Quintilian, bk. 1, ch. 8; bk. 9, ch. 4.—Pliny, bk. 5, ltr. 3.—Ausonius, ltr. 17, li. 29.

Soter, a surname of the first Ptolemy.——It was also common to other monarchs.

Soteria, days appointed for thanksgivings and the offerings of sacrifices for deliverance from danger. One of these was observed at Sicyone, to ♦commemorate the deliverance of that city from the hands of the Macedonians, by Aratus.

♦ ‘commemmorate’ replaced with ‘commemorate’

Soterĭcus, a poet and historian in the age of Diocletian. He wrote a panegyric on that emperor, as also a life of Apollonius Thyanæus. His works, greatly esteemed, are now lost, except some few fragments preserved by the scholiast of Lycophron.

Sothis, an Egyptian name of the constellation called Sirius, which received divine honours in that country.

Sotiates, a people of Gaul, conquered by Cæsar. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 3, chs. 20 & 21.

Sotion, a grammarian and philosopher of Alexandria, preceptor to Seneca. Seneca, ltrs. 49 & 58.

Sotius, a philosopher in the reign of Tiberius.

Sous, a king of Sparta, who made himself known by his valour, &c.

Sozŏmen, an ecclesiastical historian, who died 450 A.D. His history extends from the year 324 to 429, and is dedicated to Theodosius the younger, being written in a style of inelegance and mediocrity. The best edition is that of Reading, folio, Cambridge, 1720.

Spaco, the name of Cyrus. Justin, bk. 1, ch. 4.—Herodotus.

Sparta, a celebrated city of Peloponnesus, the capital of Laconia, situate on the Eurotas, at the distance of about 30 miles from its mouth. It received its name from Sparta the daughter of Eurotas, who married Lacedæmon. It was also called Lacedæmon. See: Lacedæmon.

Spartăcus, a king of Pontus.——Another, king of Bosphorus, who died B.C. 433. His son and successor of the same name died B.C. 407.——Another, who died 284 B.C.——A Thracian shepherd, celebrated for his abilities and the victories which he obtained over the Romans. Being one of the gladiators who were kept at Capua in the house of Lentulus, he escaped from the place of his confinement, with 30 of his companions, and took up arms against the Romans. He soon found himself with 10,000 men equally resolute with himself, and though at first obliged to hide himself in the woods and solitary retreats of Campania, he soon laid waste the country; and when his followers were increased by additional numbers, and better disciplined, and more completely armed, he attacked the Roman generals in the field of battle. Two consuls and other officers were defeated with much loss, and Spartacus, superior in counsel and abilities, appeared more terrible, though often deserted by his fickle attendants. Crassus was sent against him, but this celebrated general at first despaired of success. A bloody battle was fought, in which, at last, the gladiators were defeated. Spartacus ♦behaved with great valour: when wounded in the leg, he fought on his knees, covering himself with his buckler in one hand, and using his sword with the other; and when at last he fell, he fell upon a heap of Romans, whom he had sacrificed to his fury, B.C. 71. In this battle no less than 40,000 of the rebels were slain, and the war totally finished. Florus, bk. 3, ch. 20.—Livy, bk. 95.—Eutropius, bk. 6, ch. 2.—Plutarch, Crassus.—Paterculus, bk. 2, ch. 30.—Appian.

♦ ‘bahaved’ replaced with ‘behaved’

Spartæ, or Sparti, a name given to those men who sprang from the dragon’s teeth which Cadmus sowed. They all destroyed one another, except five, who survived and assisted Cadmus in building Thebes.

Spartāni, or Spartiātæ, the inhabitants of Sparta. See: Sparta, Lacedæmon.

Spartiānus Ælius, a Latin historian who wrote the lives of all the Roman emperors, from Julius Cæsar to Diocletian. He dedicated them to Diocletian, to whom, according to some, he was related. Of these compositions only the life of Adrian, Verus, Didius Julianus, Septimus Severus, Caracalla, and Geta, are extant, published among the Scriptores Historiæ Augustæ. Spartianus is not esteemed as an historian or biographer.

Spechia, an ancient name of the island of Cyprus.

Spendius, a Campanian deserter who rebelled against the Romans and raised tumults, and made war against Amilcar the Carthaginian general.

Spendon, a poet of Lacedæmon.

Sperchīa, a town of Thessaly, on the banks of the Sperchius. Ptolemy.

Sperchīus, a river of Thessaly, rising on mount Œta, and falling into the sea in the bay of Malia, near Anticyra. The name is supposed to be derived from its rapidity (σπερχειν, festinare). Peleus vowed to the god of this river the hair of his son Achilles, if ever he returned safe from the Trojan war. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 198.—Strabo, bk. 9.—Homer, Iliad, bk. 23, li. 144.—Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 13.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 3.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 1, li. 557; bk. 2, li. 250; bk. 7, li. 230.

Spermatophăgi, a people who lived in the extremest parts of Egypt. They fed upon the fruits that fell from the trees.

Speusippus, an Athenian philosopher, nephew, as also successor, of Plato. His father’s name was Eurymedon, and his mother’s Potone. He presided in Plato’s school for eight years, and disgraced himself by his extravagance and debauchery. Plato attempted to check him, but to no purpose. He died of the lousy sickness, or killed himself, according to some accounts, B.C. 339. Plutarch, Lysander.—Diogenes Laërtius, bk. 4.—Valerius Maximus, bk. 4, ch. 1.

Sphacteriæ, three small islands opposite Pylos, on the coast of Messenia. They are also called Sphagiæ.

Spherus, an arm-bearer of Pelops son of Tantalus. He was buried in a small island near the isthmus of Corinth, which, from him, was called Sphetia. Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 10.——A Greek philosopher, disciple to Zeno of Cyprus, 243 B.C. He came to Sparta in the age of Agis and Cleomenes, and opened a school there. Plutarch, Agis.—Diodorus.

Sphinx, a monster which had the head and breasts of a woman, the body of a dog, the tail of a serpent, the wings of a bird, the paws of a lion, and a human voice. It sprang from the union of Orthos with the Chimæra, or of Typhon with Echidna. The Sphinx had been sent into the neighbourhood of Thebes by Juno, who wished to punish the family of Cadmus, which she persecuted with immortal hatred, and it laid this part of Bœotia under continual alarms by proposing enigmas, and devouring the inhabitants if unable to explain them. In the midst of their consternation the Thebans were told by the oracle, that the Sphinx would destroy herself as soon as one of the enigmas she proposed was explained. In this enigma she wished to know what animal walked on four legs in the morning, two at noon, and three in the evening. Upon this, Creon king of Thebes promised his crown and his sister Jocasta in marriage to him who could deliver his country from the monster by a successful explanation of the enigma. It was at last happily explained by Œdipus, who observed that man walked on his hands and feet when young, or in the morning of life, at the noon of life he walked erect, and in the evening of his days he supported his infirmities upon a stick. See: Œdipus. The Sphinx no sooner heard this explanation than she dashed her head against a rock, and immediately expired. Some mythologists wish to unriddle the fabulous traditions about the Sphinx, by the supposition that one of the daughters of Cadmus, or Laius, infested the country of Thebes by her continual depredations, because she had been refused a part of her father’s possessions. The lion’s paw expressed, as they observe, her cruelty, the body of the dog her lasciviousness, her enigmas the snares she laid for strangers and travellers, and her wings the despatch she used in her expeditions. Plutarch.—Hesiod, Theogony, li. 326.—Hyginus, fable 68.—Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 5.—Diodorus, bk. 4.—Ovid, Ibis, li. 378.—Strabo, bk. 9.—Sophocles, Œdipus Tyrannus.

Sphodrias, a Spartan who, at the instigation of Cleombrotus, attempted to seize the Piræus. Diodorus, bk. 15.

Sphragidium, a retired cave on mount Cithæron in Bœotia. The nymphs of the place, called Sphragitides, were yearly honoured with a sacrifice by the Athenians, by order of the oracle of Delphi, because they had lost few men at the battle of Platæa. Pliny, bk. 35, ch. 6.—Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 3.—Plutarch, Aristeides.

Spicillus, a favourite of Nero. He refused to assassinate his master, for which he was put to death in a cruel manner.

Spina, now Primaso, a town on the most southern mouth of the Po. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 16.

Spintharus, a Corinthian architect, who built Apollo’s temple at Delphi. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 5.——A freedman of Cicero. Letters to Atticus, bk. 13, ltr. 25.

Spinther, a Roman consul. He was one of Pompey’s friends, and accompanied him at the battle of Pharsalia, where he betrayed his meanness by being too confident of victory, and contending for the possession of Cæsar’s offices and gardens before the action. Plutarch.

Spio, one of the Nereides. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 5, li. 26.

Spitamĕnes, one of the officers of king Darius, who conspired against the murderer Bessus, and delivered him to Alexander. Curtius, bk. 7, ch. 5.

Spithobătes, a satrap of Ionia, son-in-law of Darius. He was killed at the battle of the Granicus. Diodorus, bk. 17.

Spithridates, a Persian killed by Clitus as he was going to strike Alexander dead.——A Persian satrap in the age of Lysander.

Spoletium, now Spoleto, a town of Umbria, which bravely withstood Annibal while he was in Italy. The people were called Spoletani. Water is conveyed to the town from a neighbouring ♦fountain by an aqueduct of such a great height, that in one place the top is raised above the foundation 230 yards. An inscription over the gates still commemorates the defeat of Annibal. Martial, bk. 13, ltr. 20.

♦ ‘fountani’ replaced with ‘fountain’

Spŏrădes, a number of islands in the Ægean sea. They received their name à σπειρω, spargo, because they are scattered in the sea at some distance from Delos, and in the neighbourhood of Crete. Those islands that are contiguous to Delos, and that encircle it, are called Cyclades. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7.—Strabo, bk. 2.

Spurīna, a mathematician and astrologer, who told Julius Cæsar to beware of the ides of March. As he went to the senate-house on the morning of the ides, Cæsar said to Spurina, “The ides are at last come.” “Yes,” replied Spurina, “but not yet past.” Cæsar was murdered a few moments after. Suetonius, Cæsar, ch. 81.—Valerius Maximus, bks. 1 & 8.

Spurius, a prænomen common to many of the Romans.——One of Cæsar’s murderers.——Latius, a Roman who defended the bridge over the Tiber against Porsenna’s army.——A friend of Otho, &c.

Lucius Staberius, a friend of Pompey, set over Apollonia, which he was obliged to yield to Cæsar, because the inhabitants favoured his cause. Cæsar, Gallic War.——An avaricious fellow, who wished it to be known that he was uncommonly rich. Horace, bk. 2, satire 3, li. 89.

Stabiæ, a maritime town of Campania on the bay of Puteoli, destroyed by Sylla, and converted into a villa, whither Pliny endeavoured to escape from the eruption of Vesuvius, in which he perished. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 5; bk. 6, ch. 16.

Stabŭlum, a place in the Pyrenees, where a communication was open from Gaul into Spain.

Stagīra, a town on the borders of Macedonia, near the bay into which the Strymon discharges itself, at the south of Amphipolis; founded 665 years before Christ. Aristotle was born there, from which circumstance he is called Stagirites. Thucydides, bk. 4.—Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 4.—Diogenes Laërtius, Solon.—Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 3, ch. 46.

Staius, an unprincipled wretch, in Nero’s age, who murdered all his relations. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 19.

Stalēnus, a senator who sat as judge in the trial of Cluentius, &c. Cicero, For Aulus Cluentius.

Staphy̆lus, one of the Argonauts, son of Theseus, or, according to others, of Bacchus and Ariadne. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9.

Stasander, an officer of Alexander, who had Aria at the general division of the provinces. Curtius, bk. 8, ch. 3.

Staseas, a peripatetic philosopher, engaged to instruct young Marcus Piso in philosophy. Cicero, On Oratory, bk. 1, ch. 22.

Stasicrătes, a statuary and architect in the wars of Alexander, who offered to make a statue of mount Athos, which was rejected by the conqueror, &c.

Stasileus, an Athenian killed at the battle of Marathon. He was one of the 10 pretors.

Statilli, a people of Liguria, between the Tænarus and the Apennines. Livy, bk. 42, ch. 7.—Cicero, bk. 11, Letters to his Friends, ltr. 11.

Statilia, a woman who lived to a great age, as mentioned by Seneca, ltr. 77.——Another. See: Messalina.

Statilius, a young Roman celebrated for his courage and constancy. He was an inveterate enemy to Cæsar, and when Cato murdered himself, he attempted to follow his example, but was prevented by his friends. The conspirators against Cæsar wished him to be in their number, but the answer which he gave displeased Brutus. He was at last killed by the army of the triumvirs. Plutarch.——Lucius, one of the friends of Catiline. He joined in his conspiracy, and was put to death. Cicero, Against Catiline, ch. 2.——A young general in the war which the Latins undertook against the Romans. He was killed, with 25,000 of his troops.——A general who fought against Antony.——Taurus, a proconsul of Africa. He was accused of consulting magicians, upon which he put himself to death. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 12, ch. 59.

Statĭnæ, islands on the coast of Campania, raised from the sea by an earthquake. Pliny, bk. 2, ch. 88.

Statīra, a daughter of Darius, who married Alexander. The conqueror had formerly refused her, but when she had fallen into his hands at Issus, the nuptials were celebrated with uncommon splendour. No less than 9000 persons attended, to each of whom Alexander gave a golden cup, to be offered to the gods. Statira had no children by Alexander. She was cruelly put to death by Roxana, after the conqueror’s death. Justin, bk. 12, ch. 12.——A sister of Darius the last king of Persia. She also became his wife, according to the manners of the Persians. She died after an abortion, in Alexander’s camp, where she was detained as a prisoner. She was buried with great pomp by the conqueror. Plutarch, Alexander.——A wife of Artaxerxes Memnon, poisoned by her mother-in-law queen Parysatis. Plutarch, Artaxerxes.——A sister of Mithridates the Great. Plutarch.

Statius Cæcilius, a comic poet in the age of Ennius. He was a native of Gaul, and originally a slave. His latinity was bad, yet he acquired great reputation by his comedies. He died a little after Ennius. Cicero, de Senectute.——Annæus, a physician, the friend of the philosopher Seneca. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 15, ch. 64.——Publius Papinius, a poet born at Naples, in the reign of the emperor Domitian. His father’s name was Statius of Epirus, and his mother’s Agelina. Statius has made himself known by two epic poems, the Thebais in 12 books, and the Achilleis in two books, which remained unfinished on account of his premature death. There are, besides, other pieces composed on several subjects, which are extant, and well known under the name of Sylvæ, divided into four books. The two epic poems of Statius are dedicated to Domitian, whom the poet ranks among the gods. They were universally admired in his age at Rome, but the taste of the times was corrupted, though some of the moderns have called them inferior to no Latin compositions except Virgil’s. The style of Statius is bombastic and affected, and he often forgets the poet to become the declaimer and the historian. In his Sylvæ, which were written generally extempore, are many beautiful expressions and strokes of genius. Statius, as some suppose, was poor, and he was obliged to maintain himself by writing for the stage. None of his dramatic pieces are extant. Martial has satirized him, and what Juvenal has written in his praise, some have interpreted as an illiberal reflection upon him. Statius died about the 100th year of the christian era. The best editions of his works are that of Barthius, 2 vols., 4to, Zwickau, 1664, and that of the Variorum, 8vo, Leiden, 1671; and of the Thebais, separate, that of Warrington, 2 vols., 12mo, 1778.——Domitius, a tribune in the age of Nero, deprived of his office when Piso’s conspiracy was discovered. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 15, ch. 17.——A general of the Samnites.——An officer of the pretorian guards, who conspired against Nero.

Stator, a surname of Jupiter, given him by Romulus, because he stopped (sto) the flight of the Romans in a battle against the Sabines. The conqueror erected him a temple under that name. Livy, bk. 1, ch. 12.

Stellates, a field remarkable for its fertility, in Campania. Cicero, On the Agrarian Law, bk. 1, ch. 70.—Suetonius, Cæsar, ch. 20.

Stellio, a youth turned into an elf by Ceres, because he derided the goddess, who drank with avidity when tired and afflicted in her vain pursuit of her daughter Proserpine. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 5, li. 445.

Stena, a narrow passage on the mountains near Antigonia, in Chaonia. Livy, bk. 32, ch. 5.

Stenobœa. See: Sthenobœa.

Stenocrătes, an Athenian who conspired to murder the commander of the garrison which Demetrius had placed in the citadel, &c. Polyænus, bk. 5.

Stentor, one of the Greeks who went to the Trojan war. His voice alone was louder than that of 50 men together. Homer, Iliad, bk. 5, li. 784.—Juvenal, satire 13, li. 112.

Stentoris lacus, a lake near Enos in Thrace. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 58.

Stephănus, a musician of Media, upon whose body Alexander made an experiment in burning a certain sort of bitumen called naphtha. Strabo, bk. 16.—Plutarch, Alexander.——A Greek writer of Byzantium, known for his dictionary giving an account of the towns and places of the ancient world, of which the best edition is that of Gronovius, 2 vols., folio, Leiden, 1694.

Sterŏpe, one of the Pleiades, daughters of Atlas. She married Œnomaus king of Pisa, by whom she had Hippodamia, &c.——A daughter of Parthaon, supposed by some to be the mother of the Sirens.——A daughter of Cepheus.——A daughter of Pleuron,——of Acastus,——of Danaus,——of Cebrion.

Sterŏpes, one of the Cyclops. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 8, li. 425.

Stersichŏrus, a lyric Greek poet of Himera, in Sicily. He was originally called Tisias, and obtained the name of Stersichorus from the alterations which he made in music and dancing. His compositions were written in the Doric dialect, and comprised in 26 books, all now lost, except a few fragments. Some say he lost his eyesight for writing invectives against Helen, and that he received it only upon making a recantation of what he had said. He was the first inventor of that fable of the horse and the stag, which Horace and some other poets have imitated, and this he wrote to prevent his countrymen from making an alliance with Phalaris. According to some, he was the first who wrote an epithalamium. He flourished 556 B.C., and died at Cantana, in the 85th year of his age. Isocrates, Helen.—Aristotle, Rhetoric.—Strabo, bk. 3.—Lucian, Macrobii.—Cicero, in Against Verres, bk. 2, ch. 35.—Plutarch, de Musica.—Quintilian, bk. 10, ch. 1.—Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 19; bk. 10, ch. 26.

Stertinius, a stoic philosopher, ridiculed by Horace, bk. 2, satire 3. He wrote in Latin verse 220 books on the philosophy of the stoics.

Stesagŏras, a brother of Miltiades. See: Miltiades.

Stesilēa, a beautiful woman of Athens, &c.

Stesilēus, a beautiful youth of Cos, loved by Themistocles and Aristides, and the cause of jealousy and dissension between these celebrated men. Plutarch, Cimon.

Stesimbrŏtus, an historian very inconsistent in his narrations. He wrote an account of Cimon’s exploits. Plutarch, Cimom.——A son of Epaminondas, put to death by his father, because he had fought the enemy without his orders, &c. Plutarch.——A musician of Thasos.

Sthenele, a daughter of Acastus, wife of Menœtius. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 13.——A daughter of Danaus by Memphis. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 1.

Sthenĕlus, a king of Mycenæ, son of Perseus and Andromeda. He married Nicippe the daughter of Pelops, by whom he had two daughters, and a son called Eurystheus, who was born, by Juno’s influence, two months before the natural time, that he might obtain a superiority over Hercules, as being older. Sthenelus made war against Amphitryon, who had killed Electryon and seized his kingdom. He fought with success, and took his enemy prisoner, whom he transmitted to Eurystheus. Homer, Iliad, bk. 19, li. 91.—Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 4.——One of the sons of Ægyptus by Tyria.——A son of Capaneus. He was one of the Epigoni, and of the suitors of Helen. He went to the Trojan war, and was one of those who were shut up in the wooden horse, according to Virgil. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 18.—Virgil, Æneid, bks. 2 & 10.——A son of Androgeus the son of Minos. Hercules made him king of Thrace. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 5.——A king of Argos, who succeeded his father Crotopus. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 16.——A son of Actor, who accompanied Hercules in his expedition against the Amazons. He was killed by one of these females.——A son of Melas, killed by Tydeus. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 8.

Sthenis, a statuary of Olynthus.——An orator of Himera in Sicily, during the civil wars of Pompey. Plutarch, Pompey.

Stheno, one of the three Gorgons.

Sthenobœa, a daughter of Jobates king of Lycia, who married Prœtus king of Argos. She became enamoured of Bellerophon, who had taken refuge at her husband’s court, after the murder of his brother, and when he refused to gratify her criminal passion, she accused him before Prœtus of attempts upon her virtue. According to some she killed herself after his departure. Homer, Iliad, bk. 6, li. 162.—Hyginus, fable 57.——Many mythologists call her Antæa.

Stilbe, or Stilbia, a daughter of Peneus by Creusa, who became mother of Centaurus and Lapithus by Apollo. Diodorus, bk. 4.

Stilbo, a name given to the planet Mercury by the ancients, from its shining appearance. Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 2, ch. 20.

Stĭlĭcho, a general of the emperor Theodosius the Great. He behaved with much courage, but under the emperor Honorius he showed himself turbulent and disaffected. As being of barbarian extraction, he wished to see the Roman provinces laid desolate by his countrymen, but in this he was disappointed. Honorius discovered his intrigues, and ordered him to be beheaded about the year of Christ 408. His family were involved in his ruin. Claudian has been loud in his praises, and Zosimus, Historia Nova, bk. 5, denies the truth of the charges laid against him.

Stilpo, a celebrated philosopher of Megara, who flourished 336 years before Christ, and was greatly esteemed by Ptolemy Soter. He was naturally addicted to riot and debauchery, but he reformed his manners when he opened a school at Megara. He was universally respected, his school was frequented, and Demetrius, when he plundered Megara, ordered the house of the philosopher to be left safe and unmolested. It is said that he intoxicated himself when ready to die, to alleviate the terrors of death. He was one of the chiefs of the Stoics. Plutarch, Demosthenes.—Diogenes Laërtius, bk. 2.—Seneca, de Constantia.

Stĭmĭcon, a shepherd’s name in Virgil’s fifth eclogue.

Stiphĭlus, one of the Lapithæ, killed in the house of Pirithous. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 12.

Stobæus, a Greek writer who flourished A.D. 405. His work is valuable for the precious relics of ancient literature which he has preserved. The best edition is that of Geneva, folio, 1609.

Stobi, a town of Pœonia, in Macedonia. Livy, bk. 33, ch. 19; bk. 40, ch. 21.

Stœchădes, five small islands in the Mediterranean, on the coast of Gaul, now the Hieres, near Marseilles. They were called Ligustides by some, but Pliny speaks of them as only three in number. Stephanus Byzantius.—Lucan, bk. 3, li. 515.—Strabo, bk. 4.

Stœni, a people living among the Alps. Livy, bk. 62.

Stoĭci, a celebrated sect of philosophers founded by Zeno of Citium. They received the name from the portico (στυα), where the philosopher delivered his lectures. They preferred virtue to everything else, and whatever was opposite to it, they looked upon as the greatest of evils. They required, as well as the disciples of Epicurus, an absolute command over the passions, and they supported that man alone, in the present state of his existence, could attain perfection and felicity. They encouraged suicide, and believed that the doctrine of future punishments and rewards was unnecessary to excite or intimidate their followers. See: Zeno.

Strabo, a name among the Romans, given to those whose eyes were naturally deformed or distorted. Pompey’s father was distinguished by that name.——A native of Amasia, on the borders of Cappadocia, who flourished in the age of Augustus and Tiberius. He first studied under Xenarchus the peripatetic, and afterwards warmly embraced the tenets of the Stoics. Of all his compositions nothing remains but his geography, divided into 17 books, a work justly celebrated for its elegance, its purity, the erudition and universal knowledge of the author. It contains an account, in Greek, of the most celebrated places of the world, the origin, the manners, religion, prejudices, and government of nations; the foundation of cities, and the accurate history of each separate province. Strabo travelled over great part of the world in quest of information, and to examine with the most critical inquiry, not only the situation of the places, but also the manners of the inhabitants, whose history he meant to write. In the two first books the author wishes to show the necessity of geography; in the 3rd he gives a description of Spain; in the 4th of Gaul and the British isles. The 5th and 6th contain an account of Italy and the neighbouring islands; the 7th, which is mutilated at the end, gives a full description of Germany, and the country of the Getæ, Illyricum, Taurica, Chersonesus, and Epirus. The affairs of Greece and the adjacent islands are separately treated in the 8th, 9th, and 10th; and in the four next Asia, within mount Taurus; and in the 15th and 16th, Asia without Taurus, India, Persia, Syria, and Arabia; the last book gives an account of Egypt, Æthiopia, Carthage, and other places of Africa. Among the books of Strabo which have been lost, were historical commentaries. This celebrated geographer died A.D. 25. The best editions of his geography are those of Casaubon, folio, Paris, 1620; and of Amsterdam, 2 vols., folio, 1707.——A Sicilian, so clear-sighted, that he could distinguish objects at the distance of 130 miles, with the same ease as if they had been near.

Stratarchas, the grandfather of the geographer Strabo. His father’s name was Dorylaus. Strabo, bk. 10.

Strato, or Straton, a king of the island Aradus, received into alliance by Alexander. Curtius, bk. 4, ch. 1.——A king of Sidon, dependent upon Darius. Alexander deposed him, because he refused to surrender. Curtius, bk. 4, ch. 1.——A philosopher of Lampsacus, disciple and successor in the school of Theophrastus, about 289 years before the christian era. He applied himself with uncommon industry to the study of nature, and was surnamed Physicus; and after the most mature investigations, he supported that nature was inanimate, and that there was no god but nature. He was appointed preceptor to Ptolemy Philadelphus, who not only revered his abilities and learning, but also rewarded his labours with unbounded liberality. He wrote different treatises, all now lost. Diogenes Laërtius, bk. 5.—Cicero, Academica, bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 4, ch. 38, &c.——A physician.——A peripatetic philosopher.——A native of Epirus, very intimate with Brutus the murderer of Cæsar. He killed his friend at his own request.——A rich Orchomenian who destroyed himself, because he could not obtain in marriage a young woman of Haliartus. Plutarch.——A Greek historian who wrote the life of some of the Macedonian kings.——An athlete of Achaia, twice crowned at the Olympic games. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 23.

Stratŏcles, an Athenian general at the battle of Cheronæ, &c., Polyænus.——A stage-player in Domitian’s reign. Juvenal, satire 3, li. 99.

Straton. See: Strato.

Stratŏnīce, a daughter of Thespius. Apollodorus.——A daughter of Pleuron. Apollodorus.——A daughter of Ariarathes king of Cappadocia, who married Eumenes king of Pergamus, and became mother of Attalus. Strabo, bk. 13.——A daughter of Demetrius Poliorcetes, who married Seleucus king of Syria. Antiochus, her husband’s son by a former wife, became enamoured of her, and married her with his father’s consent, when the physicians had told him that if he did not comply, his son’s health would be impaired. Plutarch, Demetrius.—Valerius Maximus, bk. 5, ch. 7.——A concubine of Mithridates king of Pontus. Plutarch, Pompey.——The wife of Antigonus, mother of Demetrius Poliorcetes.——A town of Caria, made a Macedonian colony. Strabo, bk. 14.—Livy, bk. 33, chs. 18 & 33.——Another, in Mesopotamia.——A third, near mount Taurus.

Stratonīcus, an opulent person in the reign of Philip, and of his son Alexander, whose riches became proverbial. Plutarch.——A musician of Athens in the age of Demosthenes. Athenæus, bk. 6, ch. 6; bk. 8, ch. 12.

Stratonis turris, a city of Judea, afterwards called Cæsarea by Herod in honour of Augustus.

Stratos, a city of Æolia. Livy, bk. 36, ch. 11.——Of Acarnania.

Strenua, a goddess at Rome, who gave vigour and energy to the weak and indolent. Augustine, City of God, bk. 4, chs. 11 & 16.

Strongy̆le, now Strombolo, one of the islands called Æolides in the Tyrrhene sea, near the coast of Sicily. It has a volcano, 10 miles in circumference, which throws up flame continually, and of which the crater is on the side of the mountain. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7.—Strabo, bk. 6.—Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 11.

Strophădes, two islands in the Ionian sea, on the western coasts of the Peloponnesus. They were anciently called Plotæ, and received the name of Strophades from στρεφω, verto, because Zethes and Calais, the sons of Boreas, returned from thence by order of Jupiter, after they had driven the Harpies there from the tables of Phineus. The fleet of Æneas stopped near the Strophades. The largest of these two islands is not above five miles in circumference. Hyginus, fable 19.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 13, li. 709.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 210.—Strabo, bk. 8.

Strophius, a son of Crisus king of Phocis. He married a sister of Agamemnon, called Anaxibia, or Astyochia, or, according to others, Cyndragora, by whom he had Pylades, celebrated for his friendship with Orestes. After the murder of Agamemnon by Clytemnestra and Ægisthus, the king of Phocis educated at his own house, with the greatest care, his nephew, whom Electra had secretly removed from the dagger of his mother and her adulterer. Orestes was enabled, by means of Strophius, to revenge the death of his father. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 29.—Hyginus, fables 1, 17.——A son of Pylades by Electra the sister of Orestes.

Struthophăgi, a people of Æthiopia, who fed on sparrows, as their name signifies.

Struthus, a general of Artaxerxes against the Lacedæmonians, B.C. 393.

Stryma, a town of Thrace, founded by a Thasian colony. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 109.

Strymno, a daughter of the Scamander, who married Laomedon. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 12.

Strymon, a river which separates Thrace from Macedonia, and falls into a part of the Ægean sea, which has been called Strymonicus sinus. A number of cranes, as the poets say, resorted on its banks in the summer time. Its eels were excellent. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 2.—Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 5.—Virgil, Georgics, bk. 1, li. 120; bk. 4, li. 508; Æneid, bk. 10, li. 265.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 2, li. 251.

Stubera, a town of Macedonia, between the Axius and Erigon. Livy, bk. 31, ch. 39.

Stura, a river of Cisalpine Gaul, falling into the Po.

Sturni, a town of Calabria.

Stymphālia, or Stymphālis, a part of Macedonia. Livy, bk. 45, ch. 30.——A surname of Diana.

Stymphālus, a king of Arcadia, son of Elatus and Laodice. He made war against Pelops, and was killed in a truce. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 9.—Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 4.——A town, river, lake, and fountain of Arcadia, which receives its name from king Stymphalus. The neighbourhood of the lake Stymphalus was infested with a number of voracious birds, like cranes or storks, which fed upon human flesh, and which were called Stymphalides. They were at last destroyed by Hercules, with the assistance of Minerva. Some have confounded them with the Harpies, while others pretend that they never existed but in the imagination of the poets. Pausanias, however, supports that there were carnivorous birds like the Stymphalides, in Arabia. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 4.—Statius, Thebaid, bk. 4, li. 298.——A lofty mountain of Peloponnesus in Arcadia.

Stygne, a daughter of Danaus. Statius, Sylvæ, bk. 4, poem 6.—Apollodorus.

Styra, a town of Eubœa.

Stȳrus, a king of Albania, to whom Æetes promised his daughter Medea in marriage, to obtain his assistance against the Argonauts. Flaccus, bk. 3, li. 497; bk. 8, li. 358.

Styx, a daughter of Oceanus and Tethys. She married Pallas, by whom she had three daughters, Victory, Strength, and Valour. Hesiod, Theogony, lis. 363 & 384.—Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 2.——A celebrated river of hell, round which it flows nine times. According to some writers, the Styx was a small river of Nonacris in Arcadia, whose waters were so cold and venomous, that they proved fatal to such as tasted them. Among others, Alexander the Great is mentioned as a victim to their fatal poison, in consequence of drinking them. They even consumed iron, and broke all vessels. The wonderful properties of this water suggested the idea that it was a river of hell, especially when it disappeared in the earth a little below its fountain head. The gods held the waters of the Styx in such veneration, that they always swore by them; an oath which was inviolable. If any of the gods had perjured themselves, Jupiter obliged them to drink the waters of the Styx, which lulled them for one whole year into a senseless stupidity; for the nine following years they were deprived of the ambrosia and the nectar of the gods, and after the expiration of the years of their punishment, they were restored to the assembly of the deities, and to all their original privileges. It is said that this veneration was shown to the Styx, because it received its name from the nymph Styx, who, with her three daughters, assisted Jupiter in his war against the Titans. Hesiod, Theogony, lis. 384, 775.—Homer, Odyssey, bk. 10, li. 513.—Herodotus, bk. 6, ch. 74.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, lis. 323, 439, &c.—Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 3.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 3, li. 29, &c.—Lucan, bk. 6, li. 378, &c.—Pausanias, bk. 8, chs. 17 & 18.—Curtius, bk. 10, ch. 10.

Suada, the goddess of persuasion, called Pitho by the Greeks. She had a form of worship established to her honour first by Theseus. She had a statue in the temple of Venus Praxis at Megara. Cicero, Brutus, bk. 15.—Pausanias, bk. 1, chs. 22 & 43; bk. 9, ch. 35.

Suana, a town of Etruria.

Suardones, a people of Germany. Tacitus, Germania, ch. 40.

Suasa, a town of Umbria.

Subatrii, a people of Germany, over whom Drusus triumphed. Strabo, bk. 7.

Subi, a small river of Catalonia.

Sublicius, the first bridge erected at Rome over the Tiber. See: Pons.

Submontorium, a town of Vindelicia, now Augsburg.

Subota, small islands at the east of Athos. Livy, bk. 44, ch. 28.

Subur, a river of Mauritania.——A town of Spain.

Suburra, a street in Rome where all the licentious, dissolute, and lascivious Romans and courtesans resorted. It was situate between mount Viminalis and Quirinalis, and was remarkable as having been the residence of the obscurer years of Julius Cæsar. Suetonius, Cæsar.—Varro, de Lingua Latina, bk. 4, ch. 8.—Martial, bk. 8, ltr. 66.—Juvenal, satire 3, li. 5.

Sucro, now Xucar, a river of Hispania Tarraconensis, celebrated for a battle fought there between Sertorius and Pompey, in which the former obtained the victory. Plutarch.——A Rutulian killed by Æneas. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 12, li. 505.

Sudertum, a town of Etruria. Livy, bk. 26, ch. 23.

Suessa, a town of Campania, called also Aurunca, to distinguish it from Suessa Pometia, the capital of the Volsci. Strabo, bk. 5.—Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 5.—Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 4.—Livy, bks. 1 & 2.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 775.—Cicero, Philippics, bk. 3, ch. 4; bk. 4, ch. 2.

Suessitani, a people of Spain. Livy, bk. 25, ch. 34.

Suessŏnes, a powerful nation of Belgic Gaul, reduced by Julius Cæsar. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 2.

Suessula, a town of Campania. Livy, bk. 7, ch. 37; bk. 23, ch. 14.

♦Suetonius Caius Paulinus, the first Roman general who crossed mount Atlas with an army, of which expedition he wrote an account. He presided over Britain as governor for about 20 years, and was afterwards made consul. He forsook the interest of Otho, and attached himself to Vitellius.——Caius Tranquillus, a Latin historian, son of a Roman knight of the same name. He was favoured by Adrian, and became his secretary, but he was afterwards banished from the court for want of attention and respect to the empress Sabina. In his retirement Suetonius enjoyed the friendship and correspondence of Pliny the younger, and dedicated his time to study. He wrote a history of the Roman kings, divided into three books; a catalogue of all the illustrious men of Rome, a book on the games and spectacles of the Greeks, &c., which are all now lost. The only one of his compositions extant, is the lives of the 12 first Cæsars, and some fragments of his catalogue of celebrated grammarians. Suetonius, in his Lives, is praised for his impartiality and correctness. His expressions, however, are often too indelicate, and it has been justly observed, that while he exposed the deformities of the Cæsars, he wrote with all the licentiousness and extravagance with which they lived. The best editions of Suetonius are that of Pitiscus, 4to, 2 vols., Leiden, 1714; that of Oudendorp, 2 vols., 8vo, Leiden, 1751; and that of Ernesti, 8vo, Lipscomb, 1775. Pliny, bk. 1, ltr. 11; bk. 5, ltr. 11, &c.

♦ ‘Setonius’ replaced with ‘Suetonius’

Suetri, a people of Gaul near the Alps.

♦Suevi, a people of Germany, between the Elbe and the Vistula, who made frequent incursions upon the territories of Rome under the emperors. Lucan, bk. 2, li. 51.

♦ ‘Suovi’ replaced with ‘Suevi’

Suevius, a Latin poet in the age of Ennius.

Suffetala, an inland town of Mauritania.

Suffēnus, a Latin poet in the age of Catullus. He was but of moderate abilities, but puffed up with a high idea of his own excellence, and therefore deservedly exposed to the ridicule of his contemporaries. Catullus, poem 22.

Suffetius, or Suftius. See: Metius.

Suidas, a Greek writer who flourished A.D. 1100. The best edition of his excellent Lexicon is that of Kuster, 3 vols., folio, Cambridge. 1705.

Publius Suilius, an informer in the court of Claudius, banished under Nero, by means of Seneca, and sent to the Baleares. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 14, ch. 42, &c.——Cæsorinus, a guilty favourite of Messalina. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 11, ch. 36.

Suiones, a nation of Germany, supposed the modern Swedes. Tacitus, Germania, ch. 44.

Sulchi, a town at the south of Sardinia. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7.—Claudian, Gildonic War, li. 518.—Strabo, bk. 5.

Sulcius, an informer whom Horace describes as hoarse with the number of defamations which he daily gave. Horace, bk. 1, satire 4, li. 65.

Sulga, now Sorgue, a small river of Gaul, falling into the Rhone. Strabo, bk. 4.

Sulla. See: Sylla.

Sulmo, now Sulmona, an ancient town of the Peligni, at the distance of about 90 miles from Rome, founded by Solymus, one of the followers of Æneas. Ovid was born there. Ovid, passim.—Silius Italicus, bk. 8, li. 511.—Strabo, bk. 5.——A Latin chief killed in the night by Nisus, as he was going with his companions to destroy Euryalus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 412.

Sulpitia, a daughter of Paterculus, who married Fulvius Flaccus. She was so famous for her chastity, that she consecrated a temple to ♦Venus Verticordia, a goddess who was implored to turn the hearts of the Roman women to virtue. Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 35.——A poetess in the age of Domitian, against whom she wrote a poem, because he had banished the philosophers from Rome. This composition is still extant. She had also written a poem on conjugal affection, commended by Martial, ltr. 35, now lost.——A daughter of Servius Sulpitius, mentioned in the fourth book of elegies, falsely attributed to Tibullus.

♦ ‘Venis’ replaced with ‘Venus’

Sulpitia lex, militaris, by Caius Sulpicius the tribune, A.U.C. 665, invested Marius with the full power of the war against Mithridates, of which Sylla was to be deprived.——Another, de senatu, by Servius Sulpicius the tribune, A.U.C. 665. It required that no senator should owe more than 2000 drachmæ.——Another, de civitate, by Publius Sulpitius the tribune, A.U.C. 665. It ordered that the new citizens who composed the eight tribes lately created, should be divided among the 35 old tribes, as a greater honour.——Another, called also Sempronia, de religione, by Publius Sulpicius Saverrio and Publius Sempronius Sophus, consuls, A.U.C. 449. It forbade any person to consecrate a temple or altar without the permission of the senate and the majority of the tribunes.——Another, to empower the Romans to make war against Philip of Macedonia.

Sulpitius, or Sulpicius, an illustrious family at Rome, of whom the most celebrated are:—Peticus, a man chosen dictator against the Gauls. His troops mutinied when he first took the field, but soon after he engaged the enemy and totally defeated them. Livy, bk. 7.——Saverrio, a consul who gained a victory over the Æqui. Livy, bk. 9, ch. 45.——Caius Paterculus, a consul sent against the Carthaginians. He conquered Sardinia and Corsica, and obtained a complete victory over the enemy’s fleet. He was honoured with a triumph at his return to Rome. Livy, bk. 17.——Spurius, one of the three commissioners whom the Romans sent to collect the best laws which could be found in the different cities and republics of Greece. Livy, bk. 3, ch. 10.——One of the first consuls who received intelligence that a conspiracy was formed in Rome to restore the Tarquins to power, &c.——A priest who died of the plague in the first ages of the republic at Rome.——Publius Galba, a Roman consul who signalized himself greatly during the war which his countrymen waged against the Achæans and the Macedonians.——Severus, a writer. See: Severus.——Publius, one of the associates of Marius, well known for his intrigues and cruelty. He made some laws in favour of the allies of Rome, and he kept about 3000 young men in continual pay, whom he called his anti-senatorial band, and with these he had often the impertinence to attack the consul in the popular assemblies. He became at last so seditious, that he was proscribed by Sylla’s adherents, and immediately murdered. His head was fixed on a pole in the rostrum, where he had often made many seditious speeches in the capacity of tribune. Livy, bk. 77.——A Roman consul who fought against Pyrrhus and defeated him.——Caius Longus, a Roman consul, who defeated the Samnites and killed 30,000 of their men. He obtained a triumph for this celebrated victory. He was afterwards made dictator to conduct a war against the Etrurians.——Rufus, a lieutenant of Cæsar in Gaul.——One of Messalina’s favourites, put to death by Claudius.——Publius Quirinus, a consul in the age of Augustus.——Camerinus, a proconsul of Africa, under Nero, accused of cruelty, &c. Tacitus, bk. 13, Annals, ch. 52.——Gallus, a celebrated astrologer in the age of Paulus. He accompanied the consul in his expedition against Perseus, and told the Roman army that the night before the day on which they were to give the enemy battle there would be an eclipse of the moon. This explanation encouraged the soldiers, which, on the contrary, would have intimidated them, if not previously acquainted with the causes of it. Sulpitius was universally respected, and he was honoured a few years after with the consulship. Livy, bk. 44, ch. 37.—Pliny, bk. 2, ch. 12.——Apollinaris, a grammarian in the age of the emperor Marcus Aurelius. He left some letters and a few grammatical observations now lost. Cicero.—Livy.—Plutarch.—Polybius.—Florus.—Eutropius.

Summānus, a surname of Pluto, as prince of the dead, summus manium. He had a temple at Rome, erected during the wars with Pyrrhus, and the Romans believed that the thunderbolts of Jupiter were in his power during the night. Cicero, De Divinatione.—Ovid, Fasti, bk. 6, li. 731.

Sunici, a people of Germany on the shores of the Rhine. Tacitus, Histories, bk. 4, ch. 66.

Sunides, a soothsayer in the army of Eumenes. Polyænus, bk. 4.

Sunium, a promontory of Attica, about 45 miles distant from the Piræus. There was there a small harbour, as also a town. Minerva had there a beautiful temple, whence she was called Sunias. There are still extant some ruins of this temple. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 7.—Strabo, bk. 9.—Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 1.—Cicero, Letters to Atticus, bk. 7, ltr. 3; bk. 13, ltr. 10.

Suovetaurilia, a sacrifice among the Romans, which consisted of the immolation of a sow (sus), a sheep (ovis), and a bull (taurus), whence the name. It was generally observed every fifth year.

Supĕrum mare, a name of the Adriatic sea, because it was situate above Italy. The name of Mare Inferum was applied for the opposite reasons to the sea below Italy. Cicero, For Aulus Cluentius, &c.

Sura Æmylius, a Latin writer, &c. Velleius Paterculus, bk. 1, ch. 6.——Lucius Licinius, a favourite of Trajan, honoured with the consulship.——A writer in the age of the emperor Gallienus. He wrote a history of the reign of the emperor.——A city on the Euphrates.——Another in Iberia.——A river of Germany, whose waters fall into the Moselle. Ausonius, Mosella.

Surēna, a powerful officer in the armies of Orodes king of Parthia. His family had the privilege of crowning the kings of Parthia. He was appointed to conduct the war against the Romans, and to protect the kingdom of Parthia against Crassus, who wished to conquer it. He defeated the Roman triumvir, and after he had drawn him perfidiously to a conference, he ordered his head to be cut off. He afterwards returned to Parthia, mimicking the triumphs of the Romans. Orodes ordered him to be put to death, B.C. 52. Surena has been admired for his valour, his sagacity as a general, and his prudence and firmness in the execution of his plans; but his perfidy, his effeminate manners, and his lasciviousness have been deservedly censured. Polyænus, bk. 7.—Plutarch, Crassus.

Surium, a town at the south of Colchis.

Surrentum, a town of Campania, on the bay of Naples, famous for the wine which was made in the neighbourhood. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 4.—Strabo, bk. 5.—Horace, bk. 1, ltr. 17, li. 52.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 15, li. 710.—Martial, bk. 13, ltr. 110.

Surus, one of the Ædui, who made war against Cæsar. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 8, ch. 45.

Susa (orum), now Suster, a celebrated city of Asia, the chief town of Susiana, and the capital of the Persian empire, built by Tithonus the father of Memnon. Cyrus took it. The walls of Susa were above 120 stadia in circumference. The treasures of the kings of Persia were generally kept there, and the royal palace was built with white marble, and its pillars were covered with gold and precious stones. It was usual with the kings of Persia to spend the summer at Ecbatana, and the winter at Susa, because the climate was more warm than at any other royal residence. It has been called Memnonia, or the palace of Memnon, because that prince reigned there. Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 26, &c.—Lucan, bk. 2, li. 49.—Strabo, bk. 15.—Xenophon, Cyropædia.—Propertius, bk. 2, poem 13.—Claudian.

Susăna, a town of Hispania Tarraconensis. Silius Italicus, bk. 3, li. 384.

Susarion, a Greek poet of Megara, who is supposed, with Dolon, to be the inventor of comedy, and to have first introduced it at Athens on a movable stage, B.C. 562.

Susiāna, or Susis, a country of Asia, of which the capital was called Susa, situate at the east of Assyria. Lilies grow in great abundance in Susiana, and it is from that plant that the province received its name, according to some, as Susan is the name of a lily in Hebrew.

Susidæ pylæ, narrow passes over mountains, from Susiana into Persia. Curtius, bk. 5, ch. 3.

Suthul, a town of Numidia, where the king’s treasures were kept. Sallust, Jugurthine War, ch. 37.

Sutrium, a town of Etruria, about 24 miles north-west of Rome. Some suppose that the phrase Ire Sutrium, to act with despatch, arises from the celerity with which Camillus recovered the place, but Festus explains it differently. Plautus, Casina, act 3, scen 1, li. 10.—Livy, bk. 26, ch. 34.—Paterculus, bk. 1, ch. 14.—Livy, bk. 9, ch. 32.

Syagrus, an ancient poet, the first who wrote on the Trojan war. He is called Segaris, by Diogenes Laërtius, who adds that he lived in Homer’s age, of whom he was the rival. Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 14, ch. 21.

Sybăris, a river of Lucania in Italy, whose waters were said to render men more strong and robust. Strabo, bk. 6.—Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 11; bk. 31, ch. 2.——There was a town of the same name on its banks on the bay of Tarentum, which had been founded by a colony of Achæans. Sybaris became very powerful, and in its most flourishing situation it had the command of four neighbouring nations, of 25 towns, and could send an army of 300,000 men into the field. The walls of the city were said to extend six miles and a half in circumference, and the suburbs covered the banks of the Crathis for the space of seven miles. It made a long and vigorous resistance against the neighbouring town of Crotona, till it was at last totally reduced by the disciples of Pythagoras, B.C. 501. Sybaris was destroyed no less than five times, and always repaired. In a more recent age the inhabitants became so effeminate, that the word Sybarise became proverbial to intimate a man devoted to pleasure. There was a small town built in the neighbourhood about 444 years before the christian era, and called Thurium, from a small fountain called Thuria, where it was built. Diodorus, bk. 12.—Strabo, bk. 6.—Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 9, ch. 24.—Martial, bk. 12, ltr. 96.—Plutarch, Pelopidas, &c.—Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 10, &c.——A friend of Æneas, killed by Turnus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 12, li. 363.——A youth enamoured of Lydia, &c. Horace, bk. 1, ode 8, li. 2.

Sybarīta, an inhabitant of Sybaris. See: Sybaris.

Sybota, a harbour of Epirus. Cicero, bk. 5, Letters to Atticus, ltr. 9.—Strabo, bk. 7.

Sybŏtas, a king of the Messenians in the age of Lycurgus the Spartan legislator. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 4.

Sycinnus, a slave of Themistocles, sent by his master to engage Xerxes to fight against the fleet of the Peloponnesians.