Coal and the Coal Mines, by Homer Greene—A Project Gutenberg eBook

INDEX.

Accidents resulting from falls, 126;
to boys, 218.
Act of 1885, 88.
After damp, composition of, etc., 167.
Air currents in mines, 148, 149.
Air, deterioration of, in mines, 147, 152.
Airways, beginning of, 95.
Allen, Nicholas, 49, 62.
Ancients, use of coal by, 35.
Animal life of Carboniferous era, 18.
Anthracite coal, analysis of, 6;
commercial sizes of, 181;
description of, 8;
ignition of, 59;
of bituminous origin, 25;
skill in mining, 192.
Anticlinals, 25.
Appalachian Range, 3.
Archean time, 3.
Areas of coal measures, 31;
of Pennsylvania coal fields, 33, 34.
Avondale Mine, disaster at, 173.
Baltimore vein, 75.
Basin in a coal seam, 29.
Battery in steep chambers, 108.
Bearing in, in bituminous mines, 197.
Benches in coal seams, 23–115.
Bituminous coal, analysis of, 7;
description of, 8;
process of mining, 194.
Black damp, composition, etc., 169.
Blasting in mines, 119, 120, 125, 131.
Blossom of coal, 77.
Blower of gas, 160.
Boys, accidents to, 218;
amusements of, 219;
at tipple work, 202;
characteristics of, 217;
duties of, at breaker, 215;
in British coal mines, 205.
Boy door-tenders, duties of, 214.
Boy drivers, duties of, 210.
Braddock’s road, 40.
Brattice at face of chamber, 103.
Breaker, description of, 179;
location of, 178, 183;
passage of coal through, 185;
picking shutes in, 186;
structure and appearance of, 184.
Break through, in bituminous mines, 195.
Breast. See Chamber.
Bryden, Alexander, 143.
Bryden, Andrew, 140, 168.
Buildings at mouth of shaft, 176.
Buntons in shaft, 89.
Butler, Col. Lord, 56.
Butt cleavage in bituminous mines, 194.
Butty, 114.
Calamites, 17.
Candles, use of, in mines, 162.
Cannel coal, 6, 13.
Carbondale Mines, fall in, 140.
Carboniferous age, 3.
Carboniferous era, animal life of, 18.
Carboniferous plants, 14–16.
Carriage in shaft, 90.
Cartridge, how made and used, 117.
Cave holes, 137.
Cenozoic time, 4.
Chain pillars, 109.
Chamber, car track in, 103;
description of, 100;
length of, 102;
scene at face of, 131.
Charcoal, process of formation, 10.
Charles, John, 50.
Chest, miner’s, 120.
Choke damp, 169.
Cist, Charles, 48.
Cist, Jacob, 52, 58.
Coal, classification of, 7;
originally all bituminous, 12;
origin of, 8;
production, by corporations, 70;
specific gravity of, what is it? 6.
Coal dust, explosive quality of, 172.
Coal lands, division of, 69;
investments in, 68;
leasing of, 71;
value of, 70.
Coal mining by corporations, 72.
Coal plants, age of, 3.
Coal seams, number and thickness of, 22, 23.
Coal-waste, heaps of, 191.
Conglomerate, 76.
Conifers, 17.
Corve, in British coal mines, 205.
Cost of different methods of entry, 92.
Counter-gangway, 105.
Crahan, Martin, story of, 220.
Creeping pillars, 136.
Creuzot Mine, accident at, 170.
Crop falls, 139.
Cross-headings, 95.
Crowbar, miner’s tool, 121.
Crust of earth, subsidence of, etc., 24.
“Cry of the Children,” Mrs. Browning’s, 207.
Culm, its disposition and use, 190.
Curr, John, 90.
Davy, Sir Humphrey, experiments of, 162.
Decapitation of coal seams, 29.
Delaware and Hudson gravity railroad, 66;
canal, 66.
Diamond drill, 79.
Dip of strata, 29.
Door boy, duties of, etc., 149, 214.
Doors in mines, 149.
Drainage in mines, 154.
Drift, as a mode of entry, 80.
Drilling, by diamond drill, 79;
by hand, 78;
by rope method, 78;
by spring pole method, 78.
Drill, machine hand, 116;
miner’s, 116.
Driver boss, his duties, etc., 113.
Driver boy, duties of, etc., 113, 210, 213.
Dump shute bars in breaker, 185.
Eagle Shaft, disaster at, 168.
Early mining methods, 94.
Eastern middle coal field, 33.
Electricity in breakers, 217;
in mines, 105, 122, 127, 213.
Enaliosaurs, 20.
Entrances in mines, 101.
Entries in bituminous mines, 195, 196.
Evans, Oliver, 52.
Experiments with anthracite, 52, 53.
Face cleavage in bituminous mines, 194.
Face of chamber, 101.
Falls of roof and coal, 125, 135.
Fan for ventilation, 151.
Fault in strata, 26.
Felling Colliery, disaster at, 162.
Fell, Judge Jesse, 53.
Females in British coal mines, 206.
Ferns of coal era, 16.
Fire boss, duties of, etc., 112, 166.
Fire damp, characteristics of, 160;
explosions of, 161;
in abandoned workings, 166.
Fishes, age of, 3;
of Carboniferous age, 19.
Fissures in strata, 26.
Flanigan, John, 94.
Flowers in Carboniferous age, 21.
Gangways, beginning of, 95;
description of, 97;
direction of, 98;
driving, 113;
length of, 104;
walking in, 129.
Gases not confined to coal measures, 159.
Germany, mining of coal in, 37.
Ginther, Philip, 47.
Girls in British coal mines, 205.
Gore, Obadiah, experiments of, 45.
Graff, Frederick, 52.
Great Summit Mine, 57.
Guibal, inventor of fan, 152.
Guides in shaft, 90.
Hammer, miner’s, 121.
Head-frame at mouth of shaft, 177.
Health of mine workers, 153.
Hennepin, Father, explorer, 38.
Hillegas, Michael, 48.
Hoisting apparatus at shaft, 177.
Hollenback, Colonel George M., 56.
Horsebacks in coal seams, 28.
Hosie, John, adventure of, 145.
Hurrier in British mines, 205.
Inclined planes in mines, 105.
Indians, coal known to, 37, 43, 44.
Inside slopes, 106.
Invertebrates, age of, 3.
Investments in coal lands, 68.
Jenkins, Henry, 180.
Laborers, duties of, etc., 114, 122.
Lackawanna region, early coal trade in, 65.
Lagging, its use, etc., 82.
Lamp, miner’s, 121.
Laplace, astronomer, 1.
Lehigh coal, early trade in, 57, 58, 62.
Lepidodendrids, 17.
Leschot, inventor, 79.
Lift mining, 85, 107.
Light carbureted hydrogen, 159.
Lignite, 6, 11.
Loading place in breaker, 189.
Localities in which coal is found, 31, 32.
Locomotives in mines, 199.
London, burning of coal in, 36.
Long wall mining system, 110.
Loyalsock coal field, 31.
Lump coal, bituminous, 202.
Machine for mining soft coal, 197.
Mammals, age of, 4, 12.
Man, age of, 4.
Marsh gas, composition of, etc., 160.
Mellen and Bishop, experimenters, 64.
Mesozoic time, 4.
Mine, anthracite, number of employees in, 112.
Mine boss, duties, etc., 112.
Mine car, 123.
Mine, darkness in a, 133;
in an abandoned, 134;
silence in a deserted, 132.
Mine law of 1870 and 1885, 208.
Miner, Charles, 58.
Miner, appearance of, 227;
character and ambition of, 230;
clothing of, 228;
duties of, etc., 114, 122, 124;
home and outside occupation of, 226;
nativity of, 228.
Mines, flooding of, 156.
Miocene period, 12.
Mules in mines, 212.
Nanticoke, accident at, 157.
Nebular Hypothesis, 1.
Needle, miner’s, 117.
Newcastle, carrying coals to, 37.
Nobles, David, hunter, 65.
Northern coal field, 33.
Nut coal, bituminous, 202.
Open quarry mining, 80.
Outcrop of strata, 29, 75.
Paleozoic time, 3.
Pannier women in British mines, 205.
Paris, burning of coal in, 37.
Partings in coal seams, 23.
Peat, 6, 11.
Pennsylvania, coal fields of, 32, 33, 34.
Picking machine in breaker, 187.
Picking shute in breaker, 186.
Pick, miner’s, 121.
Pillar and breast mining system, 99.
Pillars at foot of shaft, 95;
creeping, 136;
robbing of, 133;
slipping, 136.
Pinch in a coal mine, 28.
Pittsburgh, coal beds near, 193;
coal trade of, 42;
discovery of coal near, 41.
Pittsburg, Kansas, disaster at, 172.
Pockets in breaker, 189.
Props, use and setting of, 114.
Prospecting for coal, 75.
Pump mining, 155.
Pumpway in shaft, 155.
Putter, in British mines, 205.
Rats in mines, 212.
Reptiles, age of, 4, 12.
Rhode Island, coal in, 32, 40.
Rib of coal, 101.
Richmond coal field, 38.
Robbing pillars, 133.
Robinson, John W., 58.
Rocky Mountains, 20.
Rolls in breaker, 179.
Rolls in coal seams, 28.
Rooms in bituminous mines, 195.
Run of mine, bituminous coal, 202.
Safety carriage, 91.
Safety lamps, how to use, 165;
invention of, 163.
Schuylkill region, early coal trade in, 62, 64.
Scotland, mining of coal in, 37.
Scraper, in bituminous mines, 198.
Scraper, use of, 117.
Screen, revolving, in breaker, 180.
Semi-anthracite coal, 8.
Shaft, compartments of, 89;
descending a, 128;
foot of, 128;
in bituminous mines, 199;
in steep-pitching seams, 109;
location and depth of, 86;
sinking of, 87;
water in, while sinking, 154.
Sheaves in head-frame, 177.
Shoemaker, Colonel George, 62.
Shovel, miner’s, 121.
Sigillariæ, 17.
Slack, bituminous waste, 202.
Slate picker’s duties, etc., 186.
Sledge, miner’s, 121.
Slipping pillars, 136.
Slope, dimensions of, 85;
entrance by, 84;
in steep-pitching seams, 85.
Smith, Abijah, 56.
Smith, John, 56.
Smut of coal, 77.
Southern coal field, 32.
Sphagnum, 11.
Splits of the air current, 148.
Squeeze in a mine, 28, 136.
Squib, use of, 118.
Stair shaft in bituminous mines, 200.
States in which coal is found, 31, 32.
Steep-pitching seams, raining in, 107.
Stigmaria, 18.
Stockton Mines, accident at, 139.
Strike of strata, 29.
Strikes among miners, 225.
Summit Hill Mine, 80.
Sump in mine, 96.
Surface, disturbance of, by falls, 138.
Susquehanna River, coal trade, 41.
Swamp in mines, 29.
Symbols marked on cars, 223.
Synclinals, 25.
Tamping, process of, 118.
Temperature in mines, 210.
Terrace in coal outcrop, 77.
Theophrastus, 35.
Tipple, at the bituminous mines, 201, 203.
Tunnel, entrance by, 82.
Tunnels in mine interiors, 84, 106.
Turnbull, William, 58.
Ventilation by fan, 151;
by open furnace, 150;
in bituminous mines, 199;
principle of, in mines, 97, 148.
Von Storch, H. C. L., 65.
Wages of miners, 224;
computing and payment of, 222;
of boys, 213–215;
sliding scale for computing, 224.
Waste in coal mining, 134;
of the coal measures, 28.
Water, driving workings toward, 155;
in mine, 96;
tonnage of, hoisted, 155.
Weighing coal, 223.
Weiss, Colonel Jacob, 48.
Western middle coal field, 33.
West Pittston, disaster at, 175.
White & Hazard, coal trade of, 62;
experiments of, 60.
Wilcox, Crandal, 56.
Wings in shaft, 91.
Woodward breaker, 121.
Working pillars, 136.
Wright, Joseph, 56.
Wurts, William and Maurice, 65.
Wyoming coal field, 33.
Wyoming valley, discovery of coal in, 45;
early coal trade of, 56.
Ziegler, Charles W., 188.