ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
THE COLOSSEUM.
- Actors, space required for, under the stage, 47.
- Alexander Severus, Piscina of, 5;
- walls of, 6.
- Amphitheatres a Roman invention (?), 4;
- —of Nero not in Campus Martius, 56, 58;
- —represented on coins, 21;
- —described as perfect by Ammianus Marcellinus, A.D. 357, 26;
- —restored by Lampadius, A.D. 445, 27;
- —again by Venantius Basilius, A.D. 508, ib.;
- —used for shows of wild beasts by Theodoric, A.D. 519, ib.;
- —again used in 523, the last occasion mentioned, ib.;
- —again damaged by earthquake, A.D. 1703, 30;
- —consecrated as a church, A.D. 1724, ib.;
- —north-western side nearly perfect, ib.;
- —Arch of lower storey restored by Gordianus, A.D. 220-238, 31.
- — at Arles, 46.
- — at Bordeaux, 46.
- — at Capua, 40, 41.
- — at Nismes, 46.
- — at Pompeii, 63.
- — at Pozzuoli, 42, 65.
- — of Scaurus, on this spot, 56.
- — at Verona, 43, 65.
- Animals brought from vivaria in cages, called pegmata, 15.
- Apollodorus told Hadrian he ought to have provided space for the machinery, 34.
- Apuleius mentions pegmata in amphitheatre, 49.
- Arch of tufa shaken by an earthquake, supported by brick wall of Nero, 14.
- Arena, for the gymnasium, 1;
- —of wood covered with sand, and full of trap-doors, 7, 11;
- —no open space under the, 21;
- —criminals torn to pieces upon it, 52.
- Arles, Amphitheatre at, 46;
- no substructures visible, ib.
- Augustus intended to build an amphitheatre here, but did not, 15.
- Awning of Nero mentioned by Pliny, 23;
- contrivances for supporting it, ib.;
- at Pompeii, shewn in a fresco, 24;
- an intermediate passage for sailors to manage awning, 47;
- cords for it, strong enough to carry an elephant, called catadromus, 48.
- Battles of sailors with swords, not with boats, 47.
- Benedict XIII. consecrated area of amphitheatre as a church, A.D. 1728, 30.
- Benedict XIV. erects cross and stations in amphitheatre, A.D. 1749, 30.
- Boards removed from arena placed on corbels provided for them, 34.
- Bordeaux, Amphitheatre at, 47;
- Remains called the Arènes, it had a boarded floor, ib.
- Brickwork of Nero here, 6.
- Building apparently perfect in time of Bede, 27;
- —made part of fortress of Frangipani, A.D. 1130, 28;
- —half given to Annibaldi by Frederick II., grant rescinded by Innocent IV. in A.D. 1244, ib.;
- —much damaged by an earthquake, A.D. 1349, ib.;
- —made common property as a stone-quarry, A.D. 1362, 29;
- —several palaces made out of this quarry, ib.
- Calpurnius mentions pegmata in amphitheatre, 49.
- Canals brought to light in 1812 and 1875, with substructures, 10;
- —great cisterns under boards, 14;
- about 10 ft. deep, but not always the same width, ib.;
- —walls to support unusually thick, ib.;
- —lined with lead, one on arches, the other on beams of wood, ib.
- Capitals fallen from upper gallery, 21.
- Capstans, sockets for, 7.
- Capua, Amphitheatre almost the same size as that of Rome, 40;
- —Substructures more perfect, ib.;
- —Aqueduct and drain, ib.;
- —Remains of aqueduct, 13;
- —Dens under the podium, 40;
- —Sockets for pivots for cages, ib.;
- —Arena of brick, not wood, but apertures for trap-doors, ib.;
- —Grooves for covers over them to make them water-tight, ib.;
- —Building of the time of Hadrian, ib.;
- —Inscription, 41;
- —Machine for lifting vessels, as in the Colosseum, 47.
- Castra Misenatium, for sailors employed in furling awning, or vela, or velaria, 24.
- Catadromus, cords for awning, 48.
- Cavea, name for an amphitheatre, 3;
- and for vaults under it, 51.
- Chambers, narrow and lofty vaulted, on each side of central passage, 38.
- Circensian games, name retained in amphitheatre, 51.
- Circus Maximus, sometimes used instead of amphitheatre, 50.
- Claudian mentions pegmata in amphitheatre, 49.
- Clivus Scauri, Arcade to this amphitheatre, 3.
- Colossus visible from gulf in amphitheatre, 49.
- Columns and capitals fallen from upper gallery on to arena, and into cavea, 21.
- Commodus, acts of, in this building, described by Dion Cassius, 22.
- Comparison and construction, 40;
- —one of the first principles of archæology, ib.;
- —especially useful for this amphitheatre, ib.
- Construction, here made visible by demolition of outer corridor, 30.
- Corbels or brackets for placing boards of arena upon, 11, 36.
- Corridors, open channels for running water, in amphitheatre, 11;
- —water supplied by aqueducts, ib.
- Cradle, or dry-dock, in central passage, 18, 38.
- Culprits executed by being thrown to wild beasts in this amphitheatre, 3.
- Dens under the podium have arches of Neronian brickwork, 12;
- —small stream of water in front of them, 17.
- Drain, large, under passage, 35, and in Appendix, 56, 59;
- ancient iron grating at mouth of, 36;
- place for flood-gates visible, ib.
- Emperors went to see wild beasts fed, 55.
- Evidence of construction, and comparison, 40.
- Excavations begun by the French, A.D. 1810, 31;
- not deep enough, 33;
- shew channels for water, 32;
- —made in search of treasure, A.D. 1864, 1865, 33;
- —A.D. 1874, 1875, 1;
- results of them a great surprise, 37.
- Exhibitions by Julius Cæsar in circus required a separate building, 5.
- Framework, curious wooden, on floor of central passage, a cradle, or dry-dock, 18.
- Frangipani make amphitheatre part of fortress, A.D. 1130, 28.
- Front of three periods, upper storey added a century later, 19.
- Gallery, upper, of wood, destroyed by fire, 12;
- restored in stone, completed A.D. 240, under Gordianus, ib.
- Games on arena, 55;
- great importance attached to them, ib.
- Gates, usually four to each amphitheatre, 53;
- names of, not easily ascertained, ib.;
- one called sandapila, ib.;
- others called Porta Prætoria, Porta Sacra, Porta Cochlea, 54.
- Gaudentius employed upon it, not the architect of it, 20.
- Gladiators often killed, 52;
- —called for by the people, ib.
- Gordianus completed the building, and restored arch of lower storey, A.D. 220-238, 31.
- Grooves in walls for lifts, 7.
- Gulf, or central passage, in all amphitheatres, 47.
- Gymnasium on the arena, 1;
- of Nero also here, 6.
- Hadrian and Apollodorus, 34.
- Herodian mentions 100 lions leaping on to the arena in amphitheatre, 50.
- Icarus, an actor playing part of, fell dead at feet of Nero, 48.
- Inscriptions record dates of later walls, 7;
- —give the word Theatrum for Amphitheatre, ib.
- Jerusalem, view of, century xvi., 29.
- Joints, straight vertical, between the brick galleries and stone corridors, 6.
- Josephus mentions pegmata in amphitheatre, 49.
- Julius Cæsar, Amphitheatre of, 2.
- Julius Capitolinus mentions 100 lions in amphitheatre, 50.
- Lampadius restores amphitheatre, A.D. 445, 27.
- Lampridius mentions 100 lions in amphitheatre, 50.
- Lifts for men and dogs on both sides of central passage, 14;
- grooves for, remain in walls, 7.
- Lions, 100 killed at once in the shows, 26.
- Machine for raising stones for walls, 21.
- Machines required, numerous and large, 48.
- Martial’s first book, De Spectaculis, relates to this amphitheatre, 4;
- —mentions pegmata in amphitheatre, 49.
- Martyrdom of early Christians on sand of arena, not on soil 21 ft. below, 36.
- Mass celebrated in amphitheatre by Cardinal Vicar, A.D. 1756, 30.
- Masts, or poles, and corbels for awning, 24.
- Miracle plays performed in amphitheatre, A.D. 1540, 29.
- Mixture of stone and brick in construction, 19.
- Naumachia, the new, those of Augustus in Trastevere, 9;
- —the old, in this building, 1, 8, 10;
- —none in amphitheatre of Taurus, 10;
- —and Stagna, names used indifferently, 12;
- —the two sides were flooded, not the central passage, 14;
- —vessels employed in usually rates, 47.
- Naval fights held sometimes in Circus Maximus, 50;
- —must have been in canals of Colosseum, as Heliogabalus filled them with wine, 51;
- —called Circensian games, ib.;
- —Martial distinguishes them, ib.
- Nero, substructures part of the time of, 1, 12;
- —gymnasium and naumachia of, on site of this amphitheatre, 5;
- —remains of aqueducts and piscina, ib.;
- —gymnasium of, on the arena, 6;
- —brickwork of time of, ib.;
- —supper of, in the amphitheatre, 7;
- —exterior of brick unfinished by him, and finished by Flavian Emperors in stone, 11;
- —two small chambers of brick, of his time, enclosed in travertine walls, 15;
- —awning of, mentioned by Pliny, 23;
- —amphitheatre of, not in Campus Martius, 56;
- —his Stagna were canals of aqueducts, 8.
- Netting to protect lower gallery of gold (or gilt) wire, called retia, 50.
- Nismes, amphitheatre still has a wooden floor with trap-doors in it, 46;
- arrangements below quite different, ib.
- Palaces, several made out of amphitheatre, 29.
- Passage, great, found at S.E. end, 34.
- Passages, small special, for messengers, intermediate between the great ones at Pozzuoli, and in Colosseum at Rome, 47;
- —central, or gulf, in all the amphitheatres, ib.
- Pavement, original here, 21 ft. below level of arena, 35.
- Pegmata, cages for wild beasts, 15;
- —described by Seneca, 16;
- —not only cages, but wooden machines, 49.
- Piers of travertine, introduced to support floors, 12;
- —from top to bottom, to carry upper gallery, 39.
- Piscinæ, remains of two, 11.
- Pit for a man to descend to feed the animals, 17.
- Plan, general, is oval, with galleries, vomitoria, &c., 18.
- Pliny mentions Scaurus and his insane works, 56.
- Podium protected by wire netting and bars, 16.
- Pola, in Istria, Amphitheatre at, 45, 46;
- —built of white stone, ib.;
- —two tiers of arches remain, ib.;
- —A curious stone parapet, with indications of awning, ib.;
- —Built against rocky mountain, ib.;
- —Substructures in lower part, ib.;
- —Canal for water visible, ib.;
- —Square towers (for musicians?), 46.
- Pozzuoli (Puteoli), Arena of brick full of trap-doors, 13, 42;
- —Surface there flooded for naumachia, 13;
- —An intermediate passage for messengers, 47;
- —Building much smaller than those of Rome and Capua, 42;
- —Substructures more perfect and more highly finished, ib.;
- —Arena of brick, with apertures for trap-doors, ib.;
- —Arrangement for fixing masts for awning, as in Rome, 43;
- —Building also of time of Hadrian, ib.;
- —Vaults preserved and used, ib.
- Rhodope, mountain of, represented as a scene here, 4.
- Scaurus, Family of Æmilius, 56;
- —name means club-footed, ib.;
- —one of the family built Basilica Æmilia, ib.;
- —insane works of, so called from their enormous cost, ib.;
- —his theatre to hold 80,000 people could only be on site of Colosseum, ib.;
- —no other theatre three storeys high, ib.;
- —extract from Pliny, ib.;
- —walls of, 15;
- —buildings of, parts temporary, other parts eternal, according to Pliny, on site of present amphitheatre, 3;
- —Clivus of, leads to this site, ib.
- Sea-water (?) used in canals, 8.
- Seneca, pegmata described by, 16.
- Severus, Alexander, piscina of, 5;
- wall of, 6.
- Sockets in the pavement for pivots of capstans, 7, 35.
- Stagna, or old naumachia, under the arena, 1, 12;
- —of Nero supplied by three aqueducts, 9;
- —boarded over for gladiators and wild beasts, but boards removed easily, 10;
- —two, each 300 ft. long, and about 50 wide, 14.
- Stagnum of Nero, “like a sea,” when surface was flooded, 9, 12.
- — Navale of Tacitus, 9.
- — of Agrippa near the Pantheon, 9.
- Statilius Taurus, Amphitheatre of, 1.
- Storey, upper, an addition and an afterthought, 6.
- Substructures, part of the time of Nero, 1;
- —evidently retained and used when upper part was built, 39;
- —compared with others, 47.
- Suetonius does not mention the beginning of the work, 1.
- Tacitus gives an account of games here under his own direction, 55.
- Taurus, Statilius, Amphitheatre of, 1.
- Theatrum and Amphitheatrum, names used indifferently for this building, 7.
- Theodoric uses amphitheatre for shows of wild beasts, A.D. 519, 27.
- Titus, wall of, 6;
- —exhibitions of, at the dedication, 8.
- Trap-doors in the arena numerous, 7.
- Travertine piers cut through older wall, of tufa and brick, to carry upper gallery, 19.
- Tufa, much used to fill up between piers of travertine, 18;
- —taken from second wall of Rome, ib.
- Tusculum, canals in amphitheatre, as in Rome, 14.
- Upper storey, of stone, an addition to the plan, 6, 12;
- damaged by lightning, A.D. 230, 26;
- of wood, burnt, A.D. 217, 25;
- restored by Heliogabalus, Al. Severus, and Gordianus, ib.
- Vaults under arena called caveæ, 51.
- Venantius Basilius restores amphitheatre, A.D. 508, 27.
- Verona, Amphitheatre at, 43, 44;
- —Outer wall almost destroyed, 43;
- —Arcade of two lower storeys preserved, 44;
- —Comparison of the number that each amphitheatre would contain, ib.;
- —Seats remarkably well preserved, ib.;
- —Dimensions of the three principal amphitheatres, Rome, Verona, Capua, 45;
- —and Capua, remains of aqueducts, 13.
- Vertical joints, open, between brick walls of galleries, and stone walls of corridors, 6.
- Vespasian and Titus, Walls of, 6.
- Vessels employed in naumachia usually rates, 47.
- View of Jerusalem, century xvi., 29.
- Views on coins, and in sculpture on tomb of Aterii, 20.
- Vivaria outside walls of Rome, 15;
- —one at Prætorian camp, 16;
- —the other at Sessorium, ib.
- Vopiscus mentions pegmata and 100 lions in amphitheatre, 49.
- Wall, the outer, of three periods, Vespasian, Titus, and Alexander Severus, 6.
- Walls, original, of tufa, interfered with by later work, 7;
- —of tufa in substructure older than time of Nero, 13;
- —of front, and of the corridors in the superstructure, are of travertine, ib.;
- —of tufa, round edge of substructure for lifts, not for canals, 14;
- —of tufa, probably of Scaurus, time of Sylla, 15;
- —grooves in, for lifts and cages, 15, 35;
- —of tufa, in parts supported by brick walls of Flavian Emperors, 17;
- —part destroyed by being used as a stone-quarry, 18;
- —north side only part perfect, ib.;
- —weeded by the French in 1812, this repeated 1870, 31;
- —upper, hastily built under Gordianus, 33;
- —lower, of brick, belong to repairs after earthquakes in A.D. 442, and 508, 37.
- Water, shallow open channels for, remain, 33;
- —reservoirs in principal gallery, ib.;
- —two piscinæ or ——, under Cœlian, ib.
- Wild beasts brought to Rome, B.C. 251, 3;
- —number kept for shows, 25.