Luaire is probably Carlowrie in West Lothian.
Simeon of Durham tells us that in 875 the host of the Danes who had ravaged the east coast of Britain divided itself into two bands, one of which under Halfdan marching into the region of the Northumbrians laid it waste, and wintering near the river Tyne brought the whole country under their dominion, and destroyed the Picts and the people of Strathclyde. These were probably the Picts of Galloway, and in reference to this the Ulster Annals tell us of a conflict between the Picts and the Dubhgalls in 875, in which a great slaughter of the Picts was made.[467] The people here called of Strathclyde are in the Saxon Chronicle, in recording the same event, termed Stræcled Wealas, and this name is rendered by Ethelwerd into the Latin Cumbri, which is the first appearance of the term of Cumbri or Cumbrians as applied to the Britons of Strathclyde.[468] In the meantime Olaf the White, the Norwegian king of Dublin, had left a son by his wife Audur the Wealthy, daughter of Ketill Flatnose or Caittil Fin, who was called Thorstein the Red, and he appears on his father’s death to have commenced making piratical expeditions, infesting Scotland far and wide, and usually obtaining victory. His attacks were directed against the northern provinces, and he is said in the Islands Landnamabok to have conquered ‘Katanes and Sudrland,’ or Caithness and Sutherland, Ross and Moray, and more than half of Scotland, and to have reigned over these districts until he was betrayed by the Scotch and slain in battle. In the Laxdaela Saga, on the other hand, he is said to have at length become reconciled with the king of the Scots, and obtained possession of the half of Scotland, over which he became king.[469] It is hardly to be supposed that Constantin could have had any real authority over these northern regions, or that the power of the kings of Kenneth mac Alpin’s race could have at this time extended beyond the provinces of the southern Picts. He therefore probably merely permitted what he could not prevent, and indeed may have viewed a Norwegian conquest of the provinces of the northern Picts as favourable to his cause as the Danish defeat of the men of Fortrenn had been to that of his father. Thorstein’s kingdom, however, lasted only one year. The Pictish Chronicle refers to it when it says that the Northmen passed an entire year in Pictavia, and the Ulster Annals record in 875 that Ostin or Thorstein, son of Amlaiph, king of the Northmen, was treacherously slain by the people of Alban.[470]
Constantin, however, was doomed himself to fall in the following year under an unexpected onslaught by the Danes. Ever since the Danes, or Dubhgall, first came to Ireland there had been a contest between them and the Norwegians or Fingall for superiority, and in 877 a battle took place between them in which the Norwegians had the victory. The Danes, being for the time driven out of Ireland, went to Alban or Scotland. They appear to have entered the Firth of Clyde, and, penetrating through the country watered by the Teith and Forth, attacked the province of Fife. A battle took place between them and the Scots at Dollar, which must have been unfavourable to the latter, as the Danes are said to have driven and slaughtered them through Fife, as far as the north-east corner, where, at a place called Inverdufatha, now Inverdovet, in the parish of Forgan, they gained a battle over the men of Alban. Constantin was slain and a great multitude with him. The earth is said on this occasion to have burst open under the men of Alban.[471]
This is the first appearance in the Pictish Chronicle of the term ‘Scotti’ or Scots being applied to any portion of the inhabitants of Pictavia, and it seems to have been used with reference to those of the province of Fife in particular, but the Ulster Annals record the death of Constantin as king of the Picts.[472]
He was succeeded by his brother Aedh, who reigned only one year. The Pictish Chronicle says of him that the shortness of his reign left nothing memorable to record, but that he was slain in the town of Nrurim. St. Berchan says of him—
And the Ulster Annals record in 878 that Aedh, son of Cinador, king of the Picts, was slain by his own people.[473]
With Aedh died the last of Kenneth’s sons, and thus far the succession of the kings of his race had not only followed the law of Tanistry, but did not vary from that modification of the Pictish law which had been already sanctioned among the southern Picts, and had admitted the sons of previous kings in a similar order to fill the Pictish throne; but now the two modes of royal succession were again in conflict. By the law of Tanistry the succession opened to Donald, son of Constantin and grandson of Kenneth; by the Pictish law, when strictly observed, to Eocha, son of Run, king of the Britons of Strathclyde, whose mother was Constantin’s sister. Both of these claimants to the throne appear to have been under age, and there had not yet been an instance of a lineal male descendant in the third generation being permitted to succeed to the Pictish throne. The great defeat and slaughter which befell the Scots under Constantin had probably, for the time, weakened the Scottish interest, while the heir, according to their law, had the additional disqualification of being too young to reign.
The Pictish party prevailed, and Eocha, the Briton, was placed on the throne, but as he appears also to have been too young to reign alone, another king was associated with him as his governor.[474] The Pictish Chronicle calls him ‘Ciricius,’ but leaves a blank for his father’s name; but in the Irish version he is called Giric, son of Dungaile; and by Flann Mainistrech, Girg, son of Dungaile. In the Latin lists it is corrupted to Grig, but in the Chronicle of St. Andrews it appears as Carus. By the Albanic Duan he is omitted altogether, and the Ulster Annals do not mention him, which leads to the suspicion that he was an intruder in the Scottish line, and was not of that race. His name is evidently the British name Curig, and under this form St. Ciricus, a martyr of Tarsus, was introduced into the British calendar, and has several churches in Wales dedicated to him. It was no doubt from Girig, son of Dungaile, being named after him that the eclipse on his day in the calendar is recorded as taking place during this reign. As governor to Eocha, and as bearing a British name, the presumption is that he was also a Briton, and the name of Dungaile, borne by his father, was the same name as that of Dunnagual, who appears in the Welsh Genealogies annexed to Nennius as the father of Arthgal and grandfather of Run; Girig was therefore in all probability Eocha’s paternal granduncle.[475]
The Pictish Chronicle places the death of Aed, son of Neil, king of Ireland, in his second year, and Aed died on 8th November 879, and we are told that in his ninth year an eclipse of the sun took place on St. Ciricus’s day. His day in the calendar is the 16th of June, and an eclipse of the sun actually took place on that day in the year 885. These notices give us sufficiently the true chronology of his reign, but the Pictish Chronicle records none of the events of it, and simply says that after a reign of eleven years Eochodius with his tutor is now expelled from the kingdom.[476] The later chronicles supply this defect so far as to give us in general terms two events of his reign. The first is that he brought under subjection to himself the whole of Bernicia and part of Anglia;[477] and there may possibly be some foundation for the statement, to a partial extent at least, when we consider the position in which the kingdom of Northumbria was placed during his reign, and the changes which apparently followed it.
During the reign of Eadberht, in the middle of the eighth century, the kingdom of Northumbria had apparently attained to a position of as great power as that to which it had been raised in the previous century by Ecgfrid. The two provinces of Deira and Bernicia were united under his rule; the territories of the Britons south of the Solway Firth and the province of Galloway on the north were parts of his kingdom; he had himself added to it Kyle and the adjacent districts, and in conjunction with Aengus, the equally powerful king of the Picts, had enforced the submission of the Britons of Alclyde, when after a reign of twenty-one years he, in the year 758, abdicated his throne in favour of his son Oswulf, and took the tonsure. His son was in the following year treacherously slain by his own people, and with him ended the direct descendants of Ida. The kingdom seems then to have fallen into a state of disorganisation, and has thus been well described:—‘One ealdorman after another seized on the government, and held it till his expelled predecessors returned with a superior force, or popular favour and successful treason had raised up a new competitor.’ And thus it continued till the end of the century, when the arrival of the Northmen added an additional element of confusion. In 867 the monarchy completely broke down. In the previous year a large fleet of Danish pirates, under the command of Halfdan, Inguar, and Hubba, the sons of Ragnar Lodbrog, had arrived on the coast of England, and had wintered in East Anglia, and this year they invaded Northumbria, and took possession of the city of York. The Northumbrians had just expelled their king Osbryht, and placed Alla on the throne, but the former was now recalled, and the two kings, uniting their forces, attempted to wrest the city of York from the Danes, and were both slain. The Danes then took possession of the whole of Northumbria as far as the river Tyne, and placed Ecgbert as king over the Northumbrians north of the Tyne. After a reign of six years Ecgbert died, and was succeeded by Ricsig. It was in his time that, 875, Halfdan, with his Danes, again entered Northumbria, and brought the whole country under his dominion. In the following year Ricsig died, and Halfdan is said by Simeon of Durham to have placed a second Egbert over the Northumbrians beyond the Tyne. He is said to have reigned only two years. But notwithstanding, in 883, or seven years after, when Halfdan dies, we are told by Simeon that by the advice of the abbot Eadred, Guthred, son of Hardicnut, was made king, and reigned at York; but Ecgbert ruled over the Northumbrians. There is no mention of this second Ecgbert either in his History of the Church of Durham or of the Archbishops of York, and he appears, with his inconsistent dates, to be a mere reproduction of the Ecgbert who was placed over the Northumbrians north of the Tyne in 867, introduced to fill up a period when the historian did not know or did not care to tell who really ruled over Bernicia at that time.
This is, however, the period of Girig’s reign, and he may, like his predecessor Kenneth, have overrun Lothian and obtained possession of Bamborough, the chief seat of the Bernician kings, which lies at no great distance from the south bank of the Tweed; and Simeon himself indicates this when he tells us in his History of the Church of Durham that during the reign of Guthred ‘the nation of the Scots had collected a numerous army, and among other deeds of cruelty had invaded and plundered the monastery of Lindisfarne.’[478] His object too may have been to free the Britons, his own countrymen, from the Anglic yoke, and certainly, if he conquered Bernicia, and perhaps that part of Anglia which consisted of the British possessions extending from the Solway to the Derwent, their reunion with the kingdom of the Strathclyde Britons, as well as the freedom of Galloway from Anglic supremacy, would be the natural result. The second event attributed to him is that he first liberated the Scottish Church, which till that time had been in servitude according to the custom and usage of the Picts, and this has probably more foundation in fact. That Girig found it necessary to win over the Scottish clergy to his cause, or at least not to oppose him, is probable enough, and he seems to have freed the Church from those secular exactions and services to which the clergy of most churches were at this time subjected. The Anglic Church had not long before been freed from similar services by King Ethelwulf, and the later Pictish Church was closely connected with that of Northumbria.[479] A curious memorial of Girig, and of his relation to the Scottish Church, remains in the church in the Mearns which bears the name of Eglisgirg, or Greg’s church, and was dedicated to St. Ciricus, from whom it came to be called St. Cyrus.[480]
The gratitude of the Scottish Church for the boon they had obtained from Girig seems to have shown itself in this, that in the artificial history to which the interests of an ecclesiastical controversy had so large a share in giving birth, the usurper of foreign race, who had for a time intruded upon the line of Scottish kings descended from Kenneth mac Alpin, and been after a few years driven out, fills a prominent position, as Gregory the Great, solemnly crowned at Scone, and one of the most powerful of the early Scottish kings.
369. At vero provinciæ Nordanhymbrorum, cui rex Ceoluulf præest, quatuor nunc episcopi præsulatum tenent; Wilfrid in Eboracensi ecclesia, Ediluald in Lindisfaronensi, Acca in Hagustaldensi, Pecthelm in ea quæ Candida Casa vocatur, quæ nuper multiplicatis fidelium plebibus in sedem pontificatus addita, ipsum primum habet antistitem. Pictorum quoque natio tempore hoc et fœdus pacis cum gente habet Anglorum et catholicæ pacis ac veritatis cum universali ecclesia particeps existere gaudet. Scotti qui Brittaniam incolunt suis contenti finibus nil contra gentem Anglorum insidiarum moliuntur aut fraudium. Brettones, quamvis et maxima ex parte domestico sibi odio gentem Anglorum, et totius Catholicæ ecclesiæ statum pascha minus recte moribusque improbis impugnent; tamen et divina sibi et humana prorsus resistente virtute, in neutro cupitum possunt obtinere propositum: quippe qui quamvis ex parte sui sint juris, nonnulla tamen ex parte Anglorum sunt servitio mancipati.—Bede, B. v. c. xxiv.
370. Chron. Picts and Scots, p. 421.
371. Martyrology of Donegal at 16th March.
372. Bede, Hist. Ec. B. v. c. xxi.
373. In a charter by Malcolm IV. to the canons of Scone, it is said to be ‘in principali sede regni fundata’ (Scone Chart. No. 5); and in narrating the foundation of the monastery by Alexander I., Fordun says, in his earliest compilation, ‘Fundata enim est, ædificata et dedicata, ut dictum est, apud Sconam, ubi antiqui reges, Cruthne primo Pictorum rege, sedem regni Albaniæ constituerant,’ which he afterwards alters to ‘quam fundatum ædificavit loco, quo reges antiquitus tam Scoti quam Picti sedem regni primam constituerunt.’—Fordun, Chron., ed. 1871, pp. 430, 227. This shows the tradition that it was at an early period the principal seat of the kingdom. The Pictish Chronicle records a meeting at Scone between Constantine, king of Scotland, and the bishop of St. Andrews, in which the laws of the Church were regulated, and adds, ‘ab hoc die collis hoc meruit nomen, id est, Collis Credulitatis.’—Chron. Picts and Scots, p. 9. The word ‘meruit’ does not imply that it was then first named, and it appears, as we shall see, in 728, under the name of Caislen Credi or Castellum Credi, that is, the Castle of Belief. At Scone, too, William the Lion decreed in council with his magnates that the Church should be maintained in its laws, rights, and privileges.—Act. Parl. Scot. vol. i. p. 60.
374. See Chron. Picts and Scots, p. 136. Tighernac has at 713, ‘Cinaedh mac Derili et filius Mathgernan jugulati sunt. Tolarg mac Drostan ligatus apud fratrem suum Nechtan regem.’ As Nechtan was son of Derili, he could not have been brother of Tolarg, son of Drostan, and the expression ‘fratrem suum’ must refer to Cinaedh, who was also son of Derili, and was probably slain by Tolarg. Again, in 734 the Ulster Annals have, ‘Talorggan filius Drostan comprehensus alligatus juxta aciem Ollaigh;’ and in 739 Tighernac has ‘Tolarcan mac Drostan rex Athfhotla a bathadh la h’Aengus’ (drowned by Angus). The process of change in the name is first Athfhotla—then Atheodle—then Atholl.
375. Qui lapis in eodem monasterio reverenter ob regum Albaniæ consecrationem servatur. Nec uspiam aliquis regum in Scocia regnare solebat, nisi super eundem lapidem regium in accipiendum nomen prius sederet in Scona, sede vero superiori, videlicet, Albaniæ constituta regibus ab antiquis.—Fordun, Chron. ed. 1871, vol. i. p. 294.
376. See the author’s Tract on the Coronation Stone in the Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries, vol. viii. p. 68, and separately published by Messrs. Edmonston and Douglas, 1869, for an analysis of these legends.
377. In the sixth and seventh lives of Saint Patrick we are told that he brought with him from Rome a stone altar (altare lapideum), which had been consecrated by the Pope, and that when crossing to Ireland a leper wished to be taken on board, but being refused admission by the sailors, Saint Patrick threw the stone altar into the sea, and desired the leper to sit upon it, which he did, and it floated with him to Ireland (here called ‘tabula lapidea’).—Colgan, Tr. Th. 71, 123. It is again mentioned as following him through the air, and as having been left at Domhnach Patraicc, where it was the subject of special veneration. In the Tripartite Life it is called his ‘Lec’ or stone. In the lives of St. Bridget it is said that when a girl she made a stone altar (altare lapideum), and an angel came and perforated it at the four corners and placed it upon four wooden legs.—Colgan, Tr. Th. p. 538.
In the sixth life of Saint Patrick we are told that he came to Cashel, and at his preaching the king of Munster believed and was baptized; and then follows this sentence: ‘Remansit in loco illo tabula lapidea, super quam Sanctus fortasse celebraverat divina sacramenta; vocatur autem ab Hibernicis Leac Phadruig, id est, lapis Patricii: super quam ob reverentiam illius solent reges Casselenses in principatum promoveri, et in regni solium sublimari.’—Colgan, Tr. Th. 82.
It was customary among the Celtic as well as other races that their kings and chiefs should be inaugurated standing upon a rock or large natural stone, but the coronation stone was a movable slab kept in the church, and the use of it formed part of the religious ceremony, the king sitting upon it while he is being consecrated, and the coronation of the Cashel kings appears to be the only strictly analogous case.
378. 717 Expulsio familiæ Iæ trans dorsum Britanniæ a Nectono rege.—Tigh.
379. 724 Clericatum (N)echtain regis Pictorum, Druxst post eum regnat.—Tigh.
380. 719 Cath Finglinne itir da meic Fearchar Fata (between the two sons of Fearchar Fata), in quo Ainbhceallach jugulatus est die quinti ferie Id. Septembris.—Tigh.
381. 719 Cath maritimum Arddeanesbi etir Dunchadh mac Becc cum genere Gabrain et Selbach cum genere Loarn et versum est super Selbacum ii. Non. Octobris die iii. ferie, in quo quidem comites corruerunt. 721 Duncadh (mac) Becc Ri Cindtire mortuus est.—Tigh. See note 385 as to the meaning of ‘comites’ here. Duncadh was the son of Becc, grandson of Duncadh, son of Conaing, son of Aidan, by his son Conall Chail, whose death in 681 is thus recorded by Tighernac:—Bass Conaill Chail mac Dunchadh in Cindtire.
382. 722 Beli filius Elfin moritur.—An. Cam. Bili mac Elphine rex Alochluaithe moritur.—Tigh.
723 Clericatus Selbaigh regis Dalriada.—Tigh.
383. 725 Simal filius Druist constringitur.—Tigh.
726 Nechtain mac Derili constringitur apud Druist regem. Dungal de regno ejectus est et Druist de regno Pictorum ejectus et Elphin pro eo regnat. Eochach mac Eachach regnare incipit.—Tigh.
384. Flann Mainistrech has ‘nine kings over Albain from the death of Donald, son of Aed, to the death of Aeda Allan, son of Fergal, king of Ireland, that is from 642 to 743,’ the last two of whom are Selbach mac Ferchair and Eochaidh Angbaidh, or the valiant; and from the death of Aeda Allan to the death of Aeda Finnleith, that is, from 743 to 879, he has ‘thirteen kings over Alban,’ the first two of whom are Dungal mac Selbach and Alpin mac Eachach. This leaves no room for doubt as to the period when these four kings reigned, and agrees exactly with the Irish Annals. The Albanic Duan omits the stanza following Ainbhcellach, and containing Selbach and Eochach, and then has ‘Dungal dein seven years, Alpin four years.’ Dungal had reigned both before and after Eochaidh, as we shall see; and as Eochach is also called son of Eochach by Tighernac, this leaves no doubt that he and Alpin were brothers.
385. 727 Congressio Irroisfoichne, ubi quidam ceciderunt den dibh Airgiallaibh inter Selbacum et familiam Echdach nepotis Domhnaill.—An. Ult. This term ‘Airgialla’ is the same word as that applied to the territory said to have been acquired from the Picts in Ulster by the three Collas in the fourth century, of which Emhan or Emania was the capital. It was called Oirgialla or Airgialla, from which comes the modern name of Oriel; but this Airgialla cannot here be meant, for in the tract on the Men of Alban we are told that ‘the armed muster of the Cinel Loarn was 700 men; but it is of the Airgialla that the seventh hundred is’ (acht is dinaibh Airgiall in Sechtmadh cet.—Chron. Picts and Scots, p. 313). This name was therefore likewise applied to two districts whose people were subject to the Cinel Loarn, and contributed 100 men to their armed muster, and were probably the ‘Comites’ who fought along with Sealbach in 719. This leads us to look to the origin of the name. ‘Gialla’ is a hostage, and the tribes who owed fealty to the head of a superior tribe gave hostages for the fulfilment of their obligation. When any failure took place in their duty, these hostages were fettered. Thus, at the king’s table, as described in the Crith Gablach, sat on one side the hostages, and at the extreme end the forfeited hostages or pledges in fetters (see Introduction to O’Curry’s Lectures, p. cccli); and in the Pictish legends Finach takes hostages (Gialla) of the Cruithnigh, and Fiachna mac Baedan fetters the hostages of Erin and Alban.—Chron. Picts and Scots, pp. 24, 320. Now we learn from the Book of Rights that it was a privilege of the kingdom of Airgialla that ‘their hostages were not bound in fetters nor in chains, save that they swear by the hand of the king that they will not then make their escape’ (see Book of Rights, p. 135); and a tract on Oirghialla states that whenever the hostage of the Oirghialla was fettered, golden chains were used for the purpose, and that it was hence they were called Oirghialla, i.e. of the golden hostages. The Airgialla of Dalriada were therefore districts which owed fealty to the Cinel Loarn, but possessed the same privileges which gave that name to the Irish Airgialla; and the central districts between the territories of the Cinel Loarn, Cinel Gabbran, and Cinel Comgall, situated on both sides of Loch Awe, and occupied by the remains of the older population, were probably the districts known by the name of the two Airgiallas.
386. 733 Eochach mac Eochach ri Dalriada et Conall mac Concobair mortui sunt.—Tigh.
387. 728 Cath Monaigh Craebi itir Piccardachaib fein (between the Picts themselves) i.e. Aengus et Alpine issiat tuc in cath (fought that battle), et ro mebaigh ria (the victory was with) n Aengus et ro marbhadh mac Alpin andsin (and the son of Alpin was slain there) et ro gab Aengus nert (and Angus took his person). Cath truadh itir (an unfortunate battle between the) Piccardachaebh ac Caislen Credhi et ro mebaigh ar in (and the victory was against the same), Alpin et ro bearadh a cricha et a daine de uile (and his territories and all his men were taken), et ro gab Nechtan mac Derili Righi na Picardach (lost the kingdom of the Picts).—Tigh. The Ulster Annals add,—‘ubi Alpinus effugit.’
388. 729 Bellum Monitcarno juxta stagnum Loogdae inter hostem Nechtain et exercitum Aengusa et exactatores Nechtain ceciderunt, id est, Biceot mac Moneit et filius ejus et Finguine mac Drostain, Ferot mac Finguine et alii multi. Familia Aengusia triumphavit.—An. Ult. The Stagnum Loogdeae is mentioned in Adamnan’s Life of St. Columba, and what is there stated, taken in connection with this battle, seems to place it on the Spey. See Reeves’s Adamnan, ed. 1874, pp. 258, 357. Exactor was a term applied to the Saxon thane.
389. Cath Dromaderg Blathmig etir Piccardachaibh, i.e. Druist et Aengus Ri na Piccandach et ro marbhadh (was slain) Drust andsin in dara la deg do mi Aughuist (there on the twelfth day of the month of August).—Tigh. Dromaderg Blathmig means ‘the red ridge of Blathmig.’
390. Cath etir mac Aengusa et mac Congusa sunt Brudheus vicit Talorcum fugientem.—Tigh. 732 Nechtan mac Derili mortuus.—Tigh.
391. 733 Dungal mac Selbaich dehonoravit Toraic cum traxit Brudeum ex ea et eadem vice insulam Culrenrigi invasit.—An. Ult. The corresponding entry in Tighernac is corrupt.
Muredhach mac Ainbhcellach regnum generis Loarn assumit.—Tigh.
Flaithbertach classem Dalriada in Iberniam duxit et cædes magna facta est de eis in insula Honie ubi hi trucidantur viri Concobar mac Lochene, et Branchu mac Brain et multi in flumine dimersi sunt de eis in Banna.—Tigh.
734 Tolarg mac Congusa a brathair fein dia gabhail et tuc illaimh na Piccardach et ro baighed leoseden h. e. (taken by his own brother and delivered into the hands of the Picts, and he was drowned by them).—Tigh.
Talorgan filius Drostain comprehensus alligatur juxta arcem Ollaigh. Dunleithfinn destruitur post vulnerationem Dungaile et in Hiberniam a potestate Aengusii fugatus est.—An. Ult.
392. 736 Aengus mac Fergusa rex Pictorum vastavit regiones Dailriata et obtinuit Dunad et combussit Creic et duos filios Selbaiche catenis alligavit, id est, Dongal et Feradach, et paulo post Brudeus mac Aengusa mic Fergusa obiit.—Tigh.
393. 736 Bellum Cnuicc Coirpri i Calathros uc etar Linndu inter Dalriatai et Fortrenn et Talorgan mac Ferguso filium Ainbhceallach fugientem cum exercitu persequitur in qua congressione multi nobiles ceciderunt.—An. Ult.
394. 740 Eratque rex eorum Eadberctus occupatus cum suo exercitu contra Pictos.—Bede, Chron.
395. 741 Bellum Droma Cathmail inter Cruithniu et Dalriati for Innrechtac.—An. Ult. The only notice the author has been able to find of a place called Cathmail is in a poem attributed to Saint Columba in honour of Saint Cormac ua Liathan, mentioned in Adamnan’s Life, when he came to Iona. One stanza is this:—
(See Reeves’s Adamnan, orig. edit., p. 270.) The translation has been made a little more literal, and the only church which bears Cormac’s name in Scotland is Kirk Cormac, in the parish of Kelton in Galloway, some miles north of Kirkcudbright. The writer of the Statistical Account says that ‘its surface abounds with small hills of a conical figure called Drums;’ and ‘on the north-east is the green hill of Dungayle, whose summit was once crowned with a strong fort.’ Dungayle is probably a corruptioncorruption from Dun G-cathmhail, the aspirated consonants being quiescent.—N. S. A. vol. iv. pp. 144-5.
396. Cesty fust tue en Goloway, com il le avoit destruyt, de un soul hom qi ly gayta en un espesse boys en pendaunt al entree dun ge de un ryvere, com chevaucheoit entre ses gentz.—Scalachron.
397. Chalmers identifies Laight Alpin with an old ruin in Loch Doon called Laight Castle, founding on a charter by William the Lion to the town of Ayr, which implies that Laight Alpin was on the border between Ayrshire and Galloway; but the name really belongs to the farms of Meikle and Little Laight on the eastern shore of Loch Ryan, and the stone is on the very line of separation between the counties of Ayr and Wigtown.
398. 741 Percussio Dalriatai la Aengus mac Ferguso.—An. Ult.
399. See the introduction to Fordun’s Chronicle, vol. ii., for a full exposition of the manipulation of the Chronicles at this time. The three kings given in the Ulster Annals are—A.D. 778 Aedfinn mac Ecdach rex Dalriati mortuus est. 781 Fergus mac Echach ri Dalriati defunctus est. 792 Donncorci rex Dalriatai obiit. The form ‘rex Dalriati’ and ‘Dalriatai’ means rather king of the Dalriads than of Dalriada. The Annals of Ulster have in 700 ‘Fiannain nepos Duncho rex Dalriati,’ who was evidently of the Irish Dalriada; and the Annals of the Four Masters, which have the same four, call the first ‘Toisech’ and the other three ‘Tighearn Dalriada,’ or Lords of Dalriada; and, as these annals contain Irish events only, the compilers evidently considered them all as belonging to Irish Dalriada. Flann Mainistrech and the Albanic Duan have an Aed among their kings, whose time corresponds with the first of these kings.
400. Pinkerton, who was the first to see the difference between the statement in the Albanic Duan and the latter Chronicle, and to give the preference to the former, quotes from the Annals of Ulster the following:—A.D. 740, Death of Dunlaing, son of Duncan, king of the sept of Argyle (Argal); and A.D. 811, Angus, son of Dunlaing, king of Argyle (Ardgail), died; and argues from them that these were the remains of the Dalriads who continued to possess part of the country of Argyll (vol. ii. p. 127). He quoted, however, from a bad copy of the Annals of Ulster. In the original the word is Ardgail, a district in Meath, in Ireland, and has no connection with the name Argyll. See also the introduction to Fordun’s Chronicle, ed. 1872, vol. ii. p. xlvi note.
401. 744 Factum est prælium inter Pictos et Britones.—Sim. Dun. Hist. Regum. 750 Eadberctus campum Cyil cum aliis regionibus suo regno addidit.—Bede, Chron.
402. 750 Cath etir Pictones et Britones, id est a Talorgan mac Fergusa et a brathair et ar Piccardach imaille friss (and his brother and a slaughter of Picts with him).—Tigh. 750 Bellum inter Pictos et Brittones id est, Gueith Mocetauc et rex eorum Talorgan a Brittonibus occiditur.—An. Cam. It is plain that these were the same Picts whom Muredach the Dalriad attacked in 736, as Talorgan appears at their head on both occasions.
403. 752 Taudar mac Bile Ri Alochlandaih (Alochluaithe) mortuus est. Cuth a sreith in terra Circin inter Pictones invicem in quo cecidit Bruidhi mac Maelchon.—Tigh. Circin was the name of one of the seven sons of Cruithne, and of the seven districts which bore the same names. It enters into Magh Girgin as the plain of Circin, softened to Moerne or Mearns.
404. 756 Eadberht rex, xviii. anno regni sui, et Unust rex Pictorum duxerunt exercitum ad urbem Alcluth. Ibique Brittones in deditionem receperunt prima die mensis Augusti. Decima autem die ejusdem mensis interiit exercitus pene omnis quem duxit (Eadberhtus) de Ouania ad Niwanbirig, id est, ad novam civitatem.—Sim. Dun.
405. 760 Dunnagual filius Teudubr moritur.—An. Cam.
406. 761 Aengusa mac Fergusa rex Pictorum mortuus.—Tigh. Oengus Pictorum rex obiit, qui regni sui principium usque ad finem facinore cruento tyrannus perduxit carnifex.—Bede, Chron. There seems to have been some doubt as to the year of his death, as Simeon of Durham has at 759, ‘Ipso quoque anno Unust Pictorum rex defunctus est;’ and Tighernac enters his death twice, having also at 759, Aengus ri Albain mortuus; but 761 seems to be best supported.
407. Chron. Picts and Scots, p. 138.
408. Chron. Picts and Scots, p. 183.
409. Mors Tuathalain Abbas Cindrighmonaigh.—Tigh. The events of the reign of this Hungus, including the foundation of St. Andrews, are, by the artificial system by which this part of the history has been manipulated, removed back to the fourth century; but as a war with a Saxon king at that early period was too monstrous, that part of the legend is transferred to a later Hungus. A chronicle, however, annexed to a MS. of Wynton, gives us very nearly the true date. ‘The zeire of God sevyn hunder lxi., ye relikis of Sanct Androw ye apostle com in Scotland’ (Chron. Picts and Scots, p. 387). Adhelstan, with whom the battle was fought, is supposed to have given his name to Athelstaneford on the Tyne in East Lothian. If the name is historical, and not merely taken from the later Athelstane who invaded Scotland in the tenth century, it must have belonged to a ‘dux’ or commander under the king of Northumbria, and the name of Aedlsing occurs in the genealogies of the Bernician family annexed to Nennius about this time, who may be the person meant.
410. 763 Bruidhi Ri Fortchernn (Fortren, An. Ult.) mortuus est.—Tigh.
411. Cujus tertio anno inchoante, gravissimum juxta Eldunum secus Melros gestum est bellum octavo idus Augusti, in quo cecidit Oswine post triduum, prima feria. The place meant is the Eildon Hill near Melrose. The Saxon Chronicle calls the place Edwine’s Cliffe.
412. 768 Bellum i Fortrinn ittir Aedh et Cinaedh.—An. Ult. The Annals of the Four Masters record this as a battle between Aedh and Cinaedh, son of Flann, Leinster men, where Aedh was slain, but there was no place called Fortrenn in Leinster. It is probably a mere speculative identity by the compilers.
413. The word used by Flann, ‘Airgnech’ in one ms. and ‘Airectech’ in another, both formed from the verb Airce, to plunder or rob. The Duan has ‘Aodh na Ardfhlaith.’
414. 784 Adventus reliquiarum filiorum Eirc ad civitatem Tailten.—An. Ult. ‘The chiefs of Ulster before Conchobar were buried at Tailte, namely, Ollamh Fotla and seven of his sons and grandsons and others of the chiefs of Ulster.’—Tract on Cemeteries in Lebor na Huidri, p. 38.
415. Sim. Dun. 775 Rex Pictorum Cynoth ex voragine hujus cœnulentæ vitæ eripitur.
775 Mors Cinadhon regis Pictorum.—An. Ult.
416. Elpin rex Saxonum moritur.—An. Ult.
417. 782 Dubhtolargg rex Pictorum citra Monoth periit.—An. Ult.
418. 789 Bellum inter Pictos ubi Conall mac Taidg victus est et evasit et Constantin victor fuit. 790 Vel hic bellum Conall et Constantin secundum alios libros.—An. Ult.
419. 807 Jugulatio Conall mac Taidg o Conall mac Aedain i Ciunntire.—An. Ult.
420. Sim. Dun. Hist. Regum, ad an. 793.
421. Sim. Dun. Hist. Reg., ad an. 794.
422. 794 Vastatio omnium insolarum Britanniæ a gentibus.—An. Ult. Orcain (plunder of) Iæ Coluimchille.—An. Inis.
798 Indreda mara doaibh eene etir (spoils of the sea taken by them between) Erinn agus Albain.—An. Ult.
802 Hi Coluimbea cille a gentibus combusta est.—An. Ult.
806 Familia Iæ occisa est a gentibus, .i. lx. octo.—An. Ult.
Ochtar is da fithchid dona Mannachaibh an Aoi Choluimchille do mharbbadh do Lochlannaibh (forty-eight of the number of Icolumkill slain by the Lochlanns).—An. Inisf.
423. See Dr. Todd’s War of the Gaedhil with the Gaill, Int. p. xxx, for a good account of these names.
424. 807 Constructio novæ civitatis Coluimcille in Cennanus.—An. Ult. 814 Ceallach abbas Iæ finita constructione templi Cenindsa reliquit principatum et Diarmicius alumpnus Daigri pro eo ordinatus est.—An. Ult. Some of the chronicles state that Garnard, son of Donald, king of the Picts, founded Abernethy 225 years and 11 months before the church of Dunkeld was built by Constantin, king of the Picts.—(Chron. Picts and Scots, p. 201.) Garnad reigned from 584 to 599, which places the foundation of Dunkeld between 809 and 824, but Constantin ruled over Dalriada from 807 to 816, and died in 820, which fixes its foundation to the same period.
425. 820 Custantin mac Fergusa rex Fortren moritur.—An. Ult.
825 Martre Blaimhicc meic Flainn o Gentib in Hi. Coluim Cille.—An. Ult.
426. 834 Aengus mac Fergusa rex Fortrenn moritur.—An. Ult.
427. Anno ab incarnatione Domini octingentesimo tricesimo quarto congressi sunt Scotti cum Pictis in sollempnitate Paschali. Et plures de nobilioribus Pictorum ceciderunt. Sicque Alpinus Rex Scottorum victor extitit, unde in superbiam elatus ab eis, altero concerto bello, tercio decimo kal. Augusti ejusdem anni a Pictis vincitur atque truncatur.—Chron. Picts and Scots, p. 209.
428. War of the Gaedhil with the Gaill, pp. 13, 226. 839 Bellum re genntib for firu Fortrenn (by the Gentiles against the men of Fortrenn) in quo Euganan mac Oengusa et Bran mac Oengusa et Aed mac Boanta et alii pene innumerabiles ceciderunt.—An. Ult. In the Albanic Duan Aedh rules for four years over Dalriada and Eoghanain thirteen, in all seventeen years. But Aengus ruled till 825, and Eoganan is slain in 839, which gives only fourteen years, so that it is plain that Aed, son of Boanta, governed Dalriada during three of the years of Eoganan’s rule, which is exactly the length of his reign over the Picts.
429. Cujus filius Kynadius successit in regno patris qui viio regni sui anno, cum piratæ Danorum, occupatis littoribus, Pictos sua defendentes, strage maxima pertrivissent, in reliquos Pictorum terminos transiens, arma vertit et multis occisis fugere compulit, sicque monarchiam totius Albaniæ, quæ nunc Scotia dicitur, primus Scottorum rex conquisivit et in ea primo super Scottos regnavit.—Chron. Picts and Scots, p. 209. The Chronicle of Huntingdon says Kynadius reigned twenty-eight years, and in order to adjust the chronology of his reign it is necessary to ascertain the true year of his death. This we can fortunately do. The Ulster Annals place it in 858, the Annales Cambriæ in 856, but the Pictish Chronicle tells us that he died on the Ides or thirteenth of February, on a Tuesday. Now the thirteenth of February fell on a Tuesday in the year 860, which is the true year of his death. This gives 832 in place of 834 as the commencement of his reign and the year of his father Alpin’s death, and 839 as his seventh year. 832 is also the correct year of the death of Aengus, son of Fergus, for his predecessor Constantin died in 820, and Aengus is said in the Pictish Chronicle to have reigned only twelve years.
430. Qui anno xiio regni sui septies in una die cum Pictis congruitur multisque pertritis regnum sibi confirmat et regnavit xxviii. annis.—Chron. Picts and Scots, p. 209. Twelve years and the sixteen of the Pictish Chronicle make it twenty-eight.
431. Kinadius igitur filius Alpini, primus Scottorum rexit feliciter istam annis xvi. Pictaviam.... Iste vero biennio antequam veniret Pictaviam, Dalrietæ regnum suscepit.—Chron. Picts and Scots, p. 8.
432. Iste occisus est apud Fertheviot, secundum quosdam Sconam, a Scottis.—Chron. Picts and Scots, p. 151.
433. Septimo anno regni sui, reliquias Sancti Columbæ transportavit ad ecclesiam quam construxit.—Chron. Picts and Scots, p. 8.
434. Invasit sexies Saxoniam et concremavit Dunbarre atque Mailros usurpata. Britanni autem concremaverunt Dubblain atque Danari vastaverunt Pictaviam ad Cluanan et Duncalden.—Ib. p. 8. In the Lodbrokar-quida, or death-song of Ragnar Lodbrok, it is said, in v. 12, ‘At Bartha-firdi down from our points distilled the dew (of death).’ Barthafirdi may be the Firth of Tay, and the allusion may be to the invasion of Danes under Ragnar.
435. Nec præterea plures alicubi reperio, quod cito defecerit episcopatus, quia extrema, ut dixi, Anglorum ora est, et Scottorum vel Pictorum depopulationi opportuna.—Gest. Pont. Lib. iii. § 115. The last mention of Beadulf is in 795.
436. Collectanea de Rebus Albanicis, p. 66.
437. Collectanea, p. 67. 856 Cocadh mor ettir Gennti et Maelsechnall con Gallgaidhel leis.—An. Ult. 857 Roiniud ren Imar et ren Amlaiph for Caittil Find con Gallgaidhel hi tiribh Mumhan.—An. Ult.
438. Chron. Picts and Scots, pp. 403, 404.
439. Ib. p. 84.
440. Cinaet mac Ailpin. Ise cet righ rogab righe Scoinde do Gaidelaib.—Flann. 856 Cemoyth rex Pictorum moritur.—An. Cam. 858 Cinaeth mac Ailpin rex Pictorum mortuus est.—An. Ult. 858 Cionaodh mac Ailpin rex Pictorum moritur.—Fragm. An.
441. For the first daughter the authority is the Pictish Chronicle. Pinkerton reads this name Ku, mistaking K for R, and overlooking the stroke over the u which marks an n. He has been followed by all subsequent writers. The second appears from the Fragments of Irish Annals, p. 172. The Ulster Annals have at 917 Mailmaire inghen Cinaeda mac Alpin mor.
442. Deus enim eos pro merito suæ malitiæ alienos ac otiosos hereditate dignatus est facere, quia illi non solum Domini missam ac preceptum spreverunt, sed et in jure æquitatis aliis æqui parari noluerunt.—Chron. Picts and Scots, p. 8.
443. The Annals of Ulster have at 865 Tuathal mac Artguso primus episcopus Fortrenn et abbas Duincaillenn dormivit.—Ib. p. 391.
444. Hic mira caliditate duxit Scotos de Argadia in terra Pictorum.—Chron. Picts and Scots, p. 174.
445. ‘Kinadius igitur filius Alpini primus Scottorum rexit feliciter istam annis xvi. Pictaviam.’ Pictavia has not been before mentioned. ‘Pictavia autem a Pictis est nominatur; quos, ut diximus, Cinadius delevit.’
446. Chron. Picts and Scots, p. 299. Higden, Polychronicon, ed. ii. 148. That this statement in both was taken from the Pictish Chronicle appears from its concluding thus: ‘Kynadius filius Alpini perfidens Pictaviam invasit, Pictos delevit et Saxones sexies expugnavit et terram dudum Anglicis subactam quæ est a mari Scotiæ usque ad Mailros quæ est in ripa Twedæ fluminis suo dominio subjugavit.’ The sympathy of the compilers of this account too is with the Picts.
447. Chron. Picts and Scots, pp. 163 and 202.
448. This expression, ‘Pictos delevit,’ which terminates the omitted account, obviously corresponds with the expression in the Pictish Chronicle, ‘quos, ut diximus, Cinadius delevit.’ It is evidently to the slaughter of the Pictish nobles by this stratagem that the expression refers.
449. Chron. Picts and Scots, p. 83. The translation is slightly altered.
450. It is not impossible that this immigration, whether secular or ecclesiastic, may have been aided by the king of Ireland, and that the following notices refer to it:—
819 Mors Aedha mac Neill juxta vadum duorum mirabilium (Athdaferta) in Campo Conaille.—An. Ult.
Mors Aeda meic Neill Righ Temrach for sluagud (king of Tara while carrying on war) in Alban.—Inisf.
Aodh Oirdnighe mac Neill Frasaigh na Righ atteamhair da bliaghain is fiche gur eag ag (king of Tara twenty-two years till he died at) Athdaferta a Tirconaill. Acht abaraiddrong do na Seanchaibh gur accaith Droma do torcraidhe (but other senachies say that was in the battle of Droma that he was slain).—Inisf. The battle of Droma seems connected with the statement that he carried on war in Alban when he was slain. This would give 819 as the date of this invasion.
451. Chron. Picts and Scots, p. 424.
452. Ibid. Alii ex Scotis Anglisque collectis.—Boethii Hist. Fol.
453. Chronicles of the Picts and Scots, p. 309.
454. I sunn condrecaidh Clann Fergusa Guill mic Eachach Buide .i. Gabranaig agus Clann Conaill Cirr mic Eachach Buide .i. Fir Fibe fris in rigraid .i. Clann Cinaeda mic Ailpin mic Aedain.—Chron. Picts and Scots, p. 315.
455. See ante, p. 302.
456. This is shown in the Tract on the Coronation Stone, p. 35.
457. In hujus tempore jura ac leges regni Edi filii Ecdach fecerunt Goedeli cum rege suo in Fothuirthabaicth.
458. ‘Primo ejus anno Maelsechnaill rex Hibernensium obiit.’ The Annals of Ulster have Maelsechnaill’s death in 861, but the 30th November fell on a Tuesday in 863, showing that the Annals of Ulster are at this time usually two years behind the true date, as in the years of Kenneth’s and Donald’s deaths.
459. Post duos annos vastavit Amlaib cum gentibus suis Pictaviam et habitavit eam a kalendis Januarii usque ad festum Sancti Patricii. Tertio iterum anno Amlaib trahens cetum a Constantino occisus est.
460. 866 Amlaiph et Aiusle do dul i Fortrenn con Gallaibh Erenn et Alban et con rinnriset Cruitintuait n-uile et con tugsat an giallo.—An. Ult.
461. See Fragments of Annals, Chron. Picts and Scots, p. 405. ‘Fortrenn was plundered and ravaged by the Lochlanns, and they carried off many hostages with them as pledges for tribute, and they were paid tribute for a long time after;’ and p. 172 for his wife being a daughter of Kenneth. His death is not recorded in the Irish Annals. He is mentioned up to 870, but not later.
462. 870 Obsessio Aileccluithe a Nordmannis .i. Amlaiph et Imhair ii. reges Nordmannorum obsederunt arcem illam et destruxerunt in fine 4 mensium arcem et prædaverunt.—An. Ult.
Arx Alclut a gentibus fracta est.—An. Camb. See also Fragments of Annals, Chron. Picts and Scots, p. 405.
463. 871 Amlaiph et Imhar do thuidhecht a frithisi du Athacliath a Albain dibh cedaib long (came again to Athacliath from Alban with 200 ships), et præda maxima hominum Anglorum et Britonum et Pictorum deducta est secum ad Hiberniam in captivitate.—An. Ult.
464. 872 Artgha rex Britannorum Sratha-Cluaidhe consilio Constantini filii Cinaedo occisus est.—An. Ult.
465. The descent of these kings is given in the Welsh Genealogies attached to Nennius.—Chron. Picts and Scots, p. 15.
466. Ib. p. 85.
467. Predictus exercitus (Danorum Repadun deseruit) seseque in duas partes divisit. Una pars cum Haldene ad regionem Nordanhymbrorum secessit et eam vastavit et hiemavit juxta flumen quod dicitur Tine et totam gentem suo dominatui subdidit et Pictos atque Strathduccenses depopulati sunt.—Sim. Dun. 875 Congressio Pictorum for Dubgallu et strages magna Pictorum facta est.—An. Ult.
468. And oft ge hergode on Pehtas and on Stræcled Wealas.—Sax. Chron. ad an. 875.
Ast crebrius inducunt Pihtis bellum Cumbrisque.—Ethelwerd Chron.
469. Collect. Reb. Alb. pp. 66, 69.
470. Normanni annum integrum degerunt in Pictavia.—Pict. Chron. 875 Ostin mac Amlaiph regis Nordmannorum ab Albanensibus per dolum occisus est.—An. Ult.
471. Tract on the Wars of the Gaidhil with the Gaill, p. 232. What the concluding sentence alludes to it is impossible now to say. ‘Paulo post ab eo bello in xiiij ejus facto in Dolair inter Danarios et Scottos. Occisi sunt Scotti co Ach Cochlam.’—Pict. Chron. The notice of Constantin’s reign by St. Berchan is defective, a few lines being lost in the concluding part, but there are still preserved the last two lines, which are significant enough—
The Chronicle of St. Andrews has ‘Interfectus est a Norwegiensibus in bello Inverdufatha,’ which is obviously the same name as Inbhirdubhroda: the one meaning the Inver of the black ford, the other, of the black road. A record of this battle seems preserved in a charter in the Chartulary of St. Andrews, p. 274, where mention is made of the ‘congeries lapidum juxta viam de Inverdoveth versus Sanctum Andream.’ By another chronicle it is corrupted to ‘de Werdofatha,’ and supposing that ‘Wer’ was meant for ‘Wem,’ a cave, the Chronicum Elegiacum translates it Nigra specus, and from this the story that king Constantin was killed in a cave seems to have arisen. But St. Berchan leaves no doubt that Inbhir is the first part of the word, and the ancient Tract on the wars of the Gaidhel with the Gaill is conclusive that Constantin was killed in battle. Cochlam is probably the place called Kathlock, Cathlok, Catholok, between Kilmany and Inverdovat.
472. 876 Constantin mac Cinaeda rex Pictorum moritur.—An. Ult.
473. Ejus etiam brevitas nil historie memorabile commendavit, sed in civitate Nrurim est occisus. 878 Aedh mac Cinador rex Pictorum a sociis suis occisus est.—An. Ult. The later chronicles say that he was slain in battle in Strathallan by his successor Grig; but though he may have been slain in battle, it is certainly inconsistent with the earlier notices that his successor should have slain him. In a pass in the heights which separate Strathallan from Glenartney is a place called Blairnroar. The word Blair usually marks a battlefield, and here there are several upright stones and a cairn, in which several stone coffins were found.—N.S.A. vol. x. p. 326. The name is here misprinted Blairinroan.
474. Eochodius autem filius Run regis Britannorum nepos Cinadei ex filia regnavit annis xi. Licet Ciricium filium alii dicunt hic regnasse; eo quod alumpnus ordinatorque Eochodio fiebat.—Pict. Chron. Arthgal, Eocha’s grandfather, died in 872, and he could hardly have been born before 865. Donald could not have been born much before that date, if so early.
475. Chalmers announces without hesitation that Girig, or Grig as he calls him, was the Maormor of the extensive country between the Dee and Spey, and this has been repeated by most subsequent historians as if it were undoubted; but he gives no authority for it, and appears to have founded it upon the tradition that Gregory the Great, as he was called, died at Dunadeer in the Garioch. Such traditions, however, are the creation of our fabulous historians. The later chronicles give him a reign of twelve years, and add ‘mortuus est in Dundeorn.’ But one form of these chronicles extends his reign to eighteen years, and this is followed by Fordun, who changes Dundeorn to Donedoure, converted by tradition to Dunadeer. That the place meant was Dundurn on the Earn appears from St. Berchan, who calls him MacRath, or the son of Fortune, and says
476. Ac in ix. ejus anno, in ipso die Cirici, eclipsis solis facta est. Eochodius cum alumpno suo expulsus est nunc de regno.—Pict. Chron.
477. Hic subjugavit sibi totam Berniciam et fere Angliam.—Chron. Picts and Scots, p. 288. This is the reading of what is evidently a better copy of the Chronicle of St. Andrews than that in the register, which reads ‘Hiberniam totam et fere Angliam,’ and has been followed by the later chronicles. There is no trace of any conquest of Ireland, and Hibernia seems to have been substituted for Bernicia.
478. Gens Scottorum, innumerabili exercitu coadunato, inter cætera suæ crudelitatis facinora, Lindisfarnense monasterium sæviens et rapiens invasit: contra quos dum rex Guthredus, per Sanctum Cuthbertum confortatus, pugnaturus staret, subito terra dehiscens hostes vivos omnes absorbuit.—Sim. Dun. Hist. Ec. c. 28.
479. Chron. Picts and Scots, p. 174, and Preface to the Statuta Ecclesiæ Scoticanæ, by Dr. Joseph Robertson, vol. i. p. xiv.—‘Et hic primus dedit libertatem Ecclesiæ Scoticanæ quæ sub servitute erat ad illud usque tempus ex constitutione et more Pictorum.’
480. William the Lion gives to the Priory of St. Andrews ‘Ecclesiam Sancti Cirici de Eglesgirg’ (Chartulary of St. Andrews, p. 218); and at p. 348 we find ‘Ecclesia Sancti Cyrici martyris de Eglisgirg.’