Plate I.

Plan of the Sources of the Appia (I.) and Virgo[232] (VI.)

• 1. Farm-house of Cervaro.
• 2. —— Cervelletta.
• 3. —— La Rustica.
• 4. —— Salone.
• 5. Church.
• 6. Sources of the Aqua Appia.
• 7. —— Virgo.
• 8. —— Augusta.
• 9. Tombs.
• 10. Aqueduct of the Virgo.
• 11. Road of Cervaro.
• 12. —— La Rustica.
• 13. —— Prænestina (?).
• 14. —— Collatia.
• 15. Bed of the stream of the Fontanille.
• 16. —— of Tor Sapienza.
• 17. —— of Ponte Nono, the Rivus Herculaneus.
• 18. Direction of the Aqueduct of the Appia.
• 19. Stone-quarry of Collatium and Necropolis.

Plate II.

The Appia (I.) at the Porta Capena, in the eastern tower of the gate, now in the house of the gardener of the monks of S. Gregory. The specus is built of large blocks of tufa, and the lower part of it cut in the tufa wall of Servius Tullius; it was distinctly visible in the excavations of 1870, when this drawing was made. The line of the aqueduct upon the short agger between the Cœlian and the Aventine was also visible for several yards, and in three different places, where pits were dug fifteen feet deep, the last was where a branch was carried into the Piscina Publica. The middle pit was in waste land on the western side of the present south road through the gate of S. Sebastian, or the modern line of the Porta Appia. It was to this pit that his holiness Pius IX. was taken to see it by the Cavaliere Guidi, and he said there was no denying that this was part of the wall of Servius Tullius, but he was surprised that his Roman friends had not discovered this. The greater part of the pits that he opened might have been left open, if it had not been for the prejudices of the subordinate officers of the Government. The particular pit in question was in waste ground by the side of the road, and might have been left open without any inconvenience.

Plate III.

The Appia (I.) under S. Sabba, in an old subterranean stone quarry. Several branches of other and later aqueducts here cast their surplus water into the specus of the Appia, the earliest and the lowest (as shewn in the plan). The specus is also visible in several places, filled up to one-third of its depth by the deposit of clay left by the water, which comes from swampy meadows on the bank of the river Anio, in which the soil is clay, upon tufa rock, called the “Meadows of Lucullus.”

Over the plan in this plate are two sections of the specus; in the one to the right the clay deposit left by the water is shewn, in the one to the left a small pipe coming into the specus, probably part of the system of irrigation, which was one great use of the aqueducts; the green lines winding through the quarry represent the lines of the various streams of water coming at different levels, sometimes with a very rapid descent, and all falling into the old deep specus of the Appia, before that was carried across the last road that it had to pass. In this instance it was probably carried under the road, and not over the arch of the gate. At this point four roads meet, which is almost a certain indication of the site of a gate. In most cases the specus was carried over the gate, but here the level seems too low, unless the old foss-way has been filled up even more than the usual fifteen feet. The specus is visible again in another subterranean stone quarry under S. Prisca, in the same large vineyard formerly of the Jesuits, now of Prince Torlonia, in which, at a higher level, are also the remains of the Wall of the Latins on the Aventine, and of the Thermæ of Sura and the private house of Trajan. Another aqueduct passed over this to supply the Thermæ; this is on a very high level, and was carried on a tall arcade across the valley, from the Cœlian to the Aventine, passing over the Porta Capena and on the old agger. There are remains of the tall brick piers in several places, and of the arcade and specus on the hill near S. Prisca, visible from the Palatine.

Plate IV.

Mouth of the Appia (I.), in a cave under the Priorato or Priory of the knights of Malta on the Aventine, near the Marmorata and the Porta Trigemina. At the back of the cave, and connected with it by a natural tunnel, is a large reservoir of water in the heart of the hill, supplied by a natural spring, which was added to the water brought by the aqueduct for distribution. The latter part of this cave, behind the part here shewn, is under the garden of the monastery of S. Alessio, and the cave belonged to those monks. A plan and section of it is given in another plate. In the inner part of the cave is the natural spring, so that it is always knee-deep in water. This seems a likely place to have driven cattle into for concealment; there is no other natural cave under the Aventine, and this is close to the Porta Trigemina. The idea that there was a cave near the Forum Boarium seems to have arisen from a misunderstanding as to the exact site of the Porta Trigemina, which was supposed to be close to that Forum, instead of being a quarter of a mile from it, and close to the Sublician, or wooden bridge, where some remains of it have been found. The specus of the Aqua Appia leads directly into this cave, and other aqueducts also meet there. The surplus water of the Trajan, far above this level, descends into it by a vertical pipe of terra cotta. Piranesi, in the last century, recognised the cave as the mouth of the Aqua Appia, and gives one of his admirable etchings of this part of the Aventine, with the cave at its foot. He was in advance of his time, but a great deal of fresh evidence has come to light since that period.

Plate V.

I. Aqua Appia.

The Aqua Appia (I.) is at so great a depth near the Porta Maggiore (which stands on very high ground), that it is difficult to trace it, but the specus was found in making the railway in a deep cutting about half-a-mile outside of that gate, and was described in the Bulletino di Correspondenza Archæoligia at the time it was found. There is reason to believe that it entered Rome under the wall on the north side of the Sessorian Gardens, and was received in a reservoir, of which there are remains at a considerable depth, especially the lower story. This is near the reservoir of the great Basilica or Hall of the Palace, of which the apse remains. The plan and section of this reservoir are shewn in this diagram. The specus from this point turned to the west, and passed along the Cœlian Hill at a low level, nearly under the arches of Nero; but before arriving at these, it passed through another large and deep reservoir to the south of the Porta Maggiore, now in a vineyard, with another large reservoir close to it. These two are believed from the situation to be the Gemelli of Frontinus. An inscription was found on the one in the garden of the Sessorium relating to the Thermæ of S. Helena, who resided in that palace, and probably the water for her bath-chambers was taken from this reservoir.

Plate VI.

II. Anio Vetus.

The reservoir, of which the plan and section are given in this plate, is situated at about a quarter of a mile from the Porta Furba, near the junction of the old Via Latina with the Via Appia Nova. It is just two miles from Rome, and so agrees with the text of Frontinus. It seems clear that at this point part of its water was carried by the Octavian specus to the Porta Maggiore, while the main stream went on along the side of the Via Appia Nova to the Asinian Gardens, just within the Porta Asinaria. It was shewn in some excavations made under my direction in 1871. We had long been looking for it, and the gardener informed us that there was a vaulted chamber under part of that garden or vineyard, where we found it, a few feet underground, and about a hundred yards from the arcade of the great aqueduct on the southern side, nearer to the present road than the reservoir.

Plate VII.

Loch in the Aqua Julia, near the Imperial Villa, called the Sette Bassi (Septimius Bassus?).

The Aqua Julia at this point, which is about four miles from Rome, is just underground, and this loch and branch to supply the Villa was discovered about 1850 by Signor Moraldi, when he was making a map of the Aqua Marcia, with a view to having it brought again into use; which has since been done, but by a different line.—To save carrying it so far round as the old aqueduct was carried (in order to avoid the mouths of the many streams that run into the river Anio), the modern engineers used metal pipes in this part. Above Tivoli they built a stone specus after the old fashion, as in that stone country they found it the cheapest and the best plan. They now say they regret that they did not continue the stone specus over the level Campagna also, as the metal pipes are continually bursting from the force of the water. Previous to this discovery of Signor Moraldi, it was not known that there were lochs in the aqueducts, though it is obvious that when branches had to be taken from them, such an arrangement would be required. The Tepula and the Marcia are underground in this part. The Julia, being the uppermost of the three, was close to the surface. This was also the case on the side of the great agger of Servius Tullius near the railway station, where the Julia only was excavated, with two cippi, on which were inscriptions stating that the three aqueducts passed there.

Plate VIII.

Aqueducts and River Almo, near the Porta Furba.

A. Arcades of the Marcia, Tepula, and Julia; the Claudia and Anio Novus at one of the angles and crossings; and the Aqua Felice, which is carried first on one and then on the other of the old arcades. Also, there is an indication of the situation of the great tumulus and tomb called “Monte del Grano,” in which the fine sarcophagus was found which is now in the Capitoline Museum, and was long supposed to be that of the Emperor Alexander Severus and his wife Mammea. This is given to indicate the situation. The river Almo is seen crossing the two arcades near the gate or arch over the road.

B. The same two arcades, at about a quarter of a mile nearer to Rome, or just two miles, with the river Almo winding between them; and a Section to shew the elevations.

C. Plan of the junction of the old Via Latina, with the modern road to Albano, at two miles from Rome, shewing the situation of the aqueduct in a stone-quarry at the back of the “Albergo dei Spiriti,” near C.

D. Plan and Section of the reservoir, at two miles from Rome, near the Porta Furba.

Plate IX.

The Seven Aqueducts at the Tor Fiscale.

At this important junction and crossing of the aqueducts the Marcian arcade originally made one of the usual angles. The more lofty arcade of the Claudia and Anio Novus was then carried over it, with the Anio Vetus half underground, nearly on the same line; and the modern aqueduct, called the Felice, is here carried against and partly upon the old Marcian arcade. The medieval architects took advantage of this crossing to build a tall tower upon it; the five conduits or specus can be seen inside the tower, and half arches abutting against it in a very picturesque manner, all of which are shewn in the Section in the upper part of the plate, and in the Photo engravings.

The Plan in the lower part of the plate shews the arrangement, and also the small river Almo, now called the Marrana, winding round it.

Plate X.

Piscina of the Anio Novus at the entrance into Rome, in a tower of the Wall of Aurelian, and of the gardens of the Sessorian Palace, now of S. Croce in Gerusalemme.

A. The Section.

B. The Plan.

By a singular coincidence it happens that the inner wall of this tower has been destroyed, so that the whole of the interior is displayed, and shews exactly what an ancient piscina was. The water comes into the right-hand upper chamber, it then descends into the chamber under it, as is marked by the arrow in the drawing, it then passes through small holes in the partition wall into the left-hand lower chamber. [The artist has represented a large opening through this wall, but this must be a mistake, owing to the wall being partially broken away; there are always small holes through this partition wall.] The space between this tower and the corner of the wall in the Sessorian gardens, where it turns sharp to the west, was a large reservoir, or Castellum Aquæ, for the Claudia; it is not at a sufficiently high level for the Anio Novus.

Plate XI.

The Aqueducts at the Porta Maggiore and the Porta Tiburtina.

In the lower part of this plate is seen the Wall of Rome on the northern side of the Porta Maggiore, with the tomb of Eurysaces the Baker in front of it. The wall here makes an angle, and the section of it is shewn just beyond the gate; the Claudia and Anio Novus (which here passed over it) are shewn in section, the specus of the Claudia being nearly square, that of the Anio Novus over it considerably higher in its proportions. The Marcia, Tepula, and Julia here pass under these at a right angle, and through the wall, which in that part is made by filling up the arches of the Claudian arcade of the aqueducts. A pier of the Marcian arcade is shewn in the lower part of the section. The Aqua Felice is carried between the Julia and the Claudia, and it continues on to the Porta Tiburtina, always at the same level, over the Marcian arcade, but between the gates it passes through higher ground, and is therefore in that part underground, but emerges on arches at the two ends, near the gates, as Frontinus mentions. The Claudian arcade terminated at a tower in an angle of the wall, just to the north of this view, and with a great reservoir within the wall. In the upper view the Porta Tiburtina is shewn, with the Marcia, Tepula, and Julia passing over it. The different levels of the old road and the new one are also shewn. The arch on which the aqueducts are carried has inscriptions upon it of the time of Augustus, A.D. 10, and is of his time; it is buried up to the springing of the actual arch; the jambs are entirely buried by the filling up of the foss-way, but the two arches of the time of Honorius, A.D. 405, are tall arches, standing on the ground at its present level; the raising of the level of the road, therefore, took place between A.D. 10 and A.D. 400.

Plate XII.

Anio Novus—Nymphæum, where the Trophies of Marius were hung.

A. Section of the Tower and Arches.

B, C. Plans of the Three Stories.

This Nymphæum is represented on one of the coins of Alexander Severus, and belonged to the great Thermæ of the third century on the eastern side of Rome, which, having been long in progress, are called by the names of different emperors of that period. The ground had been originally the Exquiliæ, the great burial-ground of the time of the Republic, afterwards the garden of Mæcenas; it is full of aqueducts of different periods, and at different levels, and there are several reservoirs for them, some underground, others at a higher level. This one was formerly considered to have belonged to the Aqua Julia, but on taking the levels it appears that the only water in Rome that is high enough to reach it is the Anio Novus, the highest of the aqueducts, and the water has been brought from a reservoir belonging to that, near the Porta Tiburtina; having just been brought along the high bank on which the Wall of Rome stands, part of an arcade of an aqueduct leading to it remains, coming from that gate. Near the Porta Maggiore there are also remains of an aqueduct at a very high level, coming from the Anio Novus, but the construction of the arcade is of the third century. It is now part of the wall.

This Nymphæum or reservoir at that high level has several branches leading from it, one of which goes in the direction of the other great reservoir on the Esquiline Hill, called the Sette Sale, and this, from the high level, probably supplied the Sette Sale and the Thermæ of Titus and Trajan.

Plate XIII.

River Almo. Division into two Branches, now a Loch of the Marrana.

This loch is situated about half-way between the Tor Fiscale and the farm-house called Roma Vecchia, rather more than three miles from Rome, and a quarter of a mile to the left of the Via Appia Nova. The Almo is a mountain stream coming down from the Alban hills, often flooded in the rainy season and dry in the hot season, with a very deep bed called a foss. This bed was convenient for the engineers who made the mill-stream, now called the Marrana, in the twelfth century, and they used it when the ground was high and the foss deep; but in other parts, when the ground was low and liable to be flooded, they banked up the stream, or made a new channel for it on a raised bank, for sometimes half a mile together, then joined the old winding bed again for perhaps another mile. At the point where the division into two streams takes place, one branch is banked up and comes through Rome, the other remains in the deep bed and receives the surplus water from the loch, made at this point, and this second stream runs through the valley of the Caffarella, and has its mouth near the church of S. Paul f. m. The Plate shews the plan at the division, one section of the loch, and the lasher. The second stream has no other beginning than this division, and the deep bed or foss can be traced in its winding course by the side of the cross-road from the Via Appia Nova to S. Urban, at the head of the valley of the Caffarella.

Plate XIV.

River Almo, now the Marrana.

Entrance into Rome under the Porta Metronia.

A. Elevation, with the bridge under the gate.

The lower bridge under the modern road is of the time of the Early Empire, and can be seen, though not without some little difficulty, by climbing upon the bank of the mill-stream, which now runs in the deep winding foss of the Almo, and makes a bend under the gate, as is seen in the small plan in the centre, marked M.

B. Plan and sections, longitudinal and transverse, of the bridge, with the gate upon it. The longitudinal section A B has the line of it, marked on the small plan M; the transverse section is marked C D.

C. Map of the corner of the Wall of Rome, shewing the great bend that it makes to the south at this point. The wall is indicated by the towers at short intervals, and the stream of water by its winding course. The roads within the walls, and the road on the outside under the wall are also indicated. The house shewn in the lower part, to the left in the plan, is believed to be on the site of that of Crassipes, the father-in-law of Cicero, near the Via Appia. The stream after passing the road turns sharply round to the north, under the cliffs of the Aventine, and runs through the Vallis Murcia, in which the Circus Maximus was made, first having passed by the Piscina Publica, under that part of the Aventine on which the Reformatory of S. Balbina now stands.

Plate XV.

River Almo. Mouth in the Pulchrum Littus. View.

This is the mouth within the Walls of Rome from the earliest period, and it was here in all probability that the priests washed the blood off their knives, and not at S. Paul’s, a mile outside the town. The remains of the early wall of tufa in this part are well shewn in the drawing, and the mouth for the stream to pass through, left when the wall was built. This was part of the second Wall of Rome, built when the peace was made between the Romans and the Sabines. The construction of that period, of the usual large blocks of tufa with very fine joints, is clearly shewn in the drawing.

Plate XVI.

River Almo. Mouth in the Pulchrum Littus. Plan.

In the Plan the old arrangement is clearly shewn, and the division of the stream into two branches, one of which now turns a mill-wheel, and is probably part of the alterations in the twelfth century,—this is the straight line. The other is probably the original end of the stream, or at least of this branch of it. The frequent change of the sand-banks by the great floods of the Tiber sometimes obscure this part. Advantage was taken of the water being low in the Tiber to get this plan and the view in Plate XV.

THE AQUEDUCTS.
PLATE XVII.

SOURCES OF THE AQUA APPIA.

Description of Plate XVII.

SOURCES OF THE AQUA APPIA[233].

A. Spring in a very ancient stone-quarry on the bank of the river Anio, probably one of those from which Servius Tullius had obtained the stones for his great wall, which had been floated down the river on rafts. The spring is so filled up with broken stones that it looks like merely a pond formed by drippings from the roof and the earth above, but the shepherds are certain that it is a spring, and the water never fails.

B. Central reservoir where two streams meet and are united in one specus, which conveyed the water into Rome. The aperture in the rock above is not original, or it has been greatly enlarged. This was probably a well to draw water for the cattle, and to give air to the specus.

C. Two streams coming out of a sort of double cave, and meeting at the mouth of it, from whence they are carried across the meadow in a specus open at the top for a certain distance, and having the appearance of a ditch only; but the water from this spring also never fails, and these two streams united gave a certain steady supply to the aqueduct. The meadow through which these streams flow has a clay soil, and the water is always liable to be muddy after rain, and left a large deposit of clay in the specus, as is shewn in other plates.

THE AQUEDUCTS.
PLATE XVIII.

AQUA APPIA, OR APPIAN AQUEDUCT.

Description of Plate XVIII.

AQUA APPIA, OR APPIAN AQUEDUCT.

Crossing the valley from the Cœlian to the Aventine upon the agger of Servius Tullius and over the Porta Capena, this was the only part that was above ground, as we are told by Frontinus[234]. In this view the pavement of the Via Appia is seen in the foreground, then the wall of Servius Tullius, twelve feet thick, (as usual with the walls of the Kings;) by the side of this, to the left, is seen the arcade that carried the specus of the aqueduct; this goes as far as the branch of the river Almo (now called the Marrana), which runs through the valley. On the further side of the stream the land is high, and the aqueduct is again underground, but it has been traced not only across the valley, but under the cliff on the northern side of the Pseudo-Aventine, with a branch to the left to supply the Piscina Publica, which was an enormous swimming-bath for the whole population of Rome at that period, extending as far as the north end of the Thermæ of Caracalla, where the hollow with the bank round it can still be seen, and where a great reservoir remains, lined with the cement called opus signinum (or coccio pisto). The ruins of another great reservoir rebuilt in the time of Trajan are at the north-west corner, nearly under the Aventine, and are called the Piscina Publica.

THE AQUEDUCTS.
PLATE XIX.

PLAN AND SECTION IN A CAVE IN THE AVENTINE.

Description of Plate XIX.

PLAN AND SECTION IN A CAVE IN THE AVENTINE.

This is the same cave on the Pseudo-Aventine, nearly under the church and monastery of Santa Sabba, which has been before described when partially excavated (Plate III.[235]), but which has now, in 1875-6, been more thoroughly examined and made accessible.

A A. General Plan of this part of the specus of the Aqua Appia, made into a stone-quarry for many years, and part of it still in use for that purpose, but another large part has been long out of use[236].

B. Entrances to the two parts, the steps distinguish that leading to the part excavated.

C C. Section of part of the cave-quarry.

D. View of that part of the specus of the Aqua Appia which is built of squared stones, and has a terra-cotta water-pipe on each side of it.

E E. Longitudinal Section of this part.

F. Transverse Section of the same.

Details of the Plan A.

a a. Entrance to the cave or quarry.

b b. Via di San Paolo, the carriage-road to that gate.

c c. Via di Santa Sabba, the carriage-road up the hill to the south.

d. Via di Santa Prisca, the road up the hill to the north.

e e. The most perfect part of the specus where it is built, and not merely a tunnel cut in the bed of tufa, as in other parts.

f f f f. Windings of the tunnels for the Aqueducts.

g g. Water-pipes of terra-cotta, by the side of the specus in the part where it is built, and not merely cut out of the tufa.

h. The specus half filled up with the deposit of clay.

i. Steps made to give access to the cave.

THE AQUEDUCTS.
PLATE XX.

THE JUNCTION AT THE WEST END OF THE CŒLIAN, NEAR THE CLAUDIUM.
Plan and Section.

Description of Plate XX.

THE JUNCTION AT THE WEST END OF THE CŒLIAN, NEAR THE CLAUDIUM.
Plan and Section.

A B C. Line of the Section.

a. Colosseum.

b. Claudium.

c. Arch of Dolabella.

d. Reservoir and Spring of water.

e. Aqueduct of Nero.

f. Cave-reservoir and Spring, with ten wells down into it, erroneously called a vivarium.

g g g. Porticus of the Claudium.

h. Church of SS. John and Paul.

i. —— S. John of Mata.

k. —— S. Maria in Domnica.

l. —— S. Gregory.

m. Clivus Scauri.

n. House of the family of S. Gregory the Great.

o. Villa Celi-Montana (formerly called Villa Mattei).

p. Vineyard of Marchese Rappini.

q. Ground called Orto Botanico.

r. Place of S. Gregory.

s. Arch of Constantine.

t. Meta Sudans.

u. Via Sacra.

v. Summa Sacra Via.

x. Proposed Drain, for turning off the water of this spring from the Colosseum.

y. Branch of an existing subterranean drain under the Via di S. Gregorio, between the Cœlian and the Palatine.

z. Excavation made in 1876 in the Vigna Rappini, in consequence of a land-slip; but nothing was found beyond an old quarry of tufa, at a great depth, and a branch of an aqueduct at nearly the same depth, the water having come originally from the spring in the cave (?) or quarry (?) called a vivarium.

THE AQUEDUCTS.
PLATE XXI.

SECTIONS OF THE SPECUS OF EACH OF THE FIFTEEN AQUEDUCTS OF ROME.

Description of Plate XXI.

SECTIONS OF THE SPECUS OF EACH OF THE FIFTEEN AQUEDUCTS OF ROME.

The names of each are given under the section of it, and it will be observed that no two are alike; this was no doubt done in order that the workmen might always know which aqueduct each belonged to, at the points where they cross each other, so that if there was any obstacle in one of them it might be readily removed. Some of those which came from a clay soil, as the Appia and the Virgo, were liable to get choked up by the quantity of deposit left by the water, and it was necessary to have them cleared out from time to time, as is still the case with the Virgo, now called the Aqua di Trevi. One of the small streams that were collected to form the Aqua Hadriana, which comes from near Gabii, was a petrifying spring, which quite choked up the specus in the course of a century. It was restored by Alexander Severus, but the same water seems still to have been used. The Aqua Felice comes from the same sources, but the petrifying spring was carefully excluded, and now runs in a ditch, giving a coat of stone to the sticks and the weeds.

PLAN OF THE AQUEDUCTS.
ON THE CŒLIAN.

PLAN OF THE AQUEDUCTS.

On the Cœlian[237].

Three branches diverge from the great central reservoir at the Arch of Dolabella,—one goes straight on, nearly due north to the Palatine, the second north-east to the Colosseum, and the third west to the Aventine.

And on the Esquiline.

From the other great reservoir called the Sette Sale, or the Thermæ, and from thence to the Colosseum.

A.A.A. The drain under the road between the Cœlian and the Palatine, now called Via di S. Gregorio, leading to the Via Appia.

B. Arch of Constantine.

C. Meta Sudans.

D. Thermæ of Titus on the Esquiline, with the great piscina called Sette Sale, and the aqueduct leading from it to the Colosseum.

E. Monastery and Church of S. Gregory.

F. Site of the Porta Capena, with the aqueduct over it, leading to the Piscina Publica under the Aventine: and on to the mouth at the Porta Trigemina, in the bank of the Tiber.

G. Church and monastery of SS. John and Paul.

H. Church and monastery of S. Clement.

I. The great reservoir and Piscina of Nero over the Arch of Dolabella, and reservoir of the Aqua Appia to the left of it; this is underground in the garden of the Villa Celimontana, and from thence the specus goes underground to the cliff of the Cœlian, where another piscina is shewn, near the bottom of the plan, to the left.

Under that part of the Cœlian Hill on which the Claudium stood are seen four piscinæ, two on the western side opposite to the Palatine, and two on the northern side opposite to the Colosseum; of these latter the one at the corner is of the time of Nero, that in the middle of the northern front is of the time of Alexander Severus, when the upper storey of the Colosseum was building of stone.

MAP OF THE AQUEDUCTS
ON THE
EASTERN SIDE OF ROME.

This map is reduced by photography from one made for this work on a very large scale, which was thought necessary in order to shew the line of the course of each aqueduct, which, being to a large extent subterranean, are not shewn in the usual maps of the country. In the immediate neighbourhood of Rome the lines are so complicated that they could only be shewn on this large scale. (At the Tor Fiscale, for instance, they remind English travellers of the railways at Clapham Junction near London. There are many coincidences between the aqueducts and the railways; both are carried at different levels in order to cross each other; both are in some parts in tunnels, and in other parts carried on embankments, or on arches). This map was made by Signor De Mauro, an engineer and surveyor, who took much interest in the work, and is generally very careful and accurate, under the direction chiefly of Dr. Fabio Gori, who is a native of Subiaco, near which the principal aqueducts have their sources. The author of this work went with them from time to time to verify what they had done, but as it was a work of several months, and necessarily done in the summer, it was not practicable for him to do more than to go to the source of each aqueduct and follow it down to its mouth. The large map, which covers one side of a room, being 135 ft. long and 90 ft. wide, has been reduced by photography to three different sizes; the first makes eighteen photographs of the usual size, called the “normal size,” and the whole on this scale is about 15 ft. long and 10 ft. wide; this again has been reduced to two sheets[238], 21 ins. long and 14 ins. wide; and then to the same size as this outline; but on this small scale the lettering requires a powerful magnifying-glass, and therefore the bare outline has been taken from it to shew the general features of the line of the great aqueducts. The reservoir at the source of each is marked by a dark circle, and from each of them the line can be traced into Rome. Within the walls a separate and careful examination was required, as so much of the work is subterranean; this examination has been made, and the line of each of the aqueducts has been traced to its mouth. It will be observed that the specus or conduit of each aqueduct is of a separate form, and this was no doubt necessary to distinguish one from the other, as they frequently intersect and cross one another in a very singular manner, and in case of repair being necessary, it would have been very difficult for the workmen to know which aqueduct was at fault, or how to find the part that wanted repair, without this arrangement.

1. The earliest aqueduct, the Appia[239] (B.C. 312), being entirely underground at a considerable depth, is marked by a dotted line. It comes from old stone quarries on the bank of the river Anio, just beyond the Caves of Cervaro, about eight miles from Rome, near the ancient Via Collatina, called by Frontinus Prænestina, because in his time the road to Præneste went through Collatia.

2. Anio Vetus[240] (B.C. 272), comes also from the bank of the river Anio, but at a much higher level than the Appia, between Tivoli and Subiaco, near the village of Agosta, twenty miles from Rome, but the winding course makes the whole length of the aqueduct 42 miles, 779 paces underground, and 221 paces (about 350 yards) above ground on a substructure. It is brought at a considerably higher level than the Appia, but still underground for the most part, though near the surface, and sometimes only half underground. It was not legal to build over an aqueduct anything but another aqueduct, consequently the later aqueducts are all brought on the same line, each on a higher level, so that the line of the Anio Novus, carried on the arches of Nero, shews at the same time the line of the Anio Vetus nearly under it.

3. Marcia[241] (B.C. 145). This stream also comes from near Subiaco, 39 miles from Rome, 36 on the Via Valeria, and 3 off it on a cross-road, near the village of Arsoli. There is a small lake 38 miles from Rome on the same road (which is another source of this aqueduct), into which the water gushes out from under the limestone rock; it is intensely cold in all weathers, and the water is of a light green colour in the lake. “The length of the course is 61 miles 710 paces, of which 54 miles 247 paces are underground, 7 miles 463 paces above ground, on an arcade for 6 miles 472 paces, on a substructure for 528 paces,” and in several places on bridges across the gorges in the hills. This water was brought into Rome again in 1860-70 by a new line, and was then called Aqua Marcia Pia, from Pius IX.; the name of Pia has since been dropped.

4. Virgo[242] (B.C. 21), made by Agrippa for his Thermæ, restored to use by the popes in the eighth century, and frequently repaired; now called the Aqua di Trevi, from the fountain so named. The source is on the Via Collatina, 8 miles from Rome and 1 mile beyond the source of the Appia. There are several springs, each with a separate small reservoir, collected in one large reservoir, now under the road. “The length of the course is 14 miles 105 paces.”

5. Tepula[243] (B.C. 126). The sources of this are 12 miles from Rome, near Grotta Ferrata and Marino, 2 miles from the old Via Latina.

6. Julia[244] (B.C. 34). This source is on the cross-road from Grotta Ferrata to Marino, on the old Via Latina, 14 miles from Rome, and also 2 from the Via Latina (there are still washing-places at each of these two sources). The two streams, when they arrived on the level ground at the foot of the hill, were carried on the same arcade as the Marcia for 6 miles into Rome.

7. Augusta[245]. This name is a mistake of the artist for Aurelia; it is the aqueduct made by Marcus Aurelius for the Villa de Quintilii on the old Via Appia, and united with the Severiana to supply the Thermæ Aurelianæ et Severianæ in Rome.

8. Anio Novus[246] (A.D. 52). “The source of this is 42 miles from Rome, on the Via Sublacensis; the length of the channel is 58 miles 700 paces, of which 49 miles 300 paces are underground, 9 miles 400 paces above ground, 2 miles 3 paces in the upper part and near the City, 609 paces on substructure, 6 miles 491 paces on an arcade of the highest arches, in some places 109 ft. high.” This stream was part of the river Anio itself; a great dam was made across the river in a rocky part, about 2 miles above Subiaco. A great loch (lacus) was formed between this dam and a natural cascade about a hundred yards higher up the river, and a specus was cut in the rock by the side of it at rather a lower level than the top of the dam, so that the water of the river must go into the specus and so into Rome, before any of it could fall over the artificial cascade made by the dam. From this cause the water of this aqueduct never failed in the hottest and driest weather, but it was sometimes muddy after a flood in the upper country, and had many piscinæ or filtering-places for that reason; there is usually one at each half mile in the arcades near Rome, and a castellum aquæ, or reservoir along with it, at each of the angles, made to break the force of the water.

9. Claudia[247] (A.D. 38). The source of this is 38 miles on the Via Sublacensis, just above Subiaco, about 2 miles nearer to Rome than the Anio Novus. They are carried in two distinct specus as far as Tivoli and to the foot of the hill, but on the level ground; both specus are carried on a lofty arcade, which turns at an angle at every half-mile, and there has a piscina, and at each of these points it was carried across the lower arcade, which served for the Marcia, Tepula, and Julia.

10. Hadriana or Trajana[248] (A.D. 120), and Alexandrina (?). The sources of this are under La Colonna, about three miles from Gabii. The specus is carried on a fine arcade for two or three miles between the two great roads. The same water was afterwards used for the Felice, with the exception of one of the springs, which was found to be of a petrifying quality, and had choked up the specus of the old aqueduct. It seems probable that the stalactite produced by the petrifying spring had choked up the specus of Trajan and Hadrian before the time of Alexander Severus, that he restored it to use, and it was then called by his name. The construction of the Piscina and Castella Aquæ near the source is distinctly of the time of Hadrian, but in some parts the arcade which carries the specus is of the time of Alexander Severus.

11. Severiana[249] (A.D. 190). The sources of this are in a swampy ground on the lower part of one of the Alban Hills, under Marino and Grotta Ferrata, nearly the same as those of the small river Almo, and the Tepula and Julia. The course is at first underground as far as the Torre di Mezza Via di Albano; from thence it is carried on a fine arcade of the third century to the Villa de Quintilii, and from thence into Rome for the Thermæ of Aurelius Commodus and Septimius Severus, near the Porta Latina.

12. Alexandrina (?)[250]. There is some doubt about the source and the line of this aqueduct.

13. Algentiana[251]. This aqueduct went to the Thermæ of Diocletian, where the specus has been found, but it is almost the same as the last. Both were probably branches from the great early aqueducts.

14. Aqua Felice[252], A.D. 1587. Made by the Pope, Felice Peretti, or Sixtus V. Its source is the same as that of the Hadriana, which was mistaken in his time for the celebrated Aqua Marcia.

15. Aqua Marcia Pia. The real old Marcian water was brought into Rome by a Company in 1860-70. The course as far as Tivoli is in a stone specus, like the old aqueduct, but after it reaches the level ground it is carried in cast-iron pipes on the other side of the river Anio, and passes under it by a great syphon. This was to avoid repeating the great circuit made by the old aqueduct, and was also done to escape the necessity of crossing the mouths of the number of small streams that fall into the river Anio and drain the Campagna; these are often flooded in the wet season, and would have been likely to injure the bridges of the aqueducts where they crossed the stream; the iron pipes avoid them by being on the other side of the river.

MAP OF THE AQUEDUCTS
ON THE
WESTERN SIDE OF ROME[253].