Chamthe, cloth of performer of Wozütana and head-taking “gennas,” 10
Chang tribe, mixed origin of, xx;
tradition of change, xx, xxi;
physical type, xxii;
invaders in Phom, Ao and Konyak territory absorb Ao villages, xxv n. 2, xxxiii n. 1, 92 n. 1;
bury and expose dead, xxv, 92 n. 1;
story of people with inverted noses, xxvii n. 1;
use of war drum, xxviii;
method of sowing, xxix;
erect memorial posts instead of stones, xxix;
position of chiefs similar to that of Semas and Thados, xxxiii;
language resemblances, xxxv;
love token, 12 n. 1;
trade in leggings, 15;
traditional use of tsonak, 16;
make spear shafts, 17;
use tsiri trap, 67;
do not intermarry with corresponding clans, 92 n. 1, 93;
adoption among, 99;
scapegoat ceremony, 135;
death customs, 156;
belief as to tiger-man, 163 n. 1
Chankerhomo, valour and death of, xiv
Chants, in champo rebuilding, 27;
agricultural, 85;
head-hunting, 106, 107, 123;
hoiki enyam, 123
Character:
Angami, Sema, xiii;
Lhota, humour, pluck, 19;
morals, 19, 121;
thrift, xiii, 30, 136;
reserved, v, xiii;
treatment of parents, 19, 20;
of animals, 20;
prone to suicide, 20, 82;
not litigious, 96, 98;
respect for age, 72, 65, 98;
—— for wealth, 136;
philosophical view of life, 113
Charaksü, cloth of wife of Stone-dragger, 11, 143
Charms, love, 168;
to keep off evil spirits and improve crops, 169
Chastity, necessary for boys who drag post in Lisü “genna,” xxx n. 1;
three days before fetching Opya log, 123;
boy who catches cock in Pikuchak ceremony, 128;
for men on night of Opya ceremony, 123;
after killing of a tiger by the village, 67;
for those engaged in dyeing, 38;
pot-making, 41;
net-making, 43;
for house owner, night before selecting “jhum,” 46;
night after Thruven ceremony, 48;
night before and after second sowing ceremony, 48;
on night before Rangsikam ceremony, 51;
for husband and wife on night of Potsokam, 132;
for parents after certain food during pregnancy, 144;
for bride and bridegroom, 150, 152, 153;
for wives of men on head hunt, 108;
for household during madhu making at Rangsikam, 51;
for decapitator of tiger, twelve days, 67;
for dao lender in Opya ceremony, 123;
for Stone-dragger, before ceremony, 141;
for intending performers of head-taking ceremony, 108;
on night previous to taking bees’ or hornets’ nests, 69;
to fish poisoning, 71;
to starting on a head hunt, 108;
for Ratsen, when anticipating Potsos’ visit, 114;
for all in a field-house, 51
Cherhechima, unlucky Memi subdivision, xxxii
Cheroma: see Thekronoma.
Chesha, ancestor of Chishilimi clan, xxxii n. 2
Cheshi, month corresponding to May, 226
Chichama village, 42
Chicken, sacrificed in new house (kichakro), 34;
in head-taking “genna,” 108;
at stone-dragging, 142;
at death as forerunner of soul, 157, 159;
strangled and omens taken, 149;
flesh of, in Thruven, 47;
released as scapegoat, 134, 135;
to dream of killing, a presage of death, 171
Chickens, provisions as to first removal from nest, 63
Chiefs, among Southern Konyaks, xxxi, xxxiii;
Semas, xxxiii, xxxvii;
Kacharis, Changs, Thados, xxxiii;
among Lhotas (ekyung), 96
Chikanika, month corresponding to August, 226
Chikmang, peak, xxxiv n. 1
Child, colour of hair in childhood, xxiii;
treatment at birth, naming, feeding, 144–147;
ear-piercing, 8, 147
Childbirth, death in, demands special funeral rites, 160.
See Apotia.
Children, punishment of, 102;
inherit qualities of animals eaten by parents, 74, 75, 76;
of celebrant of Liritang eat offerings, 54
Chilies, cultivation of, 57;
cooking of, 74, 78;
offered in soul-calling ceremony, 135
Chili plant, men will decrease till they can climb up, xxxiv
Chin, xvi
China, immigration from Southern, xvii, xx
Chindwin river, valley reputed home of S. Sangtams, xiv, xix;
eastern boundary of Naga tribes, xvi
Chishi, ancestor of Chishilimi clan, xxxii n. 2
Chishilimi, Sema clan, perhaps has dual organization, xxxii n. 2;
corresponds to Lhota Muri clan, 92
Chochang, junior division of Sotsoi, 97
Chongli, Ao, linguistic group, dual and triple division of, xxx;
members in 1921, xxxii n. 1
Chongliemdi, traditional place of origin of Aos, xviii, xx
Chongsemo thanked for help, vi
Chongyichami, clan, 88;
Ao descent of, 89
Chopuk, month corresponding to November, 226
Chorothui clan, 14, 88;
origin of, 91
Chotantsu, intercalary month, 226
Christianity, denationalizing effect of, xi;
spread of, xii;
effect on Aos’ funeral customs, xxiv
Christians of Okotso starting tea culture, 59
Chüka, first item in marriage price, 155
Chunga, 232, 36;
in ceremonies, 48, 34, 149;
omens taken by splitting, 109, 133, 134, 135;
miniature in male baby’s hand at first carrying, 146;
first-fruits placed in, 54;
navel string placed in, 145;
special in Ponyiratsen’s ceremony, 151
Circumcision not practised, 8
Clan:
division of phratry into clans and clans into kindreds, 87, 91;
list of clans by phratries, 88;
origins of different clans, 89 et seq.;
jungle men clans, 91;
equality of and exception, 91;
becoming exogamous division, 87;
intertribal correspondence of, discussed, [237]92;
welfare involved in heirlooms, 98;
—— of victim may not take share of murderer’s property, 101;
—— of Stone-dragger receives no flesh from bull killed, 143;
—— realizes price of widow who marries into another clan, 155;
mithan and pig sacrificed by, at funeral of head-taker, 159
Clan lands, customs regarding, 97, 98
Clansmen of sacrificer feasted, 139;
receive portions of meat, 138, 149;
—— of Stone-dragger help to carry stone, 142;
—— of bridegroom distribute firewood to clansmen of bride, 149;
escort couple to Kithandro. Clansman acts as go-between in marriage negotiations, 153;
escorts couple from bride’s father’s house, 154;
old clansman of bridegroom and old clanswoman of bride accompany former in Tsoyuta ceremony, 153;
wives of clansmen of bridegroom escort couple from bride’s father’s house, 150;
two boys of bridegroom’s clan sleep with couple on night of Halam, 150;
husbands of women of bridegroom’s clan collect firewood in Lantsoa ceremony, 148, 149;
kill pig, 149;
women of bride’s clan give her cotton and thread, 149;
in case of “apotia” death old clansman makes fire to purify household, takes rent
for land, 162;
—— of deceased cannot cultivate land being cultivated at time of death, 161;
also see Echantyoi
Cleanliness, of different tribes, xxxv
Cloth:
also see Weaving.
Man’s described, 9, 40;
hung over grave, 158;
woman’s, 11;
special method of wearing in stone-dragging, 143;
made of dog’s hair, 19;
new, offered in soul-calling, 136;
at sale of, thread retained, 44;
corpse wrapped in two or three good cloths, 157;
head-taker’s, 10;
social “genna” performer’s, 9, 10, 11, 136
Clouds, beliefs regarding, 173
Club, used in mock fights, 110 n. 2
Cock, sacrificed, in village founding, 6;
in Opya consecration, 123;
in Pikuchak, 128;
Ponyiratsen’s ceremony, 151;
in purification after “apotia,” 162;
eaten and omens taken before head hunt, 106;
killed by intending performers of head-taking ceremony, 108;
killed at Shishang, 138;
killed and cooked by bridegroom, 148
Coffin (orhung), Lhota, xxiv, 157;
Konyak, xxiv;
Kalyo-Kengyu, xxv
Colour of skin: see Skin.
Communication, inter-village, 22
Complexion: see skin.
Composition of tribes, xv et seq.;
traces of race movements found in, xviii;
conclusions regarding, xxxv, xxxvi
Conch shell in necklaces, 12, 13
Cornelian, bead thrown into spring of new village, 5;
in necklaces, 12, 13;
tied to wrist of corpse, 157
Corpse, preparation for burial, 157;
during Rangsikam household may not touch, 52;
—— of “apotia” exhales evil, 118;
ornaments and clothes of those touching thrown away, 160
Cotton (khungko), cultivation of, 57;
cleaning of, 36;
bartered for salt, 44;
offered in soul-calling, 135;
bride receives, from married women of her clan, 149
thread (oying), manufacture of, 36, 37;
given to bride by women of her clan, 149
wool, worn in ears, 8, 11, 13, 147;
thrown away by those in contact with “apotia,” 161;
put in ears of monkey, 53;
of enemy’s head, 108;
tied to hornet, 69;
offered to Tchhüpfu, 125
Cough, due to eating with owner of oha stone at Liritang, 55;
medicine for, 80;
ratsen’s cure for, 166
Council of Elders, among Tangkhuls and Aos, xxxiii;
among Lhotas, 96, 97
Cow, killed in champo rebuilding ceremonies, 26, 27;
gall of, medicine for diarrhœa, 79
Cowrie, tied to scapegoat chicken’s leg, 135;
to “death” chicken’s leg, 157;
charm against evil spirits, 169
Cowries, use developed from seeds of Job’s tears, 12 n. 1;
in ornamentation, 12, 14
Crabs, as relish, 54;
offered in scapegoat ceremony, 135
Crops:
see also Jhum, and Ceremonies, agricultural;
other than rice, 56–58;
protection of, 52;
ripening of, 54;
damage by wind foretold, 114;
singeing of sacrificial pig fatal to, 130;
abandoned in case of “apotia,” 161;
not reaped where lightning strikes, 163
Cross-bow, cultural connection, xv;
distribution among tribes, xxvii, xxviii;
description, 17, 18
Crow tits, not eaten, lest eater’s children inherit pinching, 75
Cubicles, in houses, 31
Cuckoo (liyosangsü), flesh given to babies, 147
Cucumber (lishakti), cultivation of, 58
Cultivation:
also see Jhum, Terraced cultivation;
diversity of methods, xxviii, xxix;
prohibited during emung, 26
Culture:
Lhota —— with reference to other tribes, xiv;
traces of race movement found in, xviii, xxvi
Cumming, Mr. R. C. R., on migration of Miri tribe, xvi n. 4
Cup, 35;
special, in stone-dragging ceremony, 143
Cupping, 81
Currency, 44
Customs, previous accounts of, scanty, vi;
decay of, xi, xii;
revival and value of, xii
Daily routine, 86
Dal (nyingtyingtsing or limcham), cultivation of, 57;
not eaten by dyers, 38;
by potters, 41
Dances at champo rebuilding, 18, 19, 27, 91;
brass plates worn at, 15
Dao (lepok):
also see Yanthang and Tsonak.
Connection between tribes indicated by, xxvi, xxvii;
Kabui, xxvi, 16;
Kacha Naga, Garo, Igorot, xxvi;
Tangkhul, xxvii;
S. Sangtam as heirloom, 4;
Lhota, xxvi;
described, [238]15, 16;
close connection with owner, 44, 161;
miniatures, placed in male baby’s hand, 146;
of chaste man used in opya sacrifice, 123;
of chaste boy in Pikuchak, 128;
in Tsirotsoala ceremony, held in left hand, 140;
washed, 141;
of warriors not cleaned till day after return from successful head hunt, 108;
scraped together with spear in Epuetha, 132;
in omen taking, 124, 134;
in final offering to dead, 161
Dao-holder (lechap), described, 16;
assumption of sign of termination of infancy, 24;
hung over man’s grave, 150;
miniature in final offering to dead, 160
Daughter, sleeps with mother, 31;
rules regarding inheritance, 98, 99
Dayang river, 115, 117, xiii;
Lhotas cross, xiv, 4;
basin of, Lhota habitat, 1;
Pyotsoja ceremony on bank of, 125;
offering made to, 131
Dead, the, beliefs regarding, 119, 120, 121;
final departure of, 159;
meaning of dreams of, 171;
offerings to (sochipen), 22, 53, 159, 160;
appeased, 120;
disposal of, methods practised by Naga tribes, xxiii–xxvi, 92 n. 1.
Also see Burial, Exposure, Desiccation.
Dead, The Land of the (Etchhili):
beliefs of different tribes regarding, xxxiii, xxxiv;
entrance to, on Wokha hill, 22, 119;
passage of souls to, 115 et seq., 155, 159;
spirits of animals also go to, 120;
tiger in, 66;
sun’s lights at night, 172
Dead, Road of the (etchhilan), 119, 120;
beliefs regarding, xxxiv;
path leading to Wokha hill always known as, 22;
soul (omon) passes along, 118;
enticed down, 159;
chicken and dog killed to precede omon down, 157;
blocked at rain-compelling, 131;
avoidance of, 143, 146;
at omen taking, 152, 153;
dream of carrying child down presages death, 171
Death:
ceremonies, ordinary, 156–160;
immediately after, 157, 159;
burial, 157, 158;
subsequent to burial, 158, 159;
extraordinary (see Apotia) in case of, by drowning, 160–162;
by tiger or leopard, 162;
houses in which death has occurred receive portion of sacrificial meat at Mshe-etak, 53;
omens of, taken at Tuku emung, 130;
in childbirth, 146
Debts, inherited, 99;
interest on and repayment of, 45;
wiped out by “apotia” death, 161
Deer, hunting of, 63–65;
trap for, 51, 52;
pitfalls for, 67;
Sityingo’s special, 64
Barking, omen of killing, 65
Deluge, the, 163 n. 1
Democracy, of certain tribes, xxxiii;
southern origin suggested, xxxvii
Deolung, story of, 117;
oath on, 103;
in rain-compelling, 131
Desiccation of dead, described, xxv
Dhansiri Valley, crossed by Lhotas, xiv
Diarrhœa, medicine for, 79
Dikhu river, xxv;
line of contact between northern and southern tribal movement, xxxvi
Dilungcham, village named in Rangsi invocation, 126
Dimapur, monoliths at, similar to Y-shaped memorial posts, xxix
Dish (opyi and pyikhyu), 36, 43
Ditch as defence, 21
Divination: see Omen taking.
Divorce, rules regarding, 156;
very frequent, 112
Dog, as scavenger, 23;
description of, treatment of, names given to, 62;
only animal named, 61;
“genna” for birth, 63;
use of hair of, 13, 19, 62;
touch spoils new pots, 41;
flesh not eaten by pot makers, 41;
dyers, 38;
cultivator on day of “jhum” selecting, 46;
by household at Rangsikam, 52;
sacrificed at champo rebuilding, 27, 28;
at Oyantsoa, 123;
in soul-calling, 133, 134;
at funeral of head-taker and tiger-slayer, 157;
dogs with party at time of “apotia” death killed, 161 n. 1;
giant dog eats sun and moon, 173
hunting, master’s affection for and care of, 63;
employment in hunting, 64–66;
purification of, 64, 65;
owner’s share of spoil, 65
wild, flesh causes thirst, 74, 75
Domestic life, 21–86
Door, of village, 22;
of house, 33
Doyang: see Dayang.
Dranda: see Prayer.
Dreamer (hahang), professional, consulted as to house site, 32;
makes offerings to dead, 120, 171;
duties in Potsokam, 131, 132
Dreams, 170–172;
influences choice of site of “jhum,” 46;
soul’s movements in, 136, 170, 171;
lucky and unlucky, 32, 171;
symbolical, 171, 172
Dress, 9, 10, 11;
also see Ceremonial dress.
Drill, implement, 12
Drink, 78–79;
also see Madhu.
Drongo: see King crow.
Dropsy, cupping for, 81
Drum, affinities of tribes suggested by use of, xxviii
Ducks, eaten but not kept, 63
Dyeing, women’s work, 36, 38;
process described, 37, 38;
chastity during and food tabu, 38
Dzunokehena intermarry with Cherhechima, xxxii
Ear, piercing of, 8, 146;
ornaments worn in, by men, 8, 11, 13, 147;
by women, 13;
flowers worn in, 58;
substitute for a head, 106;
ears of sacrificial dog in Oyantsoa, 123, 124