Bodily Changes in Pain, Hunger, Fear and Rage

INDEX

Adrenal extract: effect of, on muscular contraction, 82.
Adrenal glands: nerve supply of, 37;
stimulated in emotion, 52-59, 62–63;
stimulated in pain, 59–62, 63;
in relation to blood sugar, 77;
removal of, causes muscular weakness, 81;
secretion of, improves contraction of fatigued muscle, 92;
variations in adrenin content of, 171;
latent period of, when splanchnics stimulated, 188;
amount of secretion from, when splanchnics stimulated, 198;
fatigue of, 199;
stimulated by asphyxia, 206–208.
Adrenin: secreted by adrenal glands, 36;
action of, identical with sympathetic impulses, 37, 64;
secretion of, by splanchnic stimulation, 41–43;
secreted in emotional excitement, 44, 52–59;
method of testing for, in blood, 47–50;
secreted in emotion, 52–59, 62–63;
disappearance of, from blood, 58;
secreted in pain, 59–62, 63;
effects of, when injected into body, 64–65;
effect of, on distribution of blood in the body, 107;
quickly restores fatigued muscle to normal irritability, 119–123;
specific in its restorative action, 124–128;
as an antidote to muscular metabolites, 129;
restores fatigued denervated muscle to normal irritability, 130;
point of action of, in muscle, 128–133;
antagonistic to curare, 132;
induces rapid coagulation of blood, 136, 147 ff.;
not the direct cause of rapid coagulation, 156–158;
fails to shorten coagulation time in absence of intestines and liver, 157–158;
variable amount of, in adrenal glands, 171;
emergency functions of, 185 ff.;
utility of, in bettering the contraction of fatigued muscle, 194–195;
not a check to use of sugar in the body, 197, 199;
amount of, secreted when splanchnics stimulated, 198;
a condition for increase of blood sugar, 199;
stimulates the heart, 191, 201;
dilates the bronchioles, 204;
secretion of, increased in asphyxia, 206–208.
Amyl nitrite: effect of, on contraction of fatigued muscle, 126.
Anger: associated with action, 188;
energizing influence of, 216.
Antagonisms: autonomic, 34;
in relation to emotions, 38;
between cranial and sympathetic divisions, 268–270;
between sacral and sympathetic divisions, 270–272.
Appetite: compared with hunger, 233, 235;
operation of, after section of vagus and splanchnic nerves, 240.
Arterial blood pressure: increased in excitement, 95;
artificial methods of increasing, 97;
influence of different heights of, on fatigue, 97–102;
influence of increase of, on fatigue, 97–102;
influence of decrease of, on fatigue, 102–104;
the “critical region” in decreasing, 104;
explanation of effects on fatigued muscle, of varying, 104–106;
value of increased, in pain and emotion, 106.
Arteries: innervation of, 26.
Asphyxia: increases adrenal secretion, 206–208;
increases sugar in blood, 209.
Athletes: glycosuria of, after games, 75.
Autonomic nervous system: three divisions of, 25;
arrangement of sympathetic division of, 26–29;
arrangement of cranial and sacral divisions of, 29–30;
general functions of cranial division of, 30–32;
general functions of sacral division of, 32–34;
antagonism between sympathetic and cranial-sacral divisions of, 34–36;
identity of action of sympathetic division of, and adrenal secretion, 36–38;
antagonisms between emotions expressed in, 268–272.
Behavior: biological explanation of, 2.
Bile: flow of, inhibited by excitement, 13.
Bladder: innervation of, 27, 32;
effects of emotions on, 33.
Blood: method of obtaining, for test for adrenin, 45–46;
method of testing, for adrenin, 47–50;
sugar in, 66, 73–74;
distribution of, as affected by adrenin, pain and excitement, 107–108, 200;
functions of, 135;
rapid coagulation of, by adrenin, 136 ff.;
drawing of, for testing coagulation time, 140–142;
treatment of, in testing coagulation time, 142–145;
faster coagulation of, after subcutaneous injections of adrenin, 147–150,
and after intravenous injections, 150–156;
oscillations in the rate of coagulation of, 155;
rapid coagulation of, not due directly to adrenin, 156–158;
rapid coagulation of, not caused by adrenin in absence of liver and intestines, 157–158,
and not caused by increase of blood sugar, 159, 170;
coagulation of, hastened by splanchnic stimulation, 162–167,
but not in absence of adrenal glands, 167–171;
possible delay of coagulation of, after stimulation of hepatic nerves, 170;
coagulation of, hastened by “painful” stimulation, 172–177;
coagulation of, hastened in light anesthesia, 174–177;
rapid coagulation of, after excitement, stopped by severing splanchnic nerves, 180–182;
utility of increased sugar in, 188–193;
distribution of, in pain and excitement, favorable to muscular effort, 201;
sugar in, increased by asphyxia, 209;
utility of rapid coagulation of, 211.
Bronchioles: dilated by adrenin, 204.
Bulimia: explanation of, 262.
Coagulation, see Blood.
Coagulometer: graphic, 138–147.
Combat: relation of emotion and endurance in, 225–226;
nature of ancient, 294.
Constipation: as result of worry and anxiety, 271.
Cortex, cerebral: insensitiveness of, 242.
Cranial autonomic division: functions of, to conserve bodily resources, 30–32, 268;
activities of, suppressed by activities of sympathetic division, 268–272.
Curare: action of, antagonized by adrenin, 132.
Dances: relation of excitement and endurance in, 222–224.
Danger: stimulating effect of, 230.
Dervishes: exhibitions of endurance by, 224.
Digestion: interruption of, by strong emotion, 9–12, 13–18, 268–269.
Emotions: surface signs of, 3;
favorable to digestive secretions, 4–8;
unfavorable to digestive secretions, 9–13;
persistence of effects of, on digestive secretions, 12;
effects of, on gastric and intestinal contractions, 13–18;
in relation to sympathetic division, 36;
in relation to adrenal secretion, 44, 52–59, 62–63;
increase of blood sugar in, 66, 73;
glycosuria in, 70–76;
influence of, on distribution of blood in body, 108;
faster coagulation of blood in, 177–182,
but stopped by cutting splanchnics, 180–182;
value of forced respiration in, 203;
value of bronchiolar dilation in, 204;
relation to action, 215;
displayed in a “pattern” response, 218, 282;
in relation to exhibitions of power and endurance, 215, 229;
antagonisms between cranial and sympathetic, 268–270,
and between sacral and sympathetic, 270–272;
similarity of visceral changes in strong, 275–279;
dependence of, on cerebral cortex, 282–283.
Endurance: feats of, related to great emotion, 217–218;
in the excitements of mania and dancing, 222–224;
stimulated by music, 228.
Esophagus: contractions of, associated with hunger sensation, 259–260.
Fatigue: of muscle, 84;
muscular, lessened by splanchnic stimulation, 89–93;
as affected by increase of arterial pressure, 97–102;
irritability of muscle in, increased by splanchnic stimulation, 101;
explanation of effects of varied arterial pressure on, 104–106;
lessens neuro-muscular irritability, 114–117, 120;
effect of, on curarized muscle, 132;
utility of adrenin in lessening effects of, 194, 195;
of adrenal glands, 199;
cessation of hunger contractions in, 262.
Fear: anticipatory character of, 186–187;
associated with action, 188;
explanation of paralyzing effect of, 189;
energizing influence of, 216;
relation to rage, 275;
bodily changes in, like those in rage, 276–277;
importance of, as a fighting emotion, 286.
“Fesselungsdiabetes,” 69.
Fever: absence of hunger in, 242, 263.
Fighting emotions: bodily changes in, like those in competitive sports, 219–221, 296;
anger and fear as, 285;
importance of, 286;
satisfactions for, in competitive sports, 301.
Food: effect of sight and smell of, on gastric secretion, 6.
Football: glycosuria in players of, 75;
relation of excitement and power in, 219–221.
Frenzy: endurance in, 223, 224.
Ganglia: autonomic, 23.
Gastric glands: turgescence of, not the cause of hunger sensation, 249–250.
Gastric juice: psychic secretion of, 5–8, 11;
importance of, for intestinal digestion, 7;
flow of, inhibited by excitement, 9–12,
and by pain, 19.
Generative organs: innervation of, 32, 33;
effects of strong emotions on activities in, 271.
Glycosuria: in pain, 69–70;
in emotion, 70–76;
after football, 75, 221;
after examinations, 76;
dependence of, on adrenal glands, 77.
Heart: innervation of, 26, 31;
use of sugar by, 191;
stimulated by adrenin, 191, 201.
Hunger: compared with appetite, 233, 235;
description of, 234–236;
theories of, 237;
as a general sensation, 237;
disappearance of, as time passes, 238–239;
when stomach full, 239;
may be absent in bodily need, 242–243;
temporarily abolished by indigestible materials, 243;
quick onset and periodicity of, 244–245;
reference of, to stomach region, 245–247;
not due to emptiness of stomach, 248;
not due to hydrochloric acid in empty stomach, 248;
not due to turgid gastric glands, 249–250;
as the result of contractions, 251–253;
inhibited by swallowing, 254;
method of recording gastric contractions in, 255–256;
associated with gastric contractions, 256–259,
and with esophageal contractions, 259–260;
function of, 263–264, 272–275.
Hydrochloric acid: not the cause of hunger sensation, 248.
Intestine: contractions of, inhibited by excitement, 16;
innervation of, 27, 31;
use of, as test for adrenin in blood, 47–50;
contracts when empty, 251–253;
contractions of, may originate hunger sensations, 263.
Instincts: relation of, to emotions, 187, 188.
Irritability: increased in fatigued muscle by splanchnic stimulation, 101;
neuro-muscular, lessened by fatigue, 114–117, 120;
when lowered, restored slowly by rest, 119;
when lowered, restored quickly by adrenin, 119–123, 195.
“Jumpers”: exhibition of endurance by, 223.
Mania: endurance in, 222.
Martial virtues: claims for, by militarists, 287;
importance of preserving, 290–291;
preserved in competitive sports, 297–299.
Metabolites: influence of, on muscular contraction, 104;
action of, opposed by adrenin, 129;
increase adrenal secretion, 206–208.
Militarists: emphasis of, on strength of fighting instincts, 286–288;
claims of, as to values of war, 287;
support for claims of, 287.
Muscle: weakness of, after removal of adrenal glands, 81;
improved contraction of, after injection of adrenal extract, 82;
fatigue of, 84;
method of recording fatigue of, 85–86;
fatigue of, lessened by splanchnic stimulation, 89–93;
contraction of, when fatigued, improved by increased arterial pressure, 97–102;
irritability of, when fatigued, increased by splanchnic stimulation, 101;
contraction of, when fatigued, lessened by decreased arterial pressure, 102–104;
explanation of effects of varied arterial pressure on fatigued, 104–106;
irritability of, decreased in fatigue, 114–117, 120;
decreased irritability of, slowly restored by rest, 117–118,
and quickly restored by adrenin, 119–123;
contraction of fatigued denervated, increased by adrenin, 130;
point of action of adrenin in, 128–133;
use of, in struggle, 189;
energy of, from carbonaceous material, 190–193;
disappearance of glycogen from, 190;
increased efficiency of, with increase of blood sugar, 192–193;
utility of adrenin in lessening fatigue of, 194–195;
efficiency of, increased by distribution of blood in pain and excitement, 201.
Music: stimulating influence of, 227;
influence of martial, 228.
Neurones, autonomic: extensive distribution of sympathetic, 26;
arrangement of sympathetic for diffuse action, 28;
restricted distribution of cranial and sacral, 29;
arrangement for specific action, 30.
Olympic games: as physical substitutes for warfare, 297–298.
Operations: in light anesthesia hasten coagulation of blood, 174–177.
“Ordeal of rice,” 9.
Pain: disturbing effect of, on digestion, 18–19;
as occasion for adrenal secretion, 59–62, 63;
glycosuria in, 69–70;
influence of, on distribution of blood in body, 108;
hastens coagulation of blood, 172–177;
reflex nature of responses in, 185–187;
associated with action, 189;
stimulating and depressive effects of, 189.
Pancreatic juice: flow of, inhibited by excitement, 13.
Philippine Islands: substitution of sports for warfare in, 297.
Power: the feeling of, 229.
Psychic secretion: of gastric juice, 5–8, 11;
of saliva, 6;
dependent on cranial autonomic innervation, 31.
Psychic “tone”: of gastro-intestinal muscles, 13.
Racing: relation of excitement and power in, 221.
Rage: relation of, to fear, 275;
transformation of other emotions into, 276;
bodily changes in, like those in fear, 276–277;
importance of, as a fighting emotion, 286.
Reflexes: “purposive” character of, 185–186.
“Reservoirs of power,” 216.
Respiration: utility of increased, in pain and excitement, 202;
value of forced, in lessening distress, 203.
Rest: restores irritability lessened by fatigue, 117–118.
Sacral autonomic division: functions of, in mechanisms for emptying, 32–34;
activities of, suppressed by activities of sympathetic division, 270–272.
Saliva: psychic secretion of, 6;
importance of, for taste, 6;
flow of, inhibited by excitement, 9.
Salivary glands: innervation of, by cranial autonomic, 31.
“Second wind”: explanation of, 210.
Sex: instinct of, suppressed by fear and anger, 271.
“Sham feeding,” 5.
Splanchnic nerves: stimulation of, causes adrenal secretion, 41–43;
method of stimulating, 87–88;
stimulation of, improves contraction of fatigued muscle, 89;
stimulation of, hastens coagulation of blood, 162–167,
but not in absence of adrenal glands, 167–171;
severance of, stops rapid coagulation following excitement, 180–182;
eating after severance of, 240.
Sports: relation of excitement and power in, 219–221, 296;
as physical substitutes for warfare, 297–301;
moral values of, 300.
Stomach: psychic tonus of, 13;
contractions of, inhibited by excitement, 14–15, 17,
and by pain, 19;
innervated by sympathetic neurones, 27,
and by cranial autonomic, 31;
reference of hunger sensation to, 245–247;
emptiness of, not the cause of hunger, 248;
contractions of, when empty, 251–253;
method of recording contractions of, 255–256;
contractions of, when empty, associated with hunger sensations, 256–259;
function of contractions of empty, 263–264.
Strength: feats of, related to great emotion, 217–218, 229.
Sugar: in blood, 66, 73;
in urine, 69–76;
relation of adrenal glands to, in blood, 77;
increase of, in blood, does not hasten clotting, 159, 170;
utility of, when increased in blood, 188–193;
a source of muscular energy, 191–193;
a means of increasing muscular efficiency, 192–193;
use of, in body, not checked by adrenin, 197–199.
Swallowing: inhibits hunger sensation, 254.
Sweating: value of, in emotion and pain, 203.
“Sympathetic” autonomic division: extensive distribution of neurones of, 26;
arranged for diffuse action, 28;
antagonistic to cranial and sacral divisions, 34–36;
active in pain and strong emotion, 36;
emotions expressed in, opposed to those expressed in cranial and sacral divisions, 268–272;
dominance of, temporary, 273.
Threshold stimulus: as measure of irritability, 111;
method of determining, 111–114;
increased in fatigue, 114–117, 120;
when increased, slowly restored by rest, 117–118,
and quickly restored by adrenin, 119–123.
Trial by battle: feats of endurance in, 226.
Vagus nerves: severance of, does not abolish appetite, 240–241,
and does not abolish hunger contractions of the stomach, 261.
Viscera: similar changes in, in various strong emotions, 275–279;
changes in, not distinctive for emotions, 280–281.
Vomiting: in consequence of pain, 19.
Warfare: as an expression of strong emotions, 286;
physical and moral values claimed for, 287;
barbarities of, and opposition to, 289–290;
moral substitutes for, 292–293;
physical substitutes for, 293–297;
contrast between ancient and modern, 294–295.
Witnesses: stimulating influence of, 227.
Work: effect of, on neuro-muscular irritability, 117;
done with use of carbonaceous material, 190–193.