A

• Abbeys of France and England, their extent and wealth, iii. 351.
• Abd-al-Aziz, first Emir of Spain, i. 267;
• marries widow of Roderick, 269;
• is assassinated, 271.
• Abdallah gains crown by treachery, i. 535;
• character of, 561.
• Abd-al-Melik, emir, i. 306;
• is impaled, 317.
• Abd-al-Mumen, ruler of the Almohades, ii. 259;
• conquers Spain, 287.
• Abd-al-Rahman-al-Ghafeki conducts retreat, i. 277;
• becomes emir and is deposed, 287;
• is again raised to that office, 292;
• attempts conquest of France, 295;
• defeated and killed at Poitiers, 305.
• Abd-al-Rahman I., his early career, i. 384, 385;
• escapes to the Desert, 385;
• lands in Spain, 389;
• conquers the Peninsula, 393, 394;
• his death and character, 408–411.
• Abd-al-Rahman II., ability of, i. 475;
• receives embassies from the East, 478, 479;
• builds a navy, 491;
• his death, 494.
• Abd-al-Rahman III. ascends the throne, i. 563;
• his noble qualities, 564;
• subdues the rebels, 567;
• death of, 596;
• his fame, 597;
• domestic policy of, 605;
• his patronage of letters, 631.
• Abd-al-Rahman IV., ii. 85;
• his independence, 93.
• Abd-al-Rahman V., ii. 99.
• Abu-Abdallah, the Mahdi, ii. 249;
• character of, 250.
• Abu-Bekr, chief of Almoravides, ii. 194;
• deposed, 196.
• Abul-Hassan, Sultan of Fez, invades Spain, ii. 476.
• Abul-Kasim-Mohammed, Kadi of Seville, great power of, ii. 116;
• death of, 140.
• Abu-Said betrayed by Pedro el Cruel, ii. 492.
• Africa, innate barbarism of, ii. 88.
• Agriculture, system of the Arabs, its perfection, iii. 599–601.
• Aguilar, Alonso de, death of, iii. 250.
• Ajarquia, rout of, ii. 562, 563.
• Alarcos, battle of, ii. 311.
• Albigenses, rise and doctrines of, iii. 90;
• crusade against, 95, 96.
• Alfonso I., King of Aragon, raid of, ii. 263, 264;
• defeated and killed at Fraga, 269.
• Alfonso I., King of the Asturias, i. 357;
• his expeditions, 359;
• his death, 361.
• Alfonso III., exploits of, i. 532.
• Alfonso VI., reforms of, ii. 162;
• prowess of, 183;
• enters Toledo, 185.
• Alfonso VIII. wins battle of Las Navas, ii. 331.
• Alfonso X., great talents of, ii. 441;
• literary works, 443;
• his death, 444.
• Alfonso XI., death of, before Gibraltar, ii. 483.
• Al-Hakem I. ascends the throne, i. 440;
• defeats his uncles, 443, 444;
• quells rebellion of southern suburb, 466;
• his sufferings and death, 474.
• Al-Hakem II., accession of, i. 636, 637;
• character of, 668;
• his love of learning, 670;
• his great library, 672;
• his erudition, 673;
• attempts at reform, 676;
• public works, 677.
• Alhambra, origin of, i. 547;
• magnificence, ii. 525;
• gardens, 529.
• Alhandega, battle of, i. 588.
• Al-Haytham-Ibn-Obeyd appointed emir by the Khalif, i. 290.
• Al-Horr appointed emir by the Viceroy of Africa, i. 272.
• Ali, ruler of Spain, ii. 87;
• his severe measures, 89, 90;
• his death, 93.
• Al-Maghreb, its extent and fertility, i. 134;
• invasion of, by Abdallah, 138;
• by Ibn Hajij, 141;
• is conquered by Okbah, 143;
• is invaded by Hassan, 145;
• is finally subjugated by Musa, 162.
• Al-Mansur—see Ibn-abi-Amir.
• Almohades, rise of, ii. 255.
• Al-Mondhir, character of, i. 533;
• is poisoned, 535.
• Almoravides, origin of, ii. 191;
• they conquer Africa, 194;
• their immense empire, 239.
• Al-Morthada, ii. 91.
• Al-Nazer, King of Granada, ii. 454.
• Al-Samh, Emir, i. 273;
• invades France, 276;
• is killed, 277.
• Al-Zagal defeats Christians, ii. 563;
• becomes king, 591;
• abdication of, 664.
• Al-Zarkal, clepsydra of, ii. 164;
• quadrant of, iii. 435;
• suggests elliptical orbit, 477.
• Amulets of Arabs, i. 36.
• Anbasah-Ibn-Sohim succeeds Abd-al-Rahman, i. 287;
• his severity, 288;
• invades Septimania, 290.
• Arabia, topography of, i. 1;
• dearth of history, 4;
• visited by Phœnicians, 5;
• its great wealth, 7;
• exemption from foreign influence, 10.
• Arabs, their prominence in antiquity, i. 16;
• their energy, 16;
• predatory instincts predominant, 16;
• influence of the sheik, 19;
• difference from other pastoral nations, 19;
• blood revenge, 25;
• habits of life, 27, 28;
• treatment of woman, 28;
• idolatry, 30;
• relationship with Jews, 32;
• trade of, 39;
• wonderful career of the race, 54;
• rebel after death of Mohammed, 128.
• Architecture under the Moors of Spain, iii. 537–540.
• Art, absence of, in Arabia, iii. 535.
• Asturias, foundation of the kingdom of, i. 341.
• Aurora, sultana, intrigues with Ibn-abi-Amir, i. 691;
• opposes the latter, 735.
• Averroes, iii. 473–475.
• Ayub-Ibn-Habib, provisional emir, i. 271;
• is deposed by the Khalif, 272.

B

• Badis, King of Granada, ii. 134.
• Balj-Ibn-Beshr besieged in Ceuta, i. 314;
• relieved by Abd-al-Melik, 316;
• seizes authority, 317.
• Barcelona taken by the Franks, i. 450.
• Baths, iii. 643;
• luxury of, 644.
• Baza, siege of, ii. 651;
• capitulation of, 663.
• Bedouins, life and character of, i. 17.
• Beni-Khaldun, clan of, i. 552.
• Berbers, origin and characteristics of, i. 136;
• language and government, 137, 138;
• oppressed by Arabs, 313, 325.
• Bermudo, King of Leon, renders homage to Al-Mansur, i. 727.
• Bernhart, count of Barcelona, killed, i. 492.
• Béziers, destruction of, iii. 98.
• Biscay, its ruggedness and severe climate, i. 338.
• Black Stone of Kaaba, i. 35.
• Boabdil taken prisoner at Lucena, ii. 568;
• released, 572;
• his worthless character, 594.
• Botany of Spanish Moslems, iii. 486, 487.
• Byzantine Empire, condition of, after barbarian conquest, i. 70;
• its society and its policy, iii. 370–372;
• degradation of all classes, 381, 382.

C

• Calligraphy, skill in, iii. 590.
• Carmona taken by Arabs, i. 235;
• its siege raised by Abd-al-Rahman I., 400.
• Carthage, the ancient city, its origin and splendor, i. 147, 148;
• trade, 148;
• religion, 151;
• buildings, 152;
• the Megara, 152;
• the Roman city, its arts, its learning, and its vices, 153;
• stormed by Hassan, 154.
• Castrogiovanni, first attack on, ii. 18;
• surprised by Moslems, 29.
• Chakya, the impostor, rebels against Abd-al-Rahman I., i. 401;
• his defeat and death, 402.
• Charlemagne invades Spain, i. 405.
• Charles Martel, character of, i. 302;
• hated by the clergy, 303;
• invades Provence, 309.
• Chemistry, its great progress in the Peninsula, iii. 490–492.
• Chess, game of, introduced by the Arabs, iii. 661, 662.
• Christian tributaries of the Moors, iii. 183;
• their tribute and their privileges, 184, 185;
• disabilities of, 186, 189;
• persecution of, by the khalifs, 204–206.
• Christianity made no progress in Arabia, i. 41.
• Church, condition of, before Mohammed, i. 66.
• Cid, rise of, ii. 160;
• character and career of, 220;
• valor of, 224;
• duplicity of, 226;
• takes Valencia, 235;
• horrors of the siege, 236;
• his death, 237.
• Civil organization of the Arabs, iii. 638.
• Clergy, influence of, among the Visigoths, i. 175;
• their luxury, 194, 211;
• increasing power of, ii. 420;
• wealth of, 422.
• Commerce, its great extent under the Moors, iii. 616–619.
• Cordova, beauty and wealth of, under the Ommeyades, i. 618, 619;
• suburbs of, 622;
• taken by Ferdinand III., ii. 366.
• Count Julian resents outrage on his daughter, i. 221;
• enters Spain, 224;
• retires to Ceuta, 259.
• Covadonga, battle of, i. 350.

D

• Damascus, beauty and wealth of city, i. 370–372.
• Dances derived from the Orient, iii. 663.
• De Hauteville, House of, ii. 54.

E

• Edrisi, geography of, ii. 71.
• Egilona, queen of Roderick, captured at Merida, i. 246;
• marries Abd-al-Aziz, 269.
• Egiza, his tyranny, i. 216.
• Egypt, effect of its civilization on the Arabs, i. 132.
• Elvira, foundation and wars of, i. 542–549;
• surrenders to Abd-al-Rahman III., 567.
• Emirate, disorders of, i. 322.
• Equestrian sports, their magnificence, iii. 491, 492.
• Ervigius, reign and death of, i. 214.

F

• Fatimites of Africa, i. 580;
• remove capital to Egypt, 646.
• Favila, King of Asturias, i. 356.
• Fayic and Djaudar, eunuchs, conspiracy of, i. 697.
• Ferdinand Gonzalez, Count of Castile, his character, i. 589;
• power and exploits of, 603, 604.
• Ferdinand III., character of, ii. 416.
• Ferdinand the Catholic, character of, ii. 539;
• defeated at Loja, 559.
• Festivals, iii. 667–669.
• Force, worship of, by man, i. 121.
• Forum Judicum, i. 178;
• procedure it enjoins, 179, 180;
• foundation of modern jurisprudence, 181;
• precepts, 185–189.
• France, South of, its traditions and civilization, iii. 61;
• literary and social condition, 64, 65.
• Franks, the character and institutions of, i. 300.
• Fraxinet, colony of, i. 602.
• Frederick II., Emperor, first defiance of the Pope, iii. 31, 33;
• his genius, 35;
• laws of, 36;
• commercial regulations instituted by, 39;
• his intimacy with the Moslems, 39;
• his power and dignity, 54;
• his character, 56–59.

G

• Galera, siege of, iii. 287.
• Garcia, King of Leon, i. 575.
• Gerbert, his origin, iii. 483;
• educated at Cordova, 484, 485.
• Ghalib subdues Africans, i. 649;
• feud with Ibn-abi-Amir, 719, 720.
• Giralda, construction of, ii. 316.
• Gothic March, i. 446, 447;
• conquered by the Franks, 448.
• Granada (city), siege and capture of, ii. 677, 683.
• Granada (kingdom), dawning greatness of, ii. 131;
• taken by Almoravides, 214;
• condition of, in fifteenth century, 513, 514;
• palaces of, 525.
• Guadalete, battle of, i. 230.

H

• Hamet-al-Zegri, raid of, ii. 574;
• severity of, 634;
• sold as a slave, 641.
• Harrani, Syrian physician, i. 502.
• Haschim, vizier of Mohammed, defeated by the Christians, i. 519.
• Hasdai, ambassador of the Khalif, i. 593;
• cures Sancho the Fat, 595.
• Hegira, i. 88.
• Hischem I., Emir, i. 421;
• his character, 422;
• war with his uncles, 425;
• his armies invade France, 429;
• his death, 439.
• Hischem II. kept in tutelage, i. 716;
• severe restraints imposed on him, 717;
• disappearance of, 761.
• Hischem III., ii. 71;
• death of, at Saragossa, 108.
• Human sacrifices of Arabs, i. 37.

I

• Iberians, their rudeness and ignorance, i. 339, 340.
• Ibn-Abbas, minister of Zohair, ii. 129.
• Ibn-abi-Abda invades Leon and is defeated, i. 576, 577.
• Ibn-abi-Amir sent on mission to Africa, i. 649;
• his boast in the garden, 686;
• early career of, 688, 689;
• conduct of, in Africa, 693, 694;
• becomes vizier, 701;
• appointed hajib, 707;
• burns books of the library, 710;
• reorganizes the army, 711;
• becomes ruler of Moorish Spain, 720;
• his campaigns, 723, 724;
• named Al-Mansur, 724;
• his invasion of Galicia, 738;
• his death, 744;
• his character, 744, 745.
• Ibn-Abu, death of, iii. 301.
• Ibn-al-Awam, botanical work of, iii. 607.
• Ibn-Djahwar, rise of, ii. 106;
• great talents of, 112.
• Ibn-Forat, Kadi of Tunis, invades Sicily, ii. 12;
• his death, 17.
• Ibn-Habib, Viceroy of Africa, pursues Abd-al-Rahman, i. 387.
• Ibn-Hud, family of, ii. 115.
• Ibn-Kenun, his revolt, i. 647;
• defeats Al-Hakem, 647;
• taken to Cordova, 651;
• put to death, 730.
• Ibn-Shobeyd, wealth of, i. 615.
• Improvisation prized by Arabs, i. 50.
• Industrial arts in Spain, iii. 575–577.
• Innocent III., ability of, ii. 30.
• Interdict, its terrors, iii. 335.
• Irrigation in Moorish Spain, iii. 601, 602.
• Isabella, character of, ii. 539;
• her popularity, enters the camp before Malaga, 632;
• aids army before Baza, 661.
• Islam, its unprecedented career, i. 61, 63;
• slow progress of, when first promulgated, 86;
• its meaning, 113;
• duties enjoined by it, 114, 115;
• the benefits it conferred on the Arabs, 116, 117;
• its grand achievements, 125.
• Ismail I., King of Granada, ii. 459.

J

• Jaime I. of Aragon, ii. 351;
• character of, 394, 395.
• Jews, persecution of, by Visigoths, i. 173;
• influence of, on civilization, iii, 105, 106;
• early commerce of, 109;
• prejudice against, in antiquity, 113;
• prosperity and power of, in the Middle Ages, 118, 119;
• good influence of, in Spain, 127;
• great scholars, 141;
• the depositaries of mediæval culture, 149;
• expulsion from Spain and Portugal, 171, 174.
• John de Gorza, ambassador of the German Emperor, i. 600.
• Junquera, battle of, i. 583.

K

• Kadir, ruler of Toledo, ii. 179;
• expelled, 184.
• Kahtanites, feud with Maadites, i. 278;
• its duration and intensity, 279, 280.
• Kairoan founded by Okbah, i. 143.
• Khadijah marries Mohammed, i. 84.
• Khairan, governor of Malaga, ally of Ali, ii. 87.
• Khalifs, general character of, ii. 596.
• Koceila conspires against Okbah, i. 144;
• is killed, 144.
• Koran, its origin, i. 104;
• its contents, 106;
• allegorical imagery, 108;
• benign precepts, 109.
• Koreish, guardians of temple of Mecca, i. 81.

L

• Las Navas de Tolosa, battle of, ii. 331.
• Leon taken by Al-Mansur, i. 732.
• Libraries of the Arabs, iii. 470.
• Literature of the Arabs, iii. 457–460.
• Loja carried by storm, ii. 600.
• Love, Courts of, iii. 80.
• Lucera, Saracen colony of, iii. 52.

M

• Magic of the Arabs, i. 36.
• Maimonides, iii. 142;
• his learning and his works, 143, 144.
• Majorca taken by the Aragonese, ii. 322.
• Malaga, city of, its wealth and prosperity, ii. 618;
• manufactures, 619;
• siege of, 625;
• surrender of, 641.
• Malik-Ibn-Anas, sect of, i. 435.
• Manufactures, iii. 622–625.
• Marquis of Cadiz takes Alhama, ii. 547, 548.
• Mecca, its situation and climate, i. 39;
• conquest by Mohammed, 90.
• Medicine, its advancement and perfection among the Spanish Arabs, iii. 511–516.
• Medina-al-Zahrâ, origin of, i. 625;
• extent and magnificence, 626;
• pavilion, 628;
• destroyed by the Berbers, 758.
• Mendoza, Cardinal, his greatness and character, iii. 234, 237.
• Merida, its splendid monuments, i. 244;
• taken by Musa, 245.
• Moallakat, i. 46, 49.
• Mohammed-al-Ahmar pays homage to Ferdinand, ii. 404.
• Mohammed, birth and childhood of, i. 82, 84;
• marriage of, 84;
• his hallucinations, 85;
• death, 91;
• character, 92;
• distrust of himself, 96;
• his personal appearance and manners, 98.
• Mohammed, eldest son of Abd-al-Rahman II., i. 501, 503;
• obtains the emirate, 505–507;
• his zeal, 508;
• death of, 525.
• Mohammed II., King of Granada, ii. 436.
• Mohammed III., deposed, ii. 450.
• Mohammed IV., ascends the throne, ii. 459.
• Mohammed V., his love of peace, ii. 487.
• Mohammed VI., visits Toledo, ii. 496.
• Mohammed VII., pride of, ii. 503.
• Monasticism, wealth of, iii. 351, 365;
• its corruption, 349.
• Monastic life, its pomp and luxury, iii. 364.
• Montfort, Earl of Leicester, his character, iii. 96.
• Montpellier, University of, ii. 76;
• high attainments of its professors, 78, 79.
• Moriscoes, persecution of, by Ximenes, iii. 242, 243;
• banished to Leon and Castile, 244;
• attempted reform of, 259;
• their property confiscated, 266;
• rebellion of, 268;
• exiled from Granada, 277;
• chased through the mountains, 299;
• final expulsion from the Peninsula, 318, 319.
• Moshafi, vizier of Al-Hakem II., i. 651;
• rivalry with Ibn-abi-Amir, 707;
• ruin and death of, 708.
• Mosque of Cordova founded by Abd-al-Rahman I., i. 414, 415, 654;
• minaret, 665;
• description of, 657–667.
• Motadhid, Prince of Seville, talents and vices of, ii. 141, 142.
• Motamid ascends the throne of Seville, ii. 168.
• Muley Hassan, enmity of, to the Christians, ii. 505;
• domestic troubles of, 542, 552;
• death of, 633.
• Musa-Ibn-Nosseyr, his origin, i. 157;
• appointed general in Africa, 158;
• his character, 158, 159;
• builds and equips a fleet, 161;
• enters Spain, 243;
• his return through Africa, 253;
• his punishment and death, 256, 257.
• Museum of Alexandria, iii, 437–440.
• Music, popularity of, among the Moors, iii. 664–666.