The inflections are determined by particles, which are shown in the following tables:

(In the tables below, the dash represents the root; the sign (d) means that the first syllable of the root is doubled; s and p mean singular and plural, respectively).

TABLE 1

Primitive active
Infinitive
Present, and gerund: PAG—, s; PANG—, PAM—, PAN—, p
Indicative
Present: NA—
Past: INM—, or —INM—
Future: MA—
Imperative
(the root unaltered)
Subjunctive
UM—, or —UM—

[62]

OBSERVATIONS:

Infinitive. The present and gerund are formed by the prefix pag, and the root. In the plural, the g of pag undergoes the following changes:

When the root begins with a vowel o: with the consonant c, the pag is changed into pang the c then being suppressed. Examples:

from “arò” (to ask), pag-arò, pl. pang̃aro.
“catúrog” (to sleep), pagcátúrog, pl. pang̃atúrog.

If the root commences with a labial consonant, except m, pag is transformed into pam, and then the labial consonant disappears. Examples:

from “báyad” (to pay), pagbáyad, pl. pamáyad.
“pilì” (to select), pagpilì, pl. pamilì.

When the root begins with m, pag is transformed into pan, the m of the root remaining in it. Example:

from “múlay” (to teach), pagmúlay, pl. panmúlay.

If the root commences with any other consonant, pag is replaced by pan, the said consonant being then suppressed except when it is a g or h. Examples.

from “hapon” (to perch), paghápon, pl. panhápon,
from,, “gúbat” (to invade), paggúbat, pl. pangúbat,
from,, “búao” (to visit), pagdúao, pl. panúno,
from,, “tubò” (to grow), pagtubò, pl. panubò,
from,, “surát” (to write), pagsurát, pl. panurát.

Indicative.—Present. The transformative particle of this tense is the prefix na, which must always be pronounced long, in order not to confound it with the short na of the passive potential form, as it will be seen later.70 As

(long na) nápilì acó (I select)
(short na) napílì acó (I was selected).

Past.—This tense is determined by the interfix inm placed [63]between the first consonant and the first vowel of the root.

When the root commences with a vowel, this particle is simply prefixed to the root. As,

from “surát” (to write), “abót” (to arrive) acó sinmurát71 (I write), inmabót hirá (they arrived)

NOTE.—The m of imn is frequently suppressed. As,

from “múlay” (to teach), abót (to arrive)
from,, minúlay, inábot.

Future.—The particle determining this tense is the prefix ma which must be always pronounced long, so as not to confound it with the short ma used among the verbal and derivative nouns. As,

(long ma) hiyá mácáon (he or she will eat)
(short ma) hiyá macaón (he or she is a glutton)
(long) máborong̃ (there will be fog)
(short) mabórong̃ (confuse)

Imperative.—It is simply the root without any transformative particle.

NOTE.—There is a form consisting in doubling the first syllable of the root. But this form is used only in the preceptive language, as when we say: “tauágon ca ng̃anì, bábatón” (whenever you are called, always answer).

Subjunctive.—The single tense of this mood is determined by the interfix um which is placed between the first consonant and the first vowel of the root. If the root begins with a vowel, the interfix is added to the beginning as from “arò” (to ask), “umarò,” from “cáon” (to eat) cumáon.

Example:

Root: surát.

Infinitive

Present, and gerund { singular: pagsurát } (to write, writing)
plural: panurát

[64]

Indicative

PRESENT

SINGULAR PLURAL
acó } násurat { I, } write, etc. camí quitá } násurat { we } write
icao they, you camó you
hiyá he, she hirá they

PAST

acó, etc. inmurát (I, etc. wrote) camí, etc. sinmurát (we, etc. wrote)

FUTURE

acó, etc. másurat (I shall, etc. write) camí, etc. másurat (we shall, etc. write)

Imperative

surát icao (write) sumurát72 camí, hirá (let us, them write)
sumurát72 hiya (let him or her write) surát quitá, camó (let us, you write)

Subjunctive

acó, etc. sumurát (I may, etc. write) camí, etc. sumurát (we may, etc. write)

TABLE 2.

Progressive active
Infinitive.
(the same as that of the primitive active)
Indicative
Present: NAG(d)—, s; NANG(d)—, NA(d)—, or NAN(d)—, p.
Past: NAG—, s: NANG—, NA—, or NAN—, p.
Future: MAG(d)—, s; MANG(d)—, MA(d)—, or MAN(d)—, p.
Imperative.
PAG—, s; PANG—, PA—, or PAN—, p.
Subjunctive
MAG—, s; MANG—, MA—, or MAN—, p.

[65]

OBSERVATIONS.

Infinitive. Its forms are exactly the same as those of the primitive active.

Indicative. Present. Its singular is determined by doubling the first syllable73 of the root, prefixed by nag.

Its plural is formed according to the first letter of the root. When the root commences with a vowel, or with the consonant c as

arò (to ask)
cáon (to eat)

the formation takes the following process: ng̃ is added to the beginning of the root, c being suppressed, as

ng̃aro, ng̃áon;

the first syllable is doubled,73 as

ng̃ang̃aro, ng̃ang̃áon,

to which the particle na is prefixed, as

nang̃ang̃arò, nang̃ang̃áon,

which is the final form.

When the root commences with a labial consonant, as

báyad (to pay)
múlay, (to teach)
pili (to select),

the formation of the plural is as follows: the first consonant of the root is replaced by m, or not altered if it is an m, as

máyad, múlay, mili;

then the first syllable is doubled,73 as [66]

mamáyad, mumúlay, mimilí;

and the prefix nan is employed, as

nanmamáyad, nanmumúlay, nanmimili,

the final form.

The last n of nan is frequently suppressed, as

namamáyad
namimili.

When the root begins with a dental consonant as

dapò (to approach)
tábon (to cover)
surát (to write)

the formation of the plural consists in replacing the first consonant by n, as

napó, nabon, nurat,

whose first syllable is doubled74, as

nanapo, nanabon, nunurat,

to which the particle na is prefixed as

nanánapó, nanánabon, nanúnurat,

the final form.

If the root commences with any other consonant, the plural is formed by doubling the first syllable of the root, and by prefixing the particle nan to the root so transformed. Examples:

from hugas (to wash), nanhuhugas.
lohód (to kneel down), nanlolohod.
rabot (to pull), nanrarabot.

Past. The singular is formed by adding to the root the prefix nag. [67]

The plural is formed exactly as the plural present, except in that the first syllable of the root transformed is not doubled.

Future.—The formation of this tense is the same, both in singular and plural, as that of the present, except in that the prefixes used here are mag, ma, man, mang, instead of nag, na, nan, nang.

Imperative.—In singular, the prefixes pag and mag are employed. In plural, the prefixes, pa, pan, pang, ma, man, mang, are used in the same way and cases as the prefixes na, nan, nang, in the present indicative.

Subjunctive.—It is formed in the same way as the future indicative, except in that the first syllable of the root is not doubled here.

Root: surát (write)

Infinitive

Present, and gerund { singular: pagurát } (to be writing, being writing)
plural: panurat

Indicative
PRESENT
SINGULAR PLURAL
acó, etc., nagsusurát (I am, etc. writing) camí, etc. nanunurát (we are, etc. writing)
PAST
acó, etc. nagsurát (I was, etc. writing) camí etc. nanurát (we were, etc. writing)
FUTURE
acó, etc. magsusurát (I shall, etc. be writing) camí, etc., manunurát (we shall, etc. be writing)
Imperative
pagsurát icao (be writing) panurát quita, camó (let us, you be writing)
magsurát hiya (let him or her be writing) manurát camí, hirá (let us, them be writing)
Subjunctive
acó etc. magsurát (I may, etc. be writing) camí, etc. manurát (we may, etc. be writing)

[68]

TABLE 3

Primitive direct passive
Infinitive
Present, and gerund: PAG—A, s; PANG—A, PAM—A, PAN—A, p
Past participle: IN—, or —IN—
Indicative
Present: IN(d)—, or —IN(d)—
Past: IN—, or —IN—.
Future: (d)—ON.
Imperative
—A.
Subjunctive
—ON.

Infinitive. The present and gerund are determined in singular by the prefix pag and the affix á. Pag is used as in the active voice. The affix a is accented (if the last syllable of the root is accented) and simply appended to the root prefixed by pag. This affix is sometimes ha. The use of a or ha follows the same rules established for the use of the affixes an and han (See page 15 of this book).

In plural the prefixes pang, pam, pan, are employed in combination with the affix a. The said prefixes are used in same way as their similar in the primitive active. (See page 62 of this book).

The past participle is formed by the interfix in placed between the first consonant and the first vowel of the root. If this begins with a vowel the in is prefixed to the root. As

from “cáon” (to eat), quináon (eaten)
from,, “inóm” (to drink), ininóm (drunk)

[69]

Indicative.—Present. This tense is formed by doubling the first syllable of the root and by then placing in it (after doubling the said first syllable) the interfix in, in a similar way as in the past participle. (See the preceding observution). As,

from cáon, quinacáon
from,, inóm, iníinóm75

Past.—The formation of this tense is exactly the same as that of the past participle seen above.

Future.—This tense is formed by doubling the first syllable of the root and appending to it the affix on. As

from “caón,” cácaónon
from,, “inóm,” iinomón, contracted iinmon.

Imperative.—The single form of this mode, consists in the root appended by the affix “á.” It must be observed that this affix “á” in the imperative bears the idea that the order or command is always directed to the second person or first plural, If such order or command is directed to some other person, not to the second, or first (quitá) plural then the subjunctive is used. As

  • higugmaá an Dyos (love God; lit.: let God be loved by you)
  • higugmaá ta an catadúng̃an (let us love justice; lit.: let justice be loved by us).
  • higugmaón nira an igcasitáuo (let them love the fellow-man: lit.: let the fellowman be loved by them).

The last form is also frequently used for the second person, singular and plural, and for the first person, plural. As

  • higugmaón mo an Dyos (love God)
  • higugmaón niyo, etc.
  • higugmaón námon, etc.
  • higugmaón ta, etc.

Subjunctive. The single form of this mode consists in [70]the root appended by the affix on, as it is seen in the preceding examples.

Example:

Root: surát

Infinitive

Present, and gerund { singular: pagsuratá } (to be written, being written).
plural: panuratá

Past participle: sinurát (written)

Indicative

PRESENT
SINGULAR PLURAL
acó, etc. sinúsurat (I am, etc. written) camí, etc. sinúsurat (we are, etc. written)
PAST
acó, etc. sinurát (I was, etc. written) camí, etc. sinurát (we were, etc written)
FUTURE
acó, etc. susuratón (I shall, etc. be written) camí, etc. susuratón (we shall, etc be written)

Imperative

suratá acó, icáo, hiyá, camí, quitá, camó, hírá (let me, thee, you, him, her, us, you them he written by you)

Subjunctive

acó, etc. suratón (I may, etc. written) camú, etc. suratón (we may, etc. be written)

TABLE 4.

Progressive direct passive.
Infinitive.
Present, and gerund: PAG—A, s; PANG—A, PAM—A, PAN—A, p.
Past participle: GUIN—, s; PINA—, PINAN—, p.
Indicative
Present: GUIN(d)—, s; PIN(d)—, PINAN(d)—, p.[71]
Past: GUIN—, s; PINA—, PINAN—, p.
Future: PAG(d)—ON, s; PA(d)—ON, PAN(d)—ON, p.
Imperative
PAG—A, s; PA—A, PAN—A, p.
Subjunctive
PAG—ON, s; PA—ON, PAN—ON, p.

OBSERVATIONS.

Infinitive. Present and gerund. The singular is formed by the root prefixed by pag and affixed by a. In plural the prefixes pa, pan, or pang are employed in the same cases as those mentioned for the use of nang nam, and na of the present tense, indicative, of the progressive form, active voice.76

The past participle is formed by the prefix guin added to the root.

Indicative. Present. In singular the first syllable is doubled,77 and the prefix guin is employed.

In plural the prefix pina is used and the root is transformed exactly in the same way as the plural, present tense, indicative; of the progressive form active voice.78

Past. The same as the present, except in that the first syllable of the root transformed is not doubled.

Future. Its singular is formed by the prefix pag, added to the root whose first syllable is doubled,79 and by the affix on.

Its plural is formed by the prefix pa, pang or pam and the root transformed in the same way as in the use of na nang or nam and as the trasformation of the root in the plural, present tense, indicative of the progressive form, active voice.80 [72]

Imperative. It consists in the root prefixed by pag and affixed by a. We reproduce here the observation made on the imperative, primitive form, direct passive.81

Subjunctive. Its singular is formed by the root prefixed by pag and affixed by on. Its plural consists in the use of pa pang or pam in the same way as in the plural, present tense indicative, progressive form, active voice,82 and of the affix on.

Example:

Root: surát

Infinitive

Present, and gerund { singular: pagsurátá } (to be written, being written)
plural: panuratá

Past participle: guiusurát s.; pinanunurát p. (written).

Indicative