Head-taker, at funeral of, dog killed, 157;
mithan and pig killed, 159;
tally of heads alongside Road of the Dead, 159
Head Tree, see Mingetung.
Hearth (nchü), ceremonial construction of, in new house, 34;
shelf over, 36;
held in case of earthquake, 172;
separate —— for each wife, 31;
bridegroom waves spear round, in hamal ceremony, 150, 154;
—— in champo, 26
stones, placing of, 34;
touched with rice in Mshe etak, 53;
miniature made in Shishang ceremony, 139
Heirlooms, custody of, welfare of clan involved in, 98;
chabli as, 44;
yanthang as, 3, 16, 197;
Southern Sangtam dao and ornaments, 4
[242]
Helmets (kiven), 18;
manufacture of, 43;
worn in tiger-hunt, 66
Hen, sacrificed in Mshe etak, 53;
eaten, 54;
in Pyotsoja ceremony, 125;
strangled, omens taken from excreta and entrails in Amungkam, 50;
swung round field-house, strangled, omens taken eaten by old clansman, 51
Hiccough, bad omen for head hunter, 106
Hides, preparation of, 44
Himalayas, Lhota tradition of origin from, xv
Hinduism, effect on Lhotas, xi
“History of Mankind,” xxii n. 2, 172 n. 3, xxvii, xxviii
“History of Assam,” 2 n. 1
“History of Upper Assam,” etc., 19 n. 1
Hmhmti: see Chalmagra.
Hodson, Colonel, T. C., 124, 199;
regarding Manipuri people, xxxvi n. 1;
kang game, 84 n. 1
Hoe, connections between tribes indicated by —— used, xxvii
Ho-hoing, in Lanvung, 52;
in fish-poisoning, 71
Hoiki enyam, chant, 123
Honohoyanto (fowl-throat-cutting village), or Themoketsa, tradition of Lhota sojourn at, xiv, 4;
first name in Rangsi invocation, 125
Hoopoe, not eaten, 76
Hornbill (Great Indian), caught with bird-lime, 69;
flesh not usually eaten, prohibited to Tompyaktserre, 77;
symbolical of wealth, 14;
head insignia of Stone-dragger, 14;
tail feathers insignia of performer of head-taking ceremony, 13, 109;
ancestress of Worore clan made pregnant by, 89;
head carved on champo posts, 28, 43
Hornets, varieties, taking of nests, grubs eaten, 69, 70
Hose and McDougall, 46 n. 1
House, varieties of, among Naga tribes, xxx;
cleanliness of, xxxv
Lhota, xxx;
described, 30–35;
selection of site, 32;
construction, 32–34;
ceremonies of entry into new, 34, 35;
contents of, 35, 36;
abandoned for “apotia” death, 146, 161;
if struck by lightning, 163
restrictions on others entering;
strangers, Puthi’s —— at Motharatsen, 49;
celebrant of Epuetha re-entering, 136
Hukong valley, north-eastern boundary of Naga tribes, xvi
Humtsoi clan, 88;
origin of, 90;
term used for mother, 95;
sacrifice bull in Etha, 140
Hunchibili, story of, xv n. 1;
similarity to story of Lichao and his daughter, 188 n. 1
Hunting, of deer and serow, 64;
wild pig and bear, 65, 66;
porcupine, 66;
tiger and leopard, 66, 67;
monkeys, 67;
rules for division of spoil, 65;
to dream of successful —— presages bad sport, 171;
beliefs regarding, death in village means bad sport, good or bad sport foretold by
position of tongue of quarry, 64;
to kill deer with torn ear (Sityingo’s deer) stops hunt and entails purifying of dogs, 64, 65;
if spear strikes quarry in face or hock a claim for a share entails death of claimant
or near relative, 65
Husband, Lhota and Ao compared, 19;
terms used for, 95;
relations with wives, 154;
tabus affecting, during wife’s pregnancy, 144, 145;
may not take share of adulterer’s fine, 101
Husbands of women born in sacrificer’s clan collect leaves in Shishang, 139;
are Wothang (announcers) in Tsirotsoala, 140;
of women born in bridegroom’s clan, duties in Lantsoa and Halam ceremonies, 149
Hutton, J. H., Esq., C.I.E., help acknowledged, v;
account of Lhota customs, vi;
Introduction by, xi–xxxix;
mentioned in Labour Corps song, 205;
Mr. Hutton’s notes initialled J. H. H. have not been separately indexed.
Igorot, connection with Nagas suggested by similarities of daos and spears, xxvi, xxvii;
terrace cultivation similar to Angamis’, xxix;
connection with Angamis suggested, xxxvii
Iki, Sema equivalent of Apfuho, 176, 177 n. 2
Illness, attributed to evil spirits, introducing things into body of patient, 116, 133, 165, 166;
capturing soul (omon) of patient, 79, 133, 166;
ceremonies for, 133–136;
medicines for, 79–81;
results, from breaking an emung, 26;
bringing dross from forge into house, 42;
eating with owner of oha stones in Liritang, 56
Illimyo village, Potsos visit, 114
Imaiyali, response to chant of head-takers, 107
Impur mission station, xi, xii
Indigestion, medicine for, 80
Indigo (tchemo), cultivation of, 58;
dyeing with, 38
Indonesia, Ratzel’s division of races of, xxii;
Naga connection with, suggested by weapons, xxvi;
Mr. Hutton’s views regarding, xxxvi, xxxvii
Insects, souls of dead inhabit, xxxiii, xxxiv n. 1;
fortunes of village foretold by, 65, 127, 128
Inseni-Kotsenu, Rengma linguistic group, xxxi
Insignia, of warrior, head-taker, first, second, third spear, Stone-dragger, performers of “gennas”: see under respective headings.
Irawadi, immigration from east of, xvii
Iron, oaths on broken —— binding, 187 n. 2;
stuck in tree struck by lightning cures rheumatism, 166
work, 41, 42
foundry, 42
Ivory, ill luck connected with, 12, 44
Izumontse, legendary ancestor of phratry, 3, 88
Izumontserre (scattered men), xxxviii;
traditional origin of, 88;
clans in, 88, 90
Japfu, song of founding, 203
Japvo: see Tukahu.
Jhum, methods of sowing, xxix;
cutting, 45, 46;
selection of site, 46;
burning, 46, 47;
sowing, 47–49;
weeding, 49;
protection, 52–53;
harvest, 54–56;
miscellaneous crops, 56–58
of man who dies “apotia”;
next cut by man of another clan, 161–162
[243]
Job’s tears (omung), seeds used in ornamentation, 12;
sown along edges of fields, 57
Journal of R.A.I., “Leopard man,” etc., 164 n. 1
Journal of Asiatic Society of Bengal, 2 n. 3
Jump, long (eyenda), high (untsongeyen), 82;
—— and kick (nshü), 83
Jungle men (orakyon), families descended from, xv, xxi, xxx, 89, 90;
possible explanation, 91
Kabuis, dao, xxvi, 16;
erect dolmens, xxix;
ceremony similar to spearing of opya, 124
Kacha Nagas, xx;
probably recently migratory, xvi;
connection with Kacharis, xix;
facial resemblance to Memi and Tengima, xxii n. 1;
bury dead, xxiv;
northern origin suggested by dao, xxvi;
Igorot connection suggested by spear, xxvi;
terrace cultivation, xxviii;
erect dolmens, xxix;
defences resemble those of Wa, xxxvi n. 3;
influenced by southern immigrants, xxxvii, xxxviii;
clubs used in riots, 110 n. 2
Kacharis, Bodo tribe, no affection for village sites, xv;
immigrants from Nepal and Tibet, xvi;
language in Naga-Bodo group, xvi n. 1;
connected with Semas and Nagas, xix;
Dimapur monoliths similar to Y-shaped posts, xxix;
feudal position of chiefs, xxxiii
Kachins, xvi;
affinity with Changs, xx;
prisoners kept in stocks, 105 n. 1
Kalij pheasant, feathers worn, 13
Kalyo-Kengyu, Singpho affinities, northern origin, xix;
disposal of dead, xxv, 130 n. 1, 158;
offerings to dead, 159 n. 1;
erect memorial posts, xxix;
make leggings, 15
Kamahu, village imports an Ang, xxxi n. 1
Karens, xix
Kayans, cultural affinities with Nagas, 46 n. 1;
similarity of folk tale, 222
Kepepfüma, see Pepfüma.
Kepezoma, see Pezoma.
Ketenini, Rengma clan corresponding to Nguli, 92
Ketsarhontsü, Lhota name for Kezakenoma stone, 167
Kezakenoma (Keshur) village, traditions of Lhota sojourn at, xiv;
legend of ancestors emerging from the earth near to, 3;
miracle-working stone at, 3;
fragment (Phi-tsong-lung) at Pangti, 4, 167
Kezami, probably connected with Semas, xix;
intermarry with Cherhechima, xxxii;
numbers in 1921 census, xxxii n. 1
“Khasis, The,” xv n. 2, xxvii, xxviii
Khasis, permanent villages, xv n. 3;
folk-tales connect them with Nagas, xxxiv;
dao, with Garos, Lhotas, Kabuis, xxvi;
hoes with Yachungr, Mikir, Konyak Battak, Easter Island, xxvii;
use of bow, xxvii;
no knowledge of lycanthropy, xxxiv;
divination by egg-breaking, xxxiv n. 3;
regard moon as masculine, 172 n. 3
Khawtlang, erect Y-shaped posts, xxx n. 1
Khel (Yankho), term explained, 24;
government of, 97;
after-birth tree of, 146;
Ponyiratsentung, 152
Khoirao, tradition of origin, xviii, xx;
language classification, xix;
terrace cultivation, xxviii;
much affected by immigration from south, xxxvii
Khoro, village, 1
Khurocho, game described, 83, 84
Khyuham, evil spirit imprisoned, 116;
annual sacrifice to, 132
Kichan, rice collected at, Tuku, q.v.
Kikung, two “khels” of, in Tsingaki village, 24;
in Tompyaktserre phratry, 88, 89;
corresponding clans, 92;
sacrifices bull in Etha, 140;
in legend of Kithang clan, 185–187
Killing, prohibited on morning of fish-poisoning, 71;
on last morning of building fishing weir, 73;
in Ratsen’s house prior to Potsos’ visit, 114;
by member of deceased’s household till completion of death “genna” 119, 158;
between collecting of unhusked and husked rice in Tuku, 130;
of wild animal by pregnant woman, 144
Kimongthang, mythical hero, 185
Kindred, clans divided into, 87, 91, 92;
becoming exogamous divisions, 87;
in Ovung clan, 89;
some eponymous, 91;
of Nguli enumerated, 92
King-crow, eaten by old people, 76;
feathers of (Yizememhi) worn by head-taker, 13;
not eaten by ratsen, 165
Kisiyo, village in Rangsi invocation, 126
Kithandro, shed built by bridegroom, 149, 154
Kithang clan, 88;
origin, marriage rules of, 90;
term used for mother, 95;
the story of the —— clan, 185
Kitsoman, fourth item of marriage price, 155
Kiwen, third spear, q.v.
Kizu, leaf as medicine, 80
Kohima, vii;
traditions of Lhota sojourn at, xiv, 4;
mixed origin of clans in, xx, xxi
Kol-Mon-Annam tribes, once inhabited Naga hills, xvii, xxxvi;
connection with Nagas suggested by weapons, xxvi;
by hoes, xxvii
Konyak tribes, affinities with Singphos, xviii,
Changs, xx;
north-eastern and eastern origin, xix;
complexion and hair, xxiii;
Negrito type, fuzzy hair, xxiii;
cultural affinities shown by spears, xxvi, xxvii;
hoe, xxvii;
method of sowing, xxix;
use of war drum, xxviii;
blackening of teeth, xxix n. 1;
disposal of enemies’ heads, xxix n. 2;
triple division among southern, xxxi;
“Ang,” xxxi;
exogamy, xxxi;
linguistic affinity, xxxv;
love of parents, 20;
defences of villages, 21;
size of “morungs,” 24;
animal killed at “morung” rebuilding, 25 n. 1;
skill in carving, 43;
eat opium, 82;
buy slaves for sacrifice, 110 n. 1;
use coffins, 158;
tree burial, 162, 163;
hole cut in roof at death, 157
Kudámji, Chang clan, 185 n. 2
Kukis, no affection for village site, xv;
migratory, xvi;
language classification, xvi n. 1, xxxv, xxxvi;
attack Makware, xvii;
possible northern origin, xvii;
physical type, xxii;
complexion and hair, xxiii;
bury dead, detach head, xxiv;
use of bow, xxvii;
belief as to earthquakes, 172 n. 1
[244]
Kukung, cotton winding-frame, 37
Kyon, man:
Lhotas’ name for themselves, 1;
mynas call, 185
Lakhuti, village, 117;
defeats Burmese, receives Brodie well, instigates Butler’s murder, 2;
spear through roof as prophylactic, 116;
Apfuho’s rock, 176
Land, heritable, not saleable, 98;
champo lands, 26, 97;
clan lands, 97, 98
Langkam, Ao clan, xxx
Language, 207–225;
languages of Naga tribes, classification of, xvi;
line of cleavage between north-eastern and other groups, north-eastern group resembles
Kuki-Bodo languages, xxxv, xxxvi
Lantsoa (road-making), second portion of marriage ceremony, 148, 149, 154
Lanvung (Angami, Chadangi), path-clearing ceremony, 52;
precedes Rangsikam in Akuk, 51
Laughing thrush, not eaten, 76
Lazemi, village, 90
Leaf, various kinds of, as medicines, 80;
bunches of, held to keep off evil influence, 118, 141 n. 2;
put over door to denote house as “sacred,” 141
Leech, applied to sprains, protection against bites, 81
Left, associated with female, females sit on ——, 34;
bride on, 150, 151, 154;
bride’s garment placed on ——, 152;
associated with number nine in ceremonies, 47, 49, 128;
fire waved from —— to right in Liritang, 54;
wings of death chicken hung on —— wall, 157;
—— hand used in sacrifices, 34, 128, 140
Legends: see also Folk Tales.
Ancestors emerging from earth, xx, 3, 88, 89, 90;
ancestors descending from sky, 91
Cloud impregnates daughter of god, xx
Fighting stones, xv, xxxiv, 117
Girls emerging from oranges, etc., xv, xxxiv, 188 n. 1
Jungle men, xv, xxi, 89, 90
Kezakenoma stone, 3, 4, 167
Men turned into Gibbons, 92 n. 1, 184
Village site selected by sow littering, 5
Women impregnated by hornbill’s feather, 89
Leggings (chori), 15
Leipzig Museum, hoes in, xxvii
Lemon leaves (tsoshü), as poultice, 80;
male after-birth wrapped in, 145;
ratsen rubs patient with, 166
Lengka, mythical home of Lhotas and Plainsmen, 3
Lengta (rive), described, 8;
ceremonial (phuhorive), 14;
hung over grave, 157
Lentamoman, ninth item of marriage price, 155
Lentil (orho), cultivation of, 57
Leopard (mharrtero), hunting of, 66;
shields used in hunting, 18;
flesh not eaten, 74;
protection of goats from, 62;
ratsen’s “familiar,” xxxiv n. 2, 164
men (Semas), 164
Leopard cat, eating of, detrimental to crops, 74
Lhetyak leaves waved to keep off evil spirits, 54, 55
Lhota Nagas, somewhat neglected hitherto, v;
losing distinctive features, xi;
compared with Semas and Angamis, xiii;
possible places of origin, xiv, xv, xxi, 34;
migrations of, xiv, xv, 3, 4, 5;
composite origin of, xiv, xv, xxxvii
habitat, xii, xiii, 1;
decreasing, 5;
dispossess Aos, 5;
derivation of name unknown, 1;
relations with Assamese,1;
first contact with British, 2;
geographical division into Ndrung and Liye by Doyang river, 3 n. 1
connections suggested with:
Aos, by social organization, xxx;
armlets, 12;
ceremonial dress, 13;
dao-holder, 16;
tsonak, 16 n. 1;
roof decoration, 34;
loom, 38;
spindle, 36;
chabli heirlooms, 44;
leaf cups, 143.
Angamis, by culture, xiv, xxiv;
organization, xiv, xxxi; polity, xxxiii;
legends, 3;
leggings, 15;
spindle, 36.
Changs, by Y-shaped posts, xxix;
brass plates, tsonak, 16 n. 1.
Garos, Y-shaped posts, xxix.
Kabuis, dao, xxvi;
spearing effigy, 124.
Kalyo-Kengyu, Y-shaped posts, xxix.
Khasis, by folk tales, xv;
dao, xxvi.
Konyaks, by dance on “morung” roof, 27.
Rengmas, by tradition, xiv, 4;
dual system, xiv;
method of sowing, xxix;
monoliths, xxix.
Sangtams, by tradition, xiv, xix, 4;
language, 4 n. 1;
brass plates, 14.
Singphos, by cross-bow, yanthang, tsonak, xv, xxvii n. 3
differences between Northern and Southern Lhotas:
baldricks, 13;
bead making, 44;
cultivation, 47;
daos, 15;
exogamy, 87;
helmets, 18;
Lanvung ceremony, 52;
Motharatsen ceremony, 49;
Mshe etak, 54;
term for mother, 95;
marriage ceremonies, 153, 154;
men’s cloths, 10;
spears, 17;
shields, 18;
soul-calling ceremony, 133;
Thruven, 48;
Tuku, 129;
term for priest, 121;
decoration of Puthis’ roof, 34;
scapegoat ceremony, 135;
stone-dragging ceremony, 153, 154;
“apotia” death ceremonies, 162