The Todas

[Contents]

R. CLAY AND SONS, LTD., BREAD ST. HILL, E.C., AND BUNGAY, SUFFOLK.

[Contents]

GENEALOGICAL TABLES.

Genealogical Table

	PREFACE			v
	CONTENTS			ix
	LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS			xiii
	PHONETIC SYSTEM			xvii
		Map.		xviii
I.	INTRODUCTION			1
		Methods		7
II.	THE TODA PEOPLE			18
		The Village and the House		23
		The Daily Life of the Todas		31
		Sketch of Social Organisation		34
III.	DAIRIES AND BUFFALOES			38
		The Dairy Organisation		39
		The Dairy		43
		The Toda Buffalo		47
		Dairy Procedure		49
		The Care of the Ordinary Buffaloes		52
IV.	THE VILLAGE DAIRY			56
		The Tarvali		61
		The Kudrpali		66
		The Wursuli		71
		The Daily Life of the Wursol		74
		The Kugvali of Taradr		76
		The Dairy of Kanòdrs		79
		The Teivali Dairy		81
V.	THE TI DAIRY			83
		The Daily Life at the Ti		92
		The Palol		98
		The Kaltmokh		105
		The Mòrol		107
		New Dairy Vessels		108
		The Five Ti		110
		The Nòdrs Ti		111
		The Kars Ti		116
		The Pan Ti		118
		The Kwòdrdoni Ti		120
		The Nidrsi Ti		122
VI.	BUFFALO MIGRATIONS			123
		Migrations of the Village Buffaloes		124
		Migration of the Ti Buffaloes		130
VII.	ORDINATION CEREMONIES			144
		The Palikartmokh		145
		The Wursol		147
		The Kugvalikartmokh of Taradr and the Pohkartpol of Kanòdrs		150
		The Kaltmokh		151
		The Ordination of the Palol		153
		The Tesherst Ceremony		154
		The Niroditi Ceremony		157
VIII.	SPECIAL DAIRY CEREMONIES			166
		The Pepkaricha Ceremony		166
		The Irpalvusthi Ceremony		172
		Giving Salt To Buffaloes		175
		The Ponup Ceremony		177
IX.	THE TODA GODS			182
		Pithi		184
		Ön		184
		Teikirzi		186
		Teipakh, or Tirshti		187
		Anto		188
		Kulinkars		188
		Nòtirzi		189
		Korateu or Kuzkarv		190
		Puzi and Kurindo		192
		Kwoten, Teikuteidi, and Elnâkhum		193
		Kwoto or Meilitars		203
		Other Gods		210
X.	PRAYER			213
		The Village Prayer		217
		Prayer of Kuudr		217
		Prayer of Kiudr		220
		Prayer of Kwirg		222
		The Prayer of the Kanòdrs Dairy		222
		The ti Prayer		223
		The Anto Prayer		224
		The Prayer of Makars		226
XI.	THE DAIRY RITUAL			231
		Comparison of the Procedure of Different Dairies		232
		The Sanctity of Milk		239
		Special Dairy Customs		241
		Purity and Impurity		244
		Women and the Dairy		245
		History of the Dairy		246
XII.	DIVINATION AND MAGIC			249
		Divination		249
		Sorcery		255
		The Evil Eye		263
		Various Magical Remedies		265
		Omens		273
XIII.	SACRIFICE AND OFFERINGS			274
		The Erkumptthpimi Ceremony		274
		The Sacrifice at the Ti		285
		The Erkumptthpimi Prayer of Kuudr		288
		The Kars Prayer		289
		The Teutütusthchi Ceremony		290
		Offerings		292
		Irnörtiti to the Ti		293
		Irnörtiti, Tuninörtiti and Pilinörtiti		294
		The Irnörtiti Ceremony		300
		Tuninörtiti		305
		Pilinörtiti		306
XIV.	BIRTH AND CHILDHOOD CEREMONIES			313
		The Pursütpimi Ceremony		319
		Childbirth		323
		Seclusion after Childbirth		324
		Uncovering the Child’s Face		331
		Naming the Child		332
		The Tersamptpimi Ceremony		333
		The Ear-piercing Ceremony		334
XV.	FUNERAL CEREMONIES			337
		The Puzhutpimi Ceremony		344
		The Tiveri tûr Ceremony		347
		The Slaughter of the Buffaloes.		349
		The Cloth-giving Ceremony		358
		The Cremation		361
		Some Special Funeral Ceremonies		365
		The Interval between the two Funerals		367
XVI.	FUNERAL CEREMONIES—continued			372
		The Marvainolkedr		372
		The Koòtiti Ceremony		375
		The Azaramkedr		378
		Funeral Laments		384
		Purification Ceremonies		389
		The Funerals of Children		391
		Funeral Contributions		395
		Amnòdr		397
		Origin of Funeral Customs		400
XVII.	SACRED DAYS AND NUMBERS			405
		The Madnol and Palinol		405
		The arpatznol.		407
		Sacred Numbers		412
XVIII.	SACRED PLACES AND OBJECTS			417
		Hills and Other Places.		417
		Rivers		418
		Villages		419
		The Dairy		422
		The Threshold		423
		Bells		424
		Relics		428
		The Buffalo and its Milk		428
		Other Animals		431
		Trees and Plants		433
		The Sun, Light, and Fire		436
		Stones		438
XIX.	THE TODA RELIGION			442
		The Gods		443
		Influence of other Religious Systems		457
		Magic and Religion		459
XX.	GENEALOGIES AND POPULATION			461
		The Value of the Genealogical Record		465
		The Trustworthiness of the Genealogies		467
		Buffalo Pedigrees		470
		The Toda Population		471
		Proportion of the Sexes		477
		Twins		480
		The Determination of Age		480
XXI.	KINSHIP			483
		Kinship Taboos		494
		Kinship Salutations		496
		The Duties of Kin		498
XXII.	MARRIAGE			502
		The Regulation of Marriage		504
		Kinship and Marriage		509
		The Marriage of Matchuni		512
		Polyandry		515
		Polygyny		521
		Exchange of Brother and Sister		522
		The Custom of ‘Terersthi’		523
		Divorce		525
		The Mokhthoditi Institution		526
		Sexual Morality		529
		The History of Pinpurz Kutan		537
XXIII.	SOCIAL ORGANISATION			540
		The Clan		540
		The Kudr		542
		The Pòlm		544
		Laws of Descent		546
		Adoption		549
		Government		550
		Crime		553
		Suicide		555
		The Monegar		555
		Headmen		556
		Property		557
		Debt and Servitude		566
		The Position of Women		566
XXIV.	ARTS AND AMUSEMENTS			570
		Clothing		571
		Methods of Wearing the Hair		574
		Skin-marks		576
		Ornaments		579
		Food		580
		Fire-making		581
		The House		583
		Implements and Utensils		585
		The Pounder, Sieve, and Broom		585
		Weapons		586
		Measures and Numerals		588
		Money		590
		The Calendar		590
		The Week		591
		Astronomical Ideas		592
		The Sun		592
		The Moon		592
		Planets		593
		Constellations and Stars		593
		Games		596
		Riddles		599
		Poetry and Music		600
XXV.	LANGUAGE			602
		Phonetics		605
		Sacred Language		614
		Secret Language		616
XXVI.	PERSONAL NAMES			619
		Change of Name		625
		Taboos on Names		626
XXVII.	RELATIONS WITH OTHER TRIBES			628
		Todas and Badagas		630
		Todas and Kotas		635
		Todas and Kurumbas		641
		Todas and Irulas		642
XXVIII.	THE CLANS OF THE TODAS			643
		The Tarthar Clans		643
			Nòdrs	643
			Kars	648
			Pan	651
			Taradr	653
			Keradr	655
			Kanòdrs	655
			Kwòdrdoni	657
			Päm	658
			Nidrsi	659
			Melgars	660
			Kidmad and Karsh	664
		The Teivali Clans		666
			Kuudr	666
			Piedr	670
			Kusharf	672
			Keadr	674
			Pedrkars	675
			Kulhem	677
XXIX.	TEIVALIOL AND TARTHAROL			679
XXX.	THE ORIGIN AND HISTORY OF THE TODAS			693
I.	APPENDIX I			719
II.	BIBLIOGRAPHY			731
III.	List of Toda Villages (not including ti mad)			734
IV.	APPENDIX IV			738
	GLOSSARY			741
	INDEX			749
	GENEALOGICAL TABLES.			981

GENEALOGICAL TABLES.

Table of Contents