Every attempt has been made to replicate the original book as printed. Some typographical errors have been corrected. A list follows the text. No attempt has been made to correct or normalize Spanish words/accent marks.
(etext transcriber’s note)

WORKS BY THE SAME AUTHOR.

A HISTORY OF THE INQUISITION OF SPAIN. In four volumes, octavo. (Now Complete.)

A HISTORY OF THE INQUISITION OF THE MIDDLE AGES. In three volumes, octavo.

A HISTORY OF AURICULAR CONFESSION AND INDULGENCES IN THE LATIN CHURCH. In three volumes, octavo.

HISTORY OF SACERDOTAL CELIBACY IN THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH. Third edition. In two volumes, octavo. (Now Ready.)

A FORMULARY OF THE PAPAL PENITENTIARY IN THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY. One volume, octavo. (Out of print.)

SUPERSTITION AND FORCE. Essays on The Wager of Law, The Wager of Battle, The Ordeal, Torture. Fourth edition, revised. In one volume, 12mo.

STUDIES IN CHURCH HISTORY. The Rise of the Temporal Power, Benefit of Clergy, Excommunication, The Early Church and Slavery. Second edition. In one volume, 12mo.

CHAPTERS FROM THE RELIGIOUS HISTORY OF SPAIN, CONNECTED WITH THE INQUISITION. Censorship of the Press, Mystics and Illuminati, Endemoniadas, El Santo Niño de la Guardia, Brianda de Bardaxí. In one volume, 12mo.

THE MORISCOS OF SPAIN, THEIR CONVERSION AND EXPULSION. In one volume, 12mo.

THE

INQUISITION

IN THE

Spanish Dependencies

—————
SICILY—NAPLES—SARDINIA—MILAN—THE CANARIES—MEXICO—PERU—NEW
GRANADA
—————

BY

HENRY CHARLES LEA, LL.D., S.T.D.

New York
THE MACMILLAN COMPANY
LONDON: MACMILLAN & CO., Ltd.
1908
All rights reserved

PREFACE.

The scope of my History of the Spanish Inquisition precluded a detailed investigation into the careers of individual tribunals. Such an investigation, however, is not without interest, especially with respect to the outlying ones, which were subjected to varying influences and reacted in varying ways on the peoples among whom they were established. Moreover, in some cases, this affords us an inside view of inquisitorial life, of the characters of those to whom were confided the awful irresponsible powers of the Holy Office and of the abuse of those powers by officials whom distance removed from the immediate supervision of the central authority, suggesting a capacity for evil even greater than that manifested in the Peninsula.

This is especially the case with the tribunals of the American Colonies, of which, thanks to the unwearied researches of Don José Toribio Medina, of Santiago de Chile, a fairly complete and minute account can be given, based on the confidential correspondence of the local officials with the Supreme Council and the reports of the visitadores or inspectors, who were occasionally sent in the vain expectation of reducing them to order. While thus in the colonial tribunals we see the Inquisition at its worst, as a portion of the governmental system, we can realize how potent was its influence in contributing to the failure of Spanish colonial policy, by preventing orderly and settled administration and by exciting disaffection which the Council of Indies more than once warned the crown would lead to the loss of its transatlantic empire. It is perhaps not too much to say that these revelations moreover go far to explain the influences which so long retarded the political and industrial development of the emancipated colonies, for it was an evil inheritance weighing heavily on successive generations.

I have not attempted to include the fateful career of the Inquisition in the Netherlands, for this cannot be written until the completion of Professor Paul Fredericq’s monumental “Corpus Documentorum Inquisitionis hæreticæ pravitatis Neerlandicæ,” the earlier volumes of which have thrown so much light on the repression of heresy in the Low Countries up to the dawn of the Reformation.

It is scarce necessary for me to make special acknowledgement to Señor Medina in all that relates to the American tribunals, for this is sufficiently attested by the constant reference to his works. With regard to Mexico I am under particular obligation to David Fergusson Esq. for the use of collections made by him during long residence in that Republic and also to the late General Don Vicente Riva Palacio for the communication of a number of interesting documents. To the late Doctor Paz Soldan of Lima my thanks are also due for copies made in the archives of Peru prior to their dispersion in 1881.

Philadelphia, October, 1907.

CONTENTS.

Chapter I—Sicily.
———
	PAGE
The Old Inquisition in Sicily	1
The Spanish Inquisition introduced in 1487	2
Expulsion of Jews in 1492	3
Tardy Organization of the Tribunal	5
It gradually becomes efficient	7
Financial Mismanagement	9
Popular Disaffection	10
Increasing Activity	12
Complaints of Sicilian Parliament	13
Death of King Ferdinand—Tumult of 1516	14
Re-establishment in 1519	17
Efforts to reform Abuses	18
Renewed Complaints of the Parliament	21
Charles V suspends the Temporal Jurisdiction in 1535	22
Dread of Protestantism—Jurisdiction restored in 1546	24
Official-Immunity—Case of the Duke of Terranova	25
Renewed Activity—Popular Hostility	26
Enormous Increase in Number of Familiars	27
Abuse of official Immunity	28
Attempt at Reform in the Concordia of 1595	31
Increased Aggressiveness of the Tribunal	33
Collisions with the Secular Authority	34
Quarrels with the Bishops	35
Continued Strife—Concordia of 1635	37
Activity during the Seventeenth Century	38
The Inquisition under Austrian Rule—Auto de Fe of 1724—Pragmatic Sanction of 1732	40
Reconquest of Sicily by Spain in 1734—The Inquisition placed under the Holy See—Its Exuberance repressed by Carlos III	42
Suppressed by Ferdinando III in 1782	43
Malta.
A Dependency of the Sicilian Tribunal	44
Charles V in 1530 grants the Island to the Knights of St. John	45
Episcopal Inquisition under Bishop Cubelles	45
The Tribunal passes under Papal Control	46
———
Chapter II—Naples.
The Old Inquisition in Naples—The Jews	49
Refugees from Spain	50
Spanish Conquest in 1503—Capitulation excludes the Spanish Inquisition	52
Julius II revives the Papal Inquisition	53
Ferdinand proposes to introduce the Spanish Inquisition in 1504	53
Neapolitan Organization—the Piazze or Seggi	54
Activity of the Papal Inquisition—Its Subordination to the Royal Power	55
Ferdinand, in 1509, arranges to introduce the Spanish Inquisition	56
Popular Opposition becomes uncontrollable	58
Ferdinand abandons the Attempt	62
His fruitless efforts to stimulate Persecution	63
Inertness of the Papal Inquisition	65
Banishment of Jews in 1540	66
Protestantism in Naples—Juan de Valdés—Bernardino Ochino	67
Organization of Roman Inquisition in 1542—Charles V orders its Introduction in Naples	70
Tentative Efforts create popular Excitement	71
The Tumult of 1547—its Suppression	73
Punishment of the Leaders	76
Recrudescence of Persecution—The Roman Inquisition tacitly introduced	78
The Calabrian Waldenses—Their Extermination	79
The Apulian Waldenses	85
Intermingling of Jurisdictions	86
Philip II promises the Via Ordinaria	87
The Roman Inquisition under Cover of the Episcopal	87
The Accused sent to Rome for Trial and Punishment	88
The Exequatur of the Viceroy is a Condition precedent	89
Gradual Encroachment—A Commissioner of the Roman Inquisition established in Naples	92
He assumes to be an Inquisitor—Rome in 1628 denies the Necessity of the Viceregal Exequatur—Quarrels over it	94
The Roman Inquisition virtually established in Naples	96
Popular dissatisfaction—Demand for the Via Ordinaria	96
Commissioner Piazza banished in 1671	99
Outbreak in 1691—Commissioner Giberti ejected	99
Carlos II prohibits the residence of Commissioners—Permanent Deputation to oppose the Inquisition	100
The Roman Inquisition in 1695 publishes an Edict of Denunciation	101
The Episcopal Inquisition disregards the Via Ordinaria—Struggles under the Austrian Domination	102
Accession of Charles of Spain—Atto di fede of 1746	104
Episcopal Inquisition suppressed—Archbishop Spinelli forced to resign	105
Continued Vigilance of the Deputati until 1764	107
———
Chapter III—Sardinia.
The Spanish Inquisition introduced in 1492	109
Conflicts with the Authorities	110
Productive Confiscations	112
Decadent condition of the tribunal	114
Charles V endeavors to reanimate it—Its chronic Poverty	115
Interference of the Bishops	117
Multiplication of Officials	117
Quarrels with the Secular Authorities	118
The Inquisition disappears under the House of Savoy	119
Chapter IV—Milan.
The Old and the reorganized Roman Inquisition	121
Energy of Fra Michele Ghislieri (Pius V)	122
Inefficiency of the Inquisition	123
Cardinal Borromeo’s persecuting Zeal	124
Philip II proposes to introduce the Spanish Inquisition	125
Popular Resistance—General Opposition of Italian Bishops	126
Philip II abandons the Project	128
Political and Commercial Questions affecting Lombardy—Intercourse with Heretics	129
Cardinal Borromeo stimulates Persecution	131
His Mission to Mantua	133
The Roman Inquisition perfected—Its Struggle to exclude Swiss Heresy	135
It is suppressed by Maria Theresa in 1775	137
———
Chapter V—The Canaries.
Importance of the Islands as a Commercial Centre	139
Episcopal Inquisition by Bishop Muros, in 1499	140
Tribunal established in 1505—It is dependent on Seville	140
Its Activity until 1534	141
It becomes dormant and is suspended	144
It is reorganized in 1567 and rendered independent of Seville	145
Activity of Inquisitor Diego Ortiz de Fúnez	147
Visitation of Doctor Bravo de Zayas in 1570	148
Visitation of Claudio de la Cueva in 1590—Abuses	150
Prosecution of escaped Negro and Moorish Slaves	152
Prosecution of English and Dutch Sailors	153
Number of Relaxations	155
Finances—Early Poverty—Wealth from Confiscations	156
Prosecution of Judaizers	158
Moorish and Negro Slaves—Renegades	159
Trivial Cases	161
Mysticism—Beatas revelanderas	162
Solicitation in the Confessional	163
Sorcery and Superstitions	165
Foreign Heretics—Sailors and Merchants	167
Treaties with England in 1604 and with Holland in 1609	171
Precarious Position of Foreign Merchants	173
Censorship	176
Examination of Houses of Foreign Residents	177
Irreverent religious Objects	178
Visitas de Navíos	179
Quarrels with the Authorities, secular and ecclesiastical	180
Popular hostility—Opposition to Sanbenitos in Churches	188
Suppression in 1813	189
Final Extinction in 1820	190
———
Chapter VI—Mexico.
Propagation of the Faith the Object of the Conquest	191
Organization of the Colonial Church	192
Attempts to exclude New Christians	193
Episcopal Inquisition	195
Establishment of a Tribunal proposed—Dread of Protestantism	199
Inquisitors sent out in 1570	200
Tribunal installed, November 4, 1571	202
Distance renders it partially Independent	203
Commencement of Activity—The first auto de fe, February 28, 1574	204
Autos of 1575, 1576, 1577, 1578, 1579, 1590, 1596, and 1601	207
Persecution of Judaizers	208
Indians not subject to Inquisition	209
Finances—Temporary royal Subvention—The Tribunal expected to be self-supporting	212
Its early Poverty	213
It claims Indian Repartimientos	215
It refuses to render Account of its Receipts	216
It obtains a Grant of Canonries in 1627	216
Fruitless Efforts to make it account for the Confiscations	217
Large Remittances made to the Suprema from the Autos of 1646, 1648 and 1649	219
Efforts to make it forego and refund the royal Subvention	219
Misrepresentations of the Confiscations and Remittances	223
Comparative Inaction in the first Half of the Seventeenth Century	226
Efficacy of the Edict of Faith	227
Growth of Judaism—Active Persecution commences in 1642	229
Autos de Fe of 1646, 1648 and 1649	230
Auto de Fe of 1659	234
Cases of William Lampor and Joseph Bruñon de Vertiz	236
Inertia during the Rest of the Century	240
Solicitation in the Confessional	241
Temporal Jurisdiction—Immunity of Officials entitled to the Fuero	245
Familiars—Commissioners—Abuse of their Privileges	247
Concordia of 1610	251
Competencias	252
Concordia of 1633	254
Abusive Use of Power by Commissioners	256
Quarrels with Bishops—Case of Bishop Palafox	257
Case of Doctor Juan de la Camara	259
Exemption from Military Service	263
Censorship—Irreverent Use of Sacred Symbols—Visitas de Navíos	264
Repression under the Bourbon Dynasty	267
Decadence of the Tribunal	269
Political Activity caused by the Revolution—Censorship	272
Prosecution of Miguel Hidalgo	276
Suppression in 1813	288
Re-establishment in 1815	290
Prosecution of José María Morelos	292
Extinction in 1820	297
Persistent Intolerance	298
The Philippines.
Included in the District of the Mexican Tribunal	299
A Commissioner established there—His Powers	300
Solicitation—Military Deserters	302
Trivial Results	304
Censorship	306
Conflicts with the Authorities	308
Audacity of the Commissioners	310
Commissioner Paternina imprisons Governor Salcedo and rules the Colony	311
Records burnt in 1763	317
Episcopal Inquisition in China	317
———
Chapter VII—Peru.
Deplorable Condition of the Colony	319
Episcopal Inquisition—Its Activity	321
Case of Francisco de Aguirre	322
The Bishops seek to maintain their Jurisdiction	325
The Tribunal established January 29, 1570	326
The first Auto de Fe, November 15, 1573	328
Organization and Powers—Exemption of Indians	329
Supervision over Foreigners	332
Extent of Territory—Commissioners and their Abuses	333
New Granada detached in 1611—Other Divisions proposed	337
Finances—Initial Poverty—Speedy Growth of Confiscations	342
Fruitless Efforts to withdraw the Royal Subvention	344
Suppression of Prebends for the Benefit of the Tribunal	346
Enormous Confiscations in the Auto de Fe of 1639	347
Other Sources of Income	349
Increased Expenses exceed the Revenues	350
Malversations and Embezzlements in the Eighteenth Century	351
Financial Condition at Suppression in 1813	354
Abusive use of arbitrary Power	355
Scandalous conduct of Inquisitor Ulloa	355
Visitation of Juan Ruiz de Prado	357
His charges against Cerezuela and Ulloa	358
Ulloa’s Visitation of the District	360
Abusive use of arbitrary Power:
Inquisitor Ordoñez y Flores	362
Inquisitors Gaitan and Mañozca	363
Inquisitors Calderon and Unda	366
Visitation of Antonio de Arenaza	367
Paralysis of the Tribunal—Purchase of Offices	372
Quarrels with the Viceroys	373
Humiliation of Viceroy del Villar	374
Complaints of succeeding Viceroys	380
Conflicts of Jurisdictions	382
Limitation of the Temporal Jurisdiction by Fernando VI	386
Quarrels of Inquisitor Amusquíbar with Archbishop Barroeta	389
Activity of the Tribunal—Bigamy, Blasphemy, Sorcery	390
Propositions	392
Solicitation in the Confessional	393
Mystic Impostors—Maria Pizarro	396
Angela Carranza	400
Quietism—The Jesuit Ulloa and his Disciples	406
Protestantism—English Prisoners of War	412
Judaism	419
Portuguese Immigration through Brazil and Buenos Ayres	421
Case of Francisco Maldonado de Silva	423
The Complicidad Grande—Auto de Fe of 1639	425
Decline of Judaism—Case of Doña Ana de Castro	433
Punishments	437
Arbitrary Inconsistency—Case of François Moyen	439
Censorship	444
Morals and Politics	446
Decadence and Suppression	447
Re-establishment and Extinction	449
Work accomplished	451
———
Chapter VIII—New Granada.
Settlement of New Granada	453
Commissioners appointed by Tribunal of Lima	454
Demand for an Independent Tribunal	455
Extent of District—Attempt to include Florida	457
Tribunal established in 1610 at Cartagena	460
Early Operations	461
Sorcery and Witchcraft—Blasphemy	462
Judaism	466
Inertia—Sack of Cartagena in 1697	467
Decadence	468
Censorship—The Copernican System	470
Quarrels with the Authorities	473
Arbitrary Control exercised by Inquisitor Mañozca	473
Incessant Broils—Inquisitor Vélez de Asas y Argos—Fiscal Juan Ortiz	476
Visitation of Dr. Martin Real in 1643—Its Failure	480
Internal Dissensions and external Quarrels	483
Visitation of Pedro Medina Rico in 1648—Death of Inquisitor Pereira and Secretary Uriarte	485
Internal and external Quarrels continue	488
Degradation of the Tribunal	489
Quarrel with Bishop Benavides y Piedrola—Inquisitor Valera	491
Humiliation of Governor Ceballos	498
Decadence after the Sack of 1697	499
Finances—The Royal Subvention	500
Wealth accruing from Confiscations	501
Quarrels over the Subvention	502
Asserted Distress of the Tribunal	505
The Revolutionary Junta banishes the Tribunal in 1810	506
It takes Refuge in Santa Marta and Puertobelo	508
It returns to Cartagena in 1815	508
It is extinguished by the United States of Colombia in 1821	510
Influence of the Inquisition on the Spanish Colonies	511
———
Appendix of Documents	517
Index

The Project Gutenberg eBook of The inquisition in the Spanish dependencies

THE INQUISITION IN THE Spanish Dependencies

PREFACE.

CONTENTS.

THE

INQUISITION

IN THE

Spanish Dependencies