| PRESENT | |||
| SINGULAR | PLURAL | ||
| acó, etc. guinsusurát | (I am, etc. being written) | camí, etc. pinanunurát | (we are, etc. being written) |
| PAST | |||
| acó, etc. guinsurát | (I was, etc. being written) | camí etc. pinanurát | (we were, etc. being written) |
| FUTURE | |||
| acó, etc. pagsusuratón | (I shall be, etc. being written) | camí, etc. panunuratón | (we shall be, etc. being written) |
Imperative
Pagsuratá acó, icao, hiya, camí, hira (let me, you, him or her, us, you, them be being written).
Subjunctive
| acó, etc. pagsuratón | (I may be, etc. being written) | camí, etc. panuratón | (we may be, etc. being written) |
[73]
| Primitive indirect passive | |
| Infinitive. | |
| Present, and gerund: | PAG—I, s; PA—I, PAN—I, PANG—I, p. |
| Past participle: | —IN—AN, or IN—AN |
| Indicative. | |
| Present: | IN(d)—AN, or —IN(d)—AN |
| Past: | —IN—AN, or IN—AN |
| Future: | (d)—AN |
| Imperative. | |
| —I | |
| Subjunctive. | |
| —AN | |
OBSERVATION:
Infinitive. Present and gerund. This form consists in the root transformed by the affix i, and by the prefix pag in singular, and pang, pan, or pa in plural, according to the rules above established for the use of these prefixes.83
Past participle,—This form consists in the root transformed by the interfix in and the affix an. The use of the interfix in follows the same rules as those hereinbefore established for the said interfix.84
Indicative.—Present. This tense is determined by doubling the first syllable of the root, and then (after the said first syllable being doubled) by placing the interfix in between the first consonant and the first vowel of the root. If the root begins with a vowel, the interfix in is prefixed to the root whose first syllable has been already doubled. [74]
Past.—This tense has the same form as the past participle.
Future.—The form of this tense consists in doubling the first syllable of the root and by appending to it the affix an.
Imperative. Its form consists in the root appended by the affix i.
The same observation is made here, as that on the imperative of the primitive direct passive.85
Subjunctive. It’s form is the root appended by the affix an.
Example:
Root: surát
Infinitive
| Present, and gerund | { | singular: | pagsuratí | } | (to be addressed with a letter, being addressed with a letter)86 |
| plural: | panuratí |
Past participle: sinuratán (addressed with a letter)
Indicative
| PRESENT | |||
| SINGULAR | PLURAL | ||
| acó, etc. sinusuratán | (I am, etc. addressed with a letter) | camí, etc. sinusuratán | (we are, etc. addressed with a letter) |
| PAST | |||
| acó, etc. sinuratán | (I was, etc. addressed with a letter) | camí, etc. sinuratán | (we are, etc. addressed with a letter) |
| FUTURE | |||
| acó, etc. susuratán | (I shall be, etc. addressed with a letter) | camí, etc. susuratán | (we shall be, etc. addressed with a letter) |
Imperative
uratí acó, icáo, hiyá, camí, quita, camó, hirá (let me, thee, you, him, her, us, you, them be addressed with a letter)
Subjunctive
| acó, etc. suratán | (I may be, etc. addressed with a letter) | camí, etc. suratán | (we may be, etc. addressed with a letter) |
[75]
| Progressive indirect passive | |
| Infinitive | |
| Present and gerund: | PAG—I, s; PAN—I, PAN—I, PANG—I, p. |
| Past participle: | GUIN—AN. |
| Indicative | |
| Present: | GUIN(d)—AN, s; PINA(d)—AN, PINAN(d)—AN, PINANG(d)—AN, p. |
| Past: | GUIN—AN, s; PINA—AN, PINAN—AN, PINANG—AN, p. |
| Future: | PAG(d)—AN, s: PA(d)—AN, PAN(d)—AN, PANG(d)—AN, p. |
| Imperative | |
| PAG—I, s; PA—I, PAN—I, PANG—I, p. | |
| Subjunctive | |
| PAG—AN, s; PA—AN, PAN—AN, PANG—AN, p. | |
OBSERVATIONS.
Infinitive.—Present, and gerund. Their single form is the same as their corresponding primitive form indirect passive.
Past participle. It is distinguished by the prefix guin.
Indicative.—Present, singular. The first syllable of the root is doubled87 and the affix guin added. Its plural is formed as its corresponding in the progressive direct passive, except in that here the affix an is added.88
Past.—The forms of this tense are the same as those of their corresponding form in the progressive direct passive, except in that here the affix an is added.89 [76]
Future.—The same as that of the progressive direct passive, except in that the affix an is used here instead of on.
Imperative.—The same as that of the progressive direct passive, except in that the affix i is used here instead of a.
Subjunctive—Also the same as that of the progressive direct passive, except in that the affix an is here used instead of on.
Example:
Root: surát
Infinitive
| Present, and gerund | { | singular: | pagsuratí | } |
| plural: | panuratí |
Past participle: guinsurát
Indicative
| PRESENT | |
| SINGULAR | PLURAL |
| acó, etc. guinsusuratán | camí, etc. pinanunuratán |
| PAST | |
| acó, etc. guinsuratán | camí, etc. pinanunuratán |
| FUTURE | |
| acó, etc. pagsusuratán | camí, etc. panunuratán |
Imperative
pagsuratí acó, icáo, hiyá, camí, quitá, camó, hirá
Subjunctive
| acó, etc. pagsuratán | camí, etc. panuratán |
| Primitive instrumental passive. | |
| Infinitive. | |
| Present, and gerund: | PAG—AN, s; PA—AN, PAN—AN, PANG—AN, p. |
| Past participle: | I—IN—, IIN—[77] |
| Indicative | |
| Present: | I—IN(d)—, IIN(d)— |
| Past: | I—IN—, IIN— |
| Future: | I(d)— |
| Imperative | |
| I— | |
| —AN | |
| Subjunctive | |
| I— | |
OBSERVATIONS:
Infinitive, Present, and gerund. The same observation is made as that on the same tenses of the primitive, active, with the addition that here the affix an is appended to the root.
Past participle. It is formed by the prefix i and the interfix in. If the root commences with a vowel, the prefix and the interfix are joined, as
from “arò” (to ask), iinarò.
Indicative.—Present, past. They are the same as the present and past tenses indicative of the primitive direct passive, with the addition of the prefix i.
Future.—It is formed by doubling the first syllable of the root and by using the prefix i. As
isusurát, iaaro.
Imperative.—The first form consists in prefixing to the root the particle i. The second form consists in affixing to the root the particle an.
Subjunctive. It consists in prefixing to the root the particle i.
NOTE.—The instrumental passive is also employed to express substitution; as when we say in English: [78]
Read this word for me: ibása acó hiní ng̃a polong̃ (literally: let me be substituted by you in reading this word).
Example:
Root: surát
Infinitive
| Present and gerund | { | singular: | pagsuratán | } | (to be used in writing, being used in writing) |
| plural: | panuratán |
Past participle: isinurát: used in writing
Indicative
| PRESENT | |||
| SINGULAR | PLURAL | ||
| acó, etc. isinusurát | (I am, etc. used in writing) | camí, etc. isinusurát | (we are, etc. used in writing) |
| PAST | |||
| acó, etc. isinurát | (I was, etc. used in writing) | camí, etc. isinurát | (we are, etc. used in writing) |
| FUTURE | |||
| acó, etc. isusurát | (I shall etc. be, used in writing) | camí, etc. isusurát | (we shall etc. be, used in writing) |
Imperative
isurát or suratán acó, icao, hiya, camí, quitá, camó hira (let me, thee, you, him, her, us, you, them be used in writing).
Subjunctive
| acó, etc. isurát | (I may etc. be, used in writing) | camí, etc. isurát | (we may etc. be, used in writing) |
| Passive Progressive Instrumental | |
| Infinitive | |
| Present and gerund: | PAG—AN, s; PA—AN, PAN—AN, PANG—AN, p. |
| Past participle: | IGUIN— |
| Indicative | |
| Present: | IGUIN(d)—, s; IPINA(d)—, IPINAN(d)—, IPINANG(d)—, p.[79] |
| Past: | IGUIN—, s; IPINA—, IPINAN—, IPINANG—, p. |
| Future: | IG(d)—, s: IPA(d)—, IPAN(d)—, IPANG(d)—, p. |
| Imperative | |
| PAG—AN, s; PA—AN, PAN—AN, PANG—AN, p. | |
| IG—, s; IPA—, IPAN—, IPANG—, p. | |
| Subjunctive | |
| IG—, s; IPA—, IPAN—, IPANG—, p. | |
OBSERVATIONS:
The observations made on the conjugation of the progressive direct passive are applied to the above conjugation except in that the present, and gerund take the affix an, and that the past participle, the present, and past indicative, and the subjunctive, plural, take the prefix i, and in that the imperative has the affix an, and the subjunctive singular the affix on, and the future, imperative, and subjunctive have a g after the prefix i.
Example:
Root: surat
Infinitive
| Present, and gerund | { | singular: | pagsuratán |
| plural: | panuratán |
Past participle: iguinsurát.
Indicative
| PRESENT | |
| SINGULAR | PLURAL |
| acó, etc. iguinsusurát. | camí, etc. ipinanunurát |
| PAST | |
| acó, etc. iguinsurát | camí, etc. ipinanurát |
| FUTURE | |
| acó, etc. igsusurát | camí, etc. ipanunurat |
[80]
Imperative
Pagsaratán or igsarát acó, icáo, hiyá. Panoratán or ipaanrát camí, quitá, camó, hirá.
Subjunctive
| acó, etc. igsurát. | camí, etc. ipaaurát. |
These forms consist in employing the adverbs “diri” before the inflections of the infinitive, present and future indicative, and subjunctive; “uaráy” before the past indicative, and “ayáo” before the imperative.
As to the inflections of the root, they are the same as those of the corresponding; affirmative except the past indicative, which always takes the inflections of the imperative.
Example:
Negative Primitive Active.
Root: surát
Indicative.
| Present, and gerund | { | singular: | diri pagsurát | } | (not to write, not writing) |
| plural: | diri panurat |
Indicative
| PRESENT | |||
| SINGULAR | PLURAL | ||
| diri acó, etc. násurát | (I do not, etc. write) | diri camí, etc. násurát | (we do not, etc. write) |
| PAST | |||
| uaráy acó, etc. surát | (I did not, etc. write) | uaráy camí, etc. surát | (we did not, etc. write) |
| FUTURE | |||
| diri acó, etc. másarát | (I shall not, etc. write) | diri camí, etc. másurat | (we shall not, etc. write) |
Imperative
ayáo surát icáo, quitá, camó (let you, us not write)
diri sumurát hiyá, camí, hirá (let him, us, them not write) [81]
Subjunctive
| diri acó, etc. sumurát | (I may not, etc. write) | diri camí, etc. sumurát | (we may, etc. not write) |
NOTE.—The past consists sometimes, among the primitive forms, in the root having the first syllable doubled; and among the progressive forms, it consists in the prefix pag and the root whose first syllable is doubled. In plural, the pag undergoes the same changes as in the active conjugation.
Examples:
| uaráy acó susurát | (I did not write) |
| uaráy acó pagsusurát | (I did not write) |
Negative Progressive Active.
Root: surát
Infinitive
| Present, and gerund | { | singular: | diri pagsurát | } | (not to be writing, not being writing) |
| plural: | diri panurát |
Indicative
| PRESENT | |||
| SINGULAR | PLURAL | ||
| diri acó, etc. nagsusurát | (I am, etc. not writing) | diri camí, etc. nanunurát | (we are, etc. not writing) |
| PAST | |||
| uaráy acó etc. pagsurát | (I was etc. not writing) | uaráy camí etc. panurát | (we were etc. not writing) |
| FUTURE | |||
| diri acó etc. magsusurát | (I shall etc. not be writing) | diri camí, etc. manunurát | (we shall not, etc. be writing) |
Imperative
| ayao icao pagsurát | (do not be writing) | ayao quitá, camo panurát | (let us, you, not be writing) |
| diri hiya magsurát | (let him not be writing) | diri camí, hirá manurát | (let us, them not be writing) |
Subjunctive
| diri acó, etc. magsurát | (I may, etc. not be writing) | diri camí, etc. manurát | (we may, etc. not be writing) |
[82]
They are determined by the phrases “cay anó” (why), and by “diín”, “háín” (where), and by “san-o”, “cacan-o” (when, past and future respectively).
The interrogative conjugation by this phrase simply consists in the regular conjugation of the verb, placing before every inflection the said phrase followed by the particle ng̃a. As
| ¿cay anó ng̃a nasurat ca? | (why do you write?) |
| ¿cay anó ng̃a sinmurát hiya? | (why did he or she write?) |
| ¿cay anó ng̃a macadto quita? | (what shall we go there for?) etc. |
The interrogative primitive formed; by these adverbs, has only two inflections: one which consists in the original root, and which is the past tense indicative; and the other which consists on the same root, its first syllable being doubled; this last form is for the present and future tenses, indicative. These three tenses are the only tenses that this conjugation has. The adverb “diín” is for the present and past tenses. The adverb “háin” is for the future. Thus:
| Present: | ¿diin acó susurat? | (where do I write?) |
| Past: | ¿diin ca surát? | (where did you write?) |
| Future: | ¿háin camí susurát? | (where shall we write?) |
The interrogative progressive only differs from the preceding one in that the particle pag precedes all of the inflections. In plural this pag becomes pa, pan, or pang, according to the same rules laid on the progressive active form.90 Thus:
| ¿diín ca pagsusurát? | (where are you writing?) |
| ¿háin camó panunurát? | (where will you be writing?) |
[83]
In passive voices, these same forms are followed except in that the root takes the affix a in the direct passive and the affix i in the indirect passive, and the prefix i for the primitive form, or the prefix ig for the progressive form, in the instrumental passive. Thus:
| ¿diín suratá? |
| ¿diín suratí?, etc. |
NOTE.—Instead of the prefix ig or i, in the instrumental passive, the affix an is frequently employed. As
¿diín susuratán? for ¿diín isusurát? etc.
“Cacan-o” is placed before the past indicative; “san-o” is used before the future, indicative. They are the only two tenses of this kind of conjugation. As to the inflections in the primitive form, the past is simply the root, and the future is the root, whose first two letters are doubled. As
| ¿cacan-o camo surat? | (when did you write?) |
| ¿san-o ca cácanhi? | (when will you come?) |
In the progressive form the root takes the prefixes pag for the singular and pa, pan, pang in plural.
In the passive, the affix a is used in the direct passive; the affix i, in the indirect passive; and the prefix i or ig in the instrumental. These prefixes are frequently replaced by the affix an. Examples:
| ¿cacan-o surata? |
| ¿Ban-o susuratí? etc |
IMPORTANT OBSERVATION. The verb referred to by any adverb of time takes the same form, as to the indicative, as the adverbs cacan-o and san-o. As
| buás acó cacanhi | (tomorrow I shall come) |
| canina han ága acó pagsurát | (this morning I have written)91 |
[84]
The suppletory verbs in Bisayan are those formed by the pronouns “iní”, “adí”, “itó”, “itón”, “adtó”, “adtón”; to supply the English “to be”, and those formed by the adverbs “dinhi”, “didi”, “dida”, “dídton”, “díthon”, “dídto”, to supply the same verb “to be” and also the verbs “to come”, and “to go.” Of these verbs we call pronominal those derived from pronouns, and adverbial those derived form adverbs.
This is a defective form, as it has only one inflection which consists in doubling the first vowel it being for the present tense, indicative mood. Ex.:
| iini acó | (I am here) |
| aadí camí | (we are here) |
| iito hiya | (he or she is there) |
| iiton hira | (they are there) |
| aadto ca | (you are there) |
| aadton camo | (you are there) |
NOTE. In same places of Leyte, as Dulag, these forms are not used but instead of them, the pronouns are doubled as: iniini, adiadi, itoito, etc.
In using these forms it is preferable to have the pronouns follow them.
This conjugation is common to the adverbs dínhi, didí, didto, dithon, didto.
Root: dinhi (here)
Infinitive
| Present, and gerund | { | singular: | pagdinhi | } | (to be here, being here) |
| plural: | paninhi |
[85]
Indicative
| PRESENT, AND FUTURE | |||
| SINGULAR | PLURAL | ||
| acó, etc. aanhi or hahaní | (I am, etc. shall be, etc. here) | camí, etc. aanhi or hahani | (we are, etc. shall be, etc. here) |
| Imperfect past, and past. | |||
| acó, etc. didinhi or nacanhi | (I was, etc. here) | camí etc. didinhi or nacanhi | (we were, etc. here) |
Imperative
dinhi icao, etc. (be here, etc).
Subjunctive
| acó, etc. maanhi or mahani | (I may etc. be here) | camí, etc. maanhi or mahani | (we may, etc. be here) |