Esmailla of Abd-el-Kader, p. 88.

2416. Massinissa inquired of certain merchants, whom he saw coming to Africa in search of monkeys, whether the women bore no children in their country? Athen. xii. 16. Cf. Plut. Pericl. § 1.

2417. Athen. v. 32.

2418. Lucian. Navig. § 23.

2419. Dioscor. ii. 57. The cicada is spitted, roasted, and eaten at the present day in Affghanistân. Vigne, Ghuzni, Kabul, &c., p. 99. See, also, Hazelquist, p. 230, and Leo Africanus, p. 769.

2420. Plin. Nat. Hist. xiii. 30. Cf. Theoph. Hist. Plant. iv. 1.

2421. Theoph. de Lapid. § 31.

2422. Plin. Nat. Hist. xii. 49. xxiv. 14.

2423. Dioscor. iii. 98.

2424. Supposed to be the prangus by several modern writers. Vigne, Ghuzni, Kabul, &c., p. 100, seq. Cf. Theoph. Hist. Plant. iv. 3. 1. 1. 5. 2. Athen. vii. 26. Aristoph. Plut. 926. Av. 534. 1578, 1581. Aristot. Hist. Animal. viii. 29.

2425. At the same time a wood of trees, previously unknown in the country, sprang up. Theoph. Hist. Plant. iii. 1. 6. Cf. on the silphion, Schol. Aristoph. Eq. 891. Plin. Nat. Hist. xix. 3. Dioscor. iii. 94. Athen. i. 49. iii. 58. Geopon. v. 48. 5. ii. 37. 1. xiii. 10. 6.

2426. Dioscor. ii. 204.

2427. Athen. ii. 62. Cf. Sibth. Flor. Græc. tab. 337. Dioscor. ii. 152.

2428. Dioscor. i. 25.

2429. Athen. ii. 60. Plin. Nat. Hist. xix. 13.

2430. Dioscor. ii. 200.

2431. Id. iv. 150.

2432. Id. iii. 56.

2433. Dioscor. iv. 180.

2434. Id. i. 128.

2435. Florent. ap. Geopon. ix. 3. 1. Plin. Nat. Hist. xvii. 19.

2436. Dioscor. i. 1.

2437. Id. i. 91.

2438. Id. i. 77.

2439. Id. iii. 96. Cf. Leo. African. p. 770. Plin. Nat. Hist. xxv. 38.

2440. Athen. i. 49.

2441. Dioscor. ii. 11.

2442. Athen. i. 49. iii. 58.

2443. Id. i. 12.

2444. Id. xv. 38. The moss roses of Cyrenè were renowned in antiquity for their fragrance. Theoph. Hist. Plant, vi. 6. 6.

2445. Id. xv. 29.

2446. Herod. iv. 192.

2447. Id. ibid. Dioscor. ii. 71.

2448. Herod. iv. 96. Circumstances of a like nature are described by Philostratus, (Vit. Apoll. Tyan. vi. 2, p. 229,) in the commerce carried on by the Egyptians with the inhabitants of Ethiopia.

2449. Theoph. Hist. Plant. iv. 3. 2. Vid. Diod. Sicul. xx. 42. Plut. Dem. § 14. Palmer. Excercitat. p. 594.

2450. Dioscor. iv. 112.

2451. Demosth. cont. Dionysod. § 9. Plut. Pericl. § 37. Athen. ii. 10. 13. Schol. Aristoph. Av. 301. Geopon. iii. 3. 11. Theoph. Hist. Plant. viii. 4. Plin. Nat. Hist. xviii. 12. Cf. Spanh. ad Callim. Hymn in Cerer. 2. t. ii. p. 657.

2452. Athen. iii. 75.

2453. Id. i. 60. Geopon. xx. 15. Strab. xvii. t. ii. p. 1151. Casaub.—Vibius Sequester, p. 24. Virg. Georg. ii. 91. Plin. Nat. Hist. xiv. 3. Isidor. Orig. xvii. 5. Horat. Od. i. 37. 14.

2454. Dioscor. ii. 146.

2455. Id. iii. 47.

2456. Damogeron, ap. Geopon. vii. 13. 4.

2457. Dioscor. i. 26.

2458. Id. iii. 27.

2459. Id. ii. 178.

2460. Id. ii. 182. Sibthorp, Flor. Græc. Tab. 313.

2461. Dioscor. i. 118.

2462. Id. iv. 160.

2463. Prosp. Alpin. De Medicin. Ægypt. iv. 10, p. 300, seq.

2464. Dioscor. iii. 68. On the cumin of Æthiopia, Id. Theriac. c. xix.

2465. Τὸ δὲ κόμμι τῆς ἀκάνθης διαφέρει τὸ σκωληκοειδὲς ὑελίζον, διαυγὲς, ἄξυλον, εἶτα τὸ λευκόν. Dioscor. i. 133. Theoph. Hist. Plant. vi. 11. 15.

2466. Κύπρος, Dioscor. i. 124.

2467. Theoph. Hist. Plant. iv. 2. 11.

2468. Dioscor. i. 116.

2469. Ἄνισον. Dioscor. iii. 65.

2470. Athen. xiv. 50.

2471. Philost. Vit. Soph. ii. 21. § 2.

2472. Dioscor. i. 71.

2473. Δοκεῖ δὲ διαφέρειν τὸ ἐν Φοινίκῃ καὶ ἐν Αἰγύπτω γινόμενον ἄριστον δὲ ἐστὶν αὐτοῦ, τὸ ὄζον κρίνων. Dioscor. i. 62.

2474. Lucian. de Syria Dea, § 7. Athen. i. 49. Ἡ βίβλος ψιλὴ ῥαβδος ἐστὶν ἐπ᾽ ἄκρου ἔχουσα χαίτην. Ὀ δὲ κύαμος κατὰ πολλὰ μέρη φύλλα καὶ ἄνθη ἐκφέρει, καὶ καρπὸν ὅμοιον τῳ παρ᾽ ἡμῖν κυάμῳ, μεγέθει μόνον καὶ γεύσει διαλάττοντα. Strab. xvii. t. ii. p. 1151. Casaub.--Iorio, Storia del Commercio, t. iv. 1. xi. c. xii.

2475. Philost. Vit. Soph. ii. 21. § 2.

2476. Iorio, Storia del Comm. e della Navig. t. iv. 1. ii. c. xiii. p. 275.

2477. It appears to be perfectly clear, notwithstanding the arguments of Palmerius, (Exercitat. in Auct. Græc. p. 17, sqq.,) that the wool-bearing trees described by Herodotus, (iii. 106, cf. ii. 86, vii. 181,) and Theophrastus (Hist. Plant. iv. 7. 7,) were no other than the perennial cotton shrubs. Palmerius was led into the mistake he has committed by having been informed, that the cotton was an annual plant, whereas, as is now well known, there are two species of cotton shrub, the one annual, the other perennial, and it was evidently the latter that flourished in India and the island of Tylos. Pollux, who speaks distinctly of cotton, relates, that it was produced in Egypt. (Onomast. vii. 75.) Belon, (Observat. ii. 6,) seems to imagine that the ancient authors above cited, speak of the silk tree, which is found growing at the present day on the banks of the Nile, in Upper Egypt and Nubia.

2478. Athen. xi. 11.

2479. Fab. Column. De Purpur. xviii. 3. Athen. iii. 40.

2480. Σιλούρος, Paxamus, ap. Geopon. xiii. 10. 11. Athen. vii. 18.

2481. Pelagon, ap. Geopon. xvi. 17. 1.

2482. Athen. ii. 76.

2483. Athen. xiv. 50.

2484. Poll. vi. 48. Athen. iii. 93.

2485. Dioscor. ii. 71.

2486. Εἰσὶ δὲ ἐν Ἀλεξανδρείᾳ τῇ πρὸς Αἴγυπτον ὄρνεις Μονόσιροι, ἑξ ὧν οἱ μάχιμοι ἀλεκτρυόνες γεννῶνται. Florent. ap. Geopon. xiv. 7. 30.

2487. Theoph. Hist. Plant. iv. 2. 9.

2488. Dioscor. iv. 114.

2489. Id. v. 119.

2490. Αἱματίτης. Id. v. 144.

2491. Athen. iii. 46.

2492. Σκευαστὸς δὲ ὁ Αἰγύπτιος· (κυάνος·) καὶ οἱ γράφοντες τὰ περὶ τοὺς βασιλεῖς καὶ τουτο γράφουσι, τίς πρῶτος βασιλεὺς ἐποίησε χυτὸν κύανου μιμησάμενος τὸν αὐτοφυῆ. Theoph. de Lapid. § 55.

2493. Dioscor. v. 158.

2494. Id. v. 152.

2495. Id. v. 154.

2496. Id. v. 130. Florent. ap. Geopon. vi. 16. 6. Plin. Nat. Hist. xxxi. 10.

2497. See Hazelquist, Travels, p. 275.

2498. Dioscor. v. 123.

2499. Plut. Alexand. § 40.

2500. Dioscor. v. 87.

2501. Plin. Nat. Hist. xxxiv. 23. Sarracen. ad Dioscor. v. 87.

2502. Winkel. Hist. de l’Art. t. i. p. 176.

2503. Athen. xi. 28.

2504. Herod. i. 193. Cf. iv. 172. Athen. i. 49.

2505. Lucian. Dial. Meret. § 14.

2506. Dioscor. i. 174.

2507. Cf. Theoph. Hist. Plant. iii. 6. 2.

2508. Apsyrtius, ap. Geopon. xvi. 8. 2.

2509. Cf. Plin. Nat. Hist. xv. 24.

2510. Prosper. Alpin. iv. 3. p. 266.

2511. Bochart. Geog. Sac. Pt. i. 1. iv. cap. xxxviii. p. 356.

2512. Ezekiel, xxvii. 7, sqq.

2513. Athen. iii. 66. See Villebrune, French Translation, t. i. p. 414.

2514. Herod, iii. 107. Athen. i. 49. Plut. Alexand. § 25.

2515. Lucian. Dial. Meret. § 14.

2516. Dioscor. i. 18.

2517. Theoph. Hist. Plant. ix. 6. 1. Strab. xvi. t. ii. p. 1107. Casaub. Busbequius, Epist. iv. p. 359. Prosp. Alpin. de Balsamo, cap. ii.

2518. Justin. xxxvi. 3.

2519. Plin. Nat. Hist. xii. 34. Dioscor. i. 18. Theoph. Hist. Plant. ix. 6. Annot. p. 734, seq. Tacit. Histor. v. 6. Pausan. ix. 28. 3.

2520. Dioscor. i. 15. Cf. Theoph. Hist. Plant. vi. 7. 4.

2521. Dioscor. iii. 97.

2522. Arum maculatum, Sibthorp. Flor. Græc. Prodrom. 2279. t. ii. p. 245. Dioscor. ii. 197.

2523. Mart. Mathée, Annot. sur Dioscor. ii. 159.

2524. Dioscor. i. 124.

2525. Id. i. 8.

2526. Id. ii. 185.

2527. Id. i. 19.

2528. Id. i. 26.

2529. Ἐλαιόμελι κατὰ Παλμυρᾶ τῆς Συρίας ἔκ τινος στέλεχους ἔλαιον μέλιτος παχύτερον ῥέι, γλυκὺ τῇ γεύσει. Dioscor. i. 37.

2530. Plin. Nat. Hist. xxiv. 15. Dioscor. i. 79.

2531. Dioscor. i. 91. Theoph. Hist. Plant. v. 3. 2.

2532. Dioscor. i. 177.

2533. Id. ii. 167.

2534. Id. iii. 29.

2535. Theophrast. de Odor. § 31. Sibthorp. Flor. Græc. tab. 166.

2536. Dioscor. iii. 64.

2537. Id. iii. 94.

2538. Theoph. Hist. Plant. vi. 3. 7.

2539. Dioscor. iii. 100.

2540. Id. i. 62. iii. 116.

2541. Id. iii. 150.

2542. Id. iii. 160.

2543. Id. v. 5. iii. 135.

2544. Strab. xvi. t. ii. p. 1095. Plin. Nat. Hist. xii. 22.

2545. Theoph. Hist. Plant. ix. 7. 1. Schneid. Annot. t. iii. p. 737.

2546. Athen. ii. 53.

2547. Theoph. Hist. Plant. v. 3. 2.

2548. Theoph. de Ign. § 66.

2549. Strab. vii. 5. t. ii. p. 106. Theoph. de Lapid. § 49. Dioscor. v. 181.

2550. Dioscor. i. 99.

2551. Cf. Theoph. Hist. Plant. ix. 2. 3.

2552. Dioscor. v. 155.

2553. Cf. Huet. Hist. of Commerce, p. 13.

2554. We find, however, that the nomadic tribes sometimes exported sheep. Athen. v. 32.

2555. Dioscor. v. 159.

2556. Plin. Nat. Hist. xxxvi. 39. Geopon. xv. 1. 30.

2557. Id. xxxvi. 41.

2558. Id. xxxvi. 46.

2559. Id. ix. 54. Ælian. de Animal. x. 13. See in Nieuhoff an elaborate account of the pearl-fishery in the Persian gulf. This traveller gives, from the traditions of the natives, a fabulous explanation of the origin of the pearls, which is exceedingly fanciful and poetical: “It is generally believed that these pearls are progenerated by the May dews, during which month the oysters rise up to the surface of the waters, and opening themselves receive a small quantity of dew, which, being coagulated, afterwards produces these pearls. Certain it is, that, if these oysters are opened before June, the pearls are soft and pliable like pitch.” Churchill’s Collection of Voyages, vol. ii. p. 196.

2560. Lucian. de Syr. Dea, § 29.

2561. Cf. Theoph. Hist. Plant. ix. 7. 2.

2562. Id. i. 23.

2563. Dioscor. i. 128. Herod. iii. 107. Thom. Magist. v. θύωμα, p. 462.

2564. Theoph. Hist. Plant. ix. 4. 1, sqq. Philost. Vit. Soph. ii. 21. § 2. Ammon, v. λίβανος, p. 89. This gum is now of very inferior quality and value, and was sent in the last century in vast quantities into Muscovy to tan Russia leather. Hazelquist, Travels, p. 297. Of old it seems to have been sacred exclusively to the gods and was daily burnt as a morning sacrifice on their altars. Gœttling, ad Hesiod, p. 162. In the ages preceding the discovery of frankincense, people made use of rosemary for the same purpose. Apuleius, de Virtut. Herb. cap. lxxix. Cf. Fabric. Biblioth. Lat. p. 126. Lomeier, de Lustrat. Vet. Gent. c. xxiv. p. 298. On the plants, fruits, and trees, used in sacrifice, see Saubert. de Sacrificiis, cap. xxiv.

2565. Cf. Diodor. Sicul. l. v. t. i. p. 364. Wesseling.

2566. Dioscor. i. 79.

2567. Theoph. Hist. Plant. ix. 4. 7.

2568. See also Dioscor. i. 77. A fable concerning the collection of the frankincense occurs in Herod. iii. 117.

2569. Theoph. Hist. Plant. ix. 4. 7.

2570. Paradise Lost, iv. 159-165.

2571. Some years’ Travels into Africa and Asia, p. 102. Cf. Chandler, i. 6.

2572. Voyage aux Isles Malouines, t. i. p. 155.

2573. Dioscor. i. 80. Plin. Nat. xii. 19.

2574. Dioscor. ii. 19.

2575. Dioscor. iii. 52.

2576. The shrub is twelve feet high and flowers in May. Hazelquist, Travels, p. 247. Cf. Dioscor. i. 12.

2577. Theoph. Hist. Plant. ix. 5. 1. Dioscor. i. 13. Prosper. Alpin. de Medicin. Ægypt. iv. 9, p. 304. Hen. van Rheede, Hortus Indicus Malabaricus, p. 107, sqq. Carletti, who travelled towards the close of the sixteenth century, gives a lively description of the cinnamon tree, the leaves of which he compares to those of the peach tree. Viaggi, &c., t. ii. p. 231. Baldæus, Description of Ceylon, chapter iv.

2578. Theoph. Hist. Plant. ix. 5. 2.