324. Streightoff, The Standard of Living, p. 24.

325. Streightoff, The Standard of Living, p. 111.

326. See quotation from Professor Taussig, footnote, p. 309.

327. Israel Zangwill, in an address before the Universal Races Congress in London, said, “Even in America, with its lip-formula of brotherhood, a gateless Ghetto has been created by the isolation of the Jews from the general social life,” Spiller, G., op. cit., p. 270. Cf. also Peters, Madison C., The Jews in America, pp. 123–138.

328. “The Jews associate little with other nationalities, principally from the choice of the other nationalities.” Bushee, F. A., City Wilderness, p. 42.

329. Cf. Americans in Process, pp. 61–63, 157.

330. Jenks and Lauck, Immigration Problem, p. 172.

331. Cf. Franklin, Frank G., Legislative History of Naturalization in the United States.

333. Hall, P. F., op. cit., p. 194.

334. Ibid., p. 186. For a general discussion of these abuses, see Hall, op. cit., Ch. IX.

335. Americans in Process, p. 157.

336. Act of March 2, 1907.

337. Cf. Champernowne, Henry, The Boss, Ch. XIII.

338. Commons, J. R., Races and Immigrants in America, p. 182.

339. Cf. throughout, Commons, op. cit., Ch. VIII.

340. Twelfth Census, Vol. I, p. xxxii. Includes land and water. Figures for land area alone are given in A Century of Population Growth, p. 54. Taking land in this restricted sense would not materially affect the conclusions.

341. This change has been furthered, according to Professor Taussig, by immigration. Principles of Economics, Vol. I, p. 545.

342. The importance of this change is emphasized by noting Professor Guy S. Callender’s statement, “Perhaps the most important circumstance affecting American society is the fact that the people have always been in contact with unoccupied lands.” Economic History of the United States, p. 667. Professor Taussig points out also, in this connection, that unskilled labor is more needed when a plant is being constructed than when it is being utilized. Principles of Economics, Vol. II, p. 154, footnote.

343. Thus, “Immigration calls for courage and every other personal quality which makes for social progress.” Lincoln, The City of the Dinner Pail, p. 141.

344. See page 160.

345. Cf. Bailey, W. B., “The Bird of Passage,” Am. Jour. of Soc., 18:3, p. 391.

346. See Professor Keller’s introduction to Fairchild’s Greek Immigration.

347. A slight element of inaccuracy is given to these figures by the different methods of recording immigration at different periods. Rept. Imm. Com., Stat. Rev., Abs., p. 8.

348. War and Other Essays, p. 169.

349. Cf. Kidd, Benjamin, Social Evolution, p. 237; Ellis, Havelock, The Task of Social Hygiene, pp. 2–4.

350. De Bows’s Review, 18:698, “Sources from which Great Empires Come.” Signed L.

351. This point is frequently pressed by writers who adopt the standpoint of the immigrant, as for instance, Professor Steiner. Much effort is expended to establish the high character of the immigrant, his noble motives and worthy ambitions. The wealthy American on the promenade deck is contrasted unfavorably with the alien in the steerage. No criticism is to be made of this position. It is beyond doubt that there is a great deal to admire in the very humblest of our immigrants. But a most emphatic exception must be taken to the conclusion which apparently is assumed to follow this premise; namely, that therefore anything in the way of restriction is wrong. Granted that the admirable character of the immigrant is thoroughly established. This fact does not obviate the need for action, if it appears that evils arise. If the welfare of the nation is menaced; if the immigrants are not reaping the benefits for which they have sacrificed all in the old country; if the wonderful patrimony of the United States, fitted to render an enduring service to mankind, is being thoughtlessly squandered; if conditions in foreign countries are not improved; if the most remarkable population movement in history is being left to the machinations of selfishly interested parties—if any of these things are true, the fact that it is not the immigrant’s “fault” does not remove the responsibility from those upon whom it naturally rests of taking active measures to secure to humanity the greatest and most enduring benefits which such a tremendous sociological phenomenon may be made to yield. If the first step in such a conservation program is restriction, then that step must be taken.

352. Cf. Hall, P. F., “The Future of American Ideals,” No. Am. Rev., Jan., 1912.

353. Webster’s Dictionary.

354. Century Dictionary.

355. New English Dictionary.

356. Encyc. Britannica, article “Physiology.”

357. For an enumeration of important American characteristics, see Mayo-Smith, R., Emigration and Immigration, pp. 5–6.

358. It is noteworthy that while the English are in many respects more similar to Americans than any other foreign race, yet their complete assimilation to the American type is said to be very difficult, because of their unwillingness to give up their own ideas and character. City Wilderness, p. 52; Americans in Process, p. 65.

359. Professor Lester F. Ward says, “The assimilation of an alien civilization ... cannot be accomplished in a single generation, no matter how favorable the conditions may be.” Applied Sociology, p. 109. Professor Sumner says, “The only way in which, in the course of time, remnants of foreign groups are apparently absorbed and the group becomes homogeneous, is that the foreign element dies out.” Folkways, p. 115. Mr. Joseph Lee says, “Whether we in this country shall succeed in doing in a few centuries what Europe in fifteen or twenty or more has not been able to accomplish, is a problem of which the present generation of Americans is not in a position to fully judge.” Charities and the Commons, 19:17.

360. The Immigration Problem, p. 209.

361. The Immigration Problem, p. 267.

362. Ibid., p. 293.

363. Cf. Coolidge, Mary R., Chinese Immigration, p. 267; and Fairchild, H. P., Greek Immigration, footnote, p. 242.

364. Americans in Process, p. 50.

365. Hall, P. F., “The Future of American Ideals,” No. Am. Rev., Jan., 1912.

366. De Bows’s Review, “Sources from which Great Empires Come,” 18:698 (1855).

367. American Museum, 7:240.

368. Political Economy, Vol. II, 13:265.

369. Kolonien, Kolonialpolitik, und Auswanderung, pp. 333 ff.

370. Op. cit., p. 135. Cf. also Bonar, J., Malthus and His Work, p. 144.

371. The Commons, April, 1904.

372. Douglas, Emigration, pp. 117–118.

373. The Problem of the Immigrant, p. 15.

374. Op. cit., p. 23.

375. Principles of Economics, Vol. II, p. 217. For a statement of the opposite opinion, see Bourne, S., Trade, Population, and Food.

376. Bailey, Mod. Soc. Cond., 101, and Gonnard, L’Emig. Eur., 120.

377. In spite of the enormous emigration from Italy, and the almost entire depopulation of certain districts, the population of the country as a whole increased 6.81 per cent during the period from Feb. 10, 1901, to June 10, 1911, without regard to those subjects temporarily residing abroad. Daily Consular and Trade Reports, Jan. 20, 1911, p. 1440.

378. Gonnard, op. cit., p. 22.

379. Flom, George T., Norwegian Immigration, p. 27.

380. Fairchild, Greek Immigration, p. 71.

381. Mangano, Antonio, “The Effect of Emigration upon Italy,” Charities and the Commons, Jan. 4, 1908, Feb. 1, 1908, April 4, 1908, May 2, 1908, June 6, 1908.

382. For a corroboration of these facts, see Borosini, Victor von, “Home-Going Italians,” The Survey, Sept. 28, 1912.

383. Rept. Imm. Com., Emig. Cond. in Eur., Abs., pp. 10, 11.

384. Fairchild, H. P., Greek Immigration, pp. 220–235, Ch. XI.

385. Gonnard, while he has little to say of the effects of emigration, other than those on population, in his book on European Emigration, nevertheless gives the general impression that these effects are injurious as far as Austria-Hungary is concerned, quoting Count Mailath to that effect (p. 280). The so-called emigration from Russia to Siberia, which Gonnard regards as advantageous, does not fall within the strict definition of emigration adopted in this book.

386. Rept. Imm. Com., Emig. Cond. in Eur., Abs., p. 10.

387. Miss Balch gives a pathetic and significant instance of a Ruthenian woman, returned to her native land, whose highest ideas of American social life were based on her acquaintance with negroes. Our Slavic Fellow-Citizens, p. 144.

388. See the series of articles on foreigners in the United States in Munsey’s Magazine for 1906.

389. Balch, E. G., op. cit., pp. 154–155, pp. 300–303; Steiner, E. A., The Immigrant Tide, Ch. II.

390. Mangano, A., The Survey, April 4, 1908, p. 23; Rept. Imm. Com., Greek Bootblacks, Abs., pp. 12 ff.

391. Adams and Sumner, Labor Problem, pp. 130–138.

392. Chute, Charles L., “The Cost of the Cranberry Sauce,” The Survey, Dec. 2, 1911, and Lovejoy, Owen R., The Survey, Jan. 7, 1911.

393. Page 246.

394. See page 383.

395. Cf. Rept. Com. Gen. of Imm., 1911, pp. 4–7.

396. Quoted by Hall, P. F., Immigration, p. 128.