Swedish Ordnance.

Name, Nature, and A Length. E F Weight.
Classification. B C D G H
  In. In. In. In.   Cal. Lbs. Lbs.
Rifled Breech-loaders, cast-iron with steel hoops.
27 cm 10.8   210  162   30.3    5   29.2   52,088  770
24  ”  9.4 179 133 26.6 5 29.3 31,800 528
16  ”  6.6 135 89.5 16.8 5 29.8 12,000 170
Cast-iron Muzzle-loader, Rifle.
12  ”  4.6 102 97 13.6 4 40  4,200  
Cast-iron Smooth-bores.
15 in 15 146         43,000  
  9 ”  9 158         38,000  
 
Norwegian Ordnance.
Armstrong Muzzle-loaders.
27 cm 10.5 162 110.6 20.5 8 55 40,500  
27  ” 10.5 176 120 25 8 55 43,400  
27  ” 10.5 206         47,700  
20  ”  8 130  85.7  18.8 6 50 16,700  
Palliser Muzzle-loaders.
16  ”  6.6 139  85.7  18.5 3 34.1 11,000  
15  ”    
Krupp Breech-loaders.
26  ” 10.2 225 160.5  34 60 45 48,400 1,960
15  ”  5.9 152 112 22.6 36 45  8,800  304

 
Swedish Ordnance.
Name, Nature, and
 Classification.		 A Carriage. Projectiles.
B C D  Complete Weight.   Bursting Charge. 
E F E F
  Lbs. Lbs. Lbs.   In.   Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs.
Rifled Breech-loaders, cast-iron with steel hoops.
27 cm 127  23,076  23,076  49 475 396   23.2
24  ” 220  5,370   45 317 220    9.3
16  ” 403  2,105  2,200 40 107  76.5    3.7
Cast-iron Muzzle-loader, Rifle.
12  ”  85  2,105    900 41  34      2.2
Cast-iron Smooth-bores.
15  ” 253     31 430 340   14
 9  ”  53     31 150 112     5.8
 
Norwegian Ordnance.
Armstrong Muzzle-loaders.
27 cm 1,340   6,720   28 385 308 6 21
27   ”   440  7,600 8,000 38 385 308 6 21
27   ”   403              
20   ”   761  7,000 7,000 39 149 149 1.76 10.1
Palliser Muzzle-loaders.
16   ”  246  1,880 2,150 43    82.5    3.3
15   ”  246  1,000 2,300 43    58   3
Krupp Breech-loaders.
26   ”   756 20,608 20,608 52 462 380 59.4 21
15   ”   160  5,600  5,600 41  86  70 1.1  5

 
Swedish Ordnance.
Name, Nature, and
 Classification.		 Powder
Charge		 Initial
Velocity		 Working
Effect		 C Remarks.
A B A B A B
  Lbs. Lbs.   Feet.     Feet.    Ft. Tons   Ft. Tons  In.  
Rifled Breech-loaders, cast-iron with steel hoops.
27 cm 98 66 1,364   6,153   12  Finspong
   Rifles.
24  ” 59.4  37.4  1,322 1,476 3,763 3,333 10
16  ” 23.3 17.6 1,377 1,591 1,414 1,347  7.36 
Cast-iron Muzzle-loader, Rifle.
12  ”  6.5  4.4   1,456     509    
Cast-iron Smooth-bores.
15 in. 50.1 35 1,213          
 9  ” 24.8 17.6            
 
Norwegian Ordnance.
Armstrong Muzzle-loaders.
27 cm. 66 38.5 1,302 1,148 4,541 3,156 10.5  
27  ” 71.5 38.5 1,371 1,148 5,032 3,156 11  
27  ”                
20  ” 29.7 19.8 1,364 1,148 1,938 1,360  7.9  
Palliser Muzzle-loaders.
16  ” 22 11   1,138     742  7.1  
15  ”  
Krupp Breech-loaders.
26  ” 99 81.4 1,584 1,584 7,933 6,644 14  
15  ” 18.7 18.7 1,590 1,640 1,528    8  

The Norwegian ordnance is both smooth-bore and rifled, the smooth-bore guns being of the Rodman (see page 283) and the rifles of the Krupp style. The Swedes manufacture their own breech-loaders, having chosen for their standard the French type of cast-iron body reinforced by steel hoops. These guns, known as the Finspong breech-loaders, have proved very satisfactory, the Swedish cast-iron being second only to American in excellence. The breech-blocks and steel hoops for these guns are all made in France. Two types of machine-guns, which have found general favor in Europe, are of Swedish invention.

The Nordenfeldt Machine-Gun.

This gun, which has been experimented with in the English Navy, is intended as a defence against torpedo-boats. It has four barrels placed in line, having a calibre of one inch, to fire a half-pound steel projectile. The projectiles are placed in guides behind the rear of the barrels, and by the movement of a lever are sent into the chamber, fired, and the empty shell extracted. Gearing worked by hand-wheels gives elevation and direction. The fire is rapid from this gun, and the results have been excellent for penetration. Weight of the gun complete, about 1000 pounds.

The Palmcrantz Machine-Gun.

The Palmcrantz mitrailleuse is a machine-gun for firing small-arm ammunition. It has ten barrels placed side by side and secured in a frame, the rear ends of the barrels being screwed into a single bar-transom, behind which the lock mechanism is placed in a flat rectangular box. The system is mounted on a swivel in such a manner as to give it free motion for elevating and depressing or sweeping. An eccentric cam attached to the crank-axle can be thrown into gear, by means of which the barrels are given an automatic sweep through a small arc. The whole gun is compact and light. Each barrel has a separate feeder, so that the velocity of discharge is very great, the barrels being fired in succession.

Russian Ordnance.

Name, Nature, and
 Classification.		 A B C D E F
  In. In.   Cal. Lbs. Lbs.
Krupp Russian pattern steel Breech-loaders.
Finished.
12 in. 12 240.8    36      89,173  1,958
11  ” 11 219 36   70   57,280  0
 9  ”  9 180 32 60 33,150   440
 9  ”  9 156 32 60 29,920   748
 8  ”  8 175 30 60 19,820   440
Unfinished.
 6  ”  6 140 24 45  9,370   352
 8  ”  8 175 30 60 17,570   792
 6  ”  6 146 24 45 10,090 1,078
 9 pdr.  4.2   16    1,738  
 4   ”  3.4  70 12 40   792    88
Bronze Rifled Muzzle-loaders.
 8 pdr.  4       1,650  
 4   ”  3.4         809  
 4   ”  3.4         865  
American pattern cast-iron Smooth-bore Muzzle-loaders.
20 in. 20       96,360  
15   ” new 15 180     72,160  0
15   ” old 15 170     43,340 1,078
10¾ ” 10.75  168     26,180 1,333
60 pdr. No. 1  7.6 135     10,780   792
60   ” ”  2  7.6      7,040  
36   ” ”  1  6.8        7,040  
36   ” ”  2  6.8        5,610  
36   ” ”  3  6.8        4,590  
36   ” ”  4  6.8        4,240  
30   ” ”  1  6.4        6,864  
30   ” ”  2  6.4        5,214  
30   ” ”  3  6.4        4,330  
30   ” ”  4  6.4        1,770  
Name, Nature, and 
 Classification.		 G Projectiles.
  Complete Weight.  
H I J
  Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs.
Krupp Russian pattern steel Breech-loaders.
Finished.
12 in.   649   644
11  ”  10,604 495 462 439
 9  ”   270 264 267
 9  ”   270 264 267
 8  ” 4,686 180 191 172
Unfinished.
 6  ” 3,508 96 85.4  84
 8  ” 4,868 180 191 182
 6  ” 3,322  96 85.4  84
 9 pdr. 693      24
 4   ” 739      14
Bronze Rifled Muzzle-loaders.
 8 pdr. 666      26
 4   ” 603      11.5
 4   ” 603 Cast-iron
Round Shot.		  13.5
American pattern cast-iron Smooth-bore Muzzle-loaders.
20 in.   1,000 1,000  
15   ”   new   440 440  373
15   ”   old 6,270 440 440  373
10¾  ”   160 160  
60 pdr. No. 1 2,220 57.7 57.7  43
60   ” ”  2 1,518 57.7 57.7  43
36   ” ”  1 1,518 40 40  29
36   ” ”  2 1,210 40 40  29
36   ” ”  3   990 40 40  29
36   ” ”  4   790 40 40  29
30   ” ”  1 1,408 32 32  26
30   ” ”  2 1,188 32 32  26
30   ” ”  3 1,528 32 32  26
30   ” ”  4   32 32  26

Name, Nature, and  
 Classification.		 Projectiles.   Powder Charge.
 Bursting Charge.  D E F G
A B C
  Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs.
Krupp Russian pattern steel Breech-loaders.
Finished.
12 in.     16   121     58.5  
11  ” 12 7 13.5 82.5   41.2 9
 9  ” 7 4.5 9.5 47     23.4 7.2
 9  ” 7 4.5 9.5 43     23.4 7.2
 8  ” 5 2 6.2 28.5   14.2 7.2
Unfinished.
 6  ”   1.8 3   18     10.8 4.5
 8  ” 5 2 6   22.5   14.2 7.2
 6  ”   1.8 3   14.4   10.8 4.5
 9 pdr.     1     2.7 2.5 2.7
 4   ”     .5   1.5 1.5
Bronze Rifled Muzzle-loaders.
 8 pdr.     1.5   3.6 3.6 3.6
 4   ”     .8   1.5 1.5 1.5
 4   ”     1 Cast-iron
Round
Shot.		 2 1.8 1.8
American pattern cast-iron Smooth-bore Muzzle-loaders.
20   in.       117       
15    ” new     10.75 67.5 45 27  9
15    ” old     10.75 67.5 45 27  9
10¾ ”       36      9
60 pdr. No. 1     1.8 14.5    10 4.5
60   ” ”  2     1.8 10.8    2.6 4.5
36   ” ”  1     1  8    2 3.6
36   ” ”  2     1  8    2 3.6
36   ” ”  3     1  6.2   1.6 8.6
36   ” ”  4     1  5.5   1.4 8.6
30   ” ”  1     .8 9    2.3 2.7
30   ” ”  2     .8 6.7   1.7 2.7
30   ” ”  3     .8 5    1.2 2.7
30   ” ”  4     .8 3.5   .9 2.7
Name, Nature, and  
 Classification.		  Initial Velocity.  H I
A
  Feet.  Ft. Tons.  In.
Krupp Russian pattern steel Breech-loaders.
Finished.
12 in. 1,446 9,408  14.1
11  ” 1,205 5,844 11.6
 9  ” 1,341 3,365 9.8
 9  ” 1,276 3,043 9.3
 8  ” 1,404 2,463 9.0
Unfinished.
 6  ” 1,335 1,188 7.1
 8  ” 1,246 1,938 7.8
 6  ” 1,207   972 6.4
 9 pdr. Common
1,049		   183  
 4   ” Common
1,003		    96  
Bronze Rifled Muzzle-loaders.
 8 pdr.      
 4   ” Common
1,000		    77  
 4   ”      
American pattern cast-iron Smooth-bore Muzzle-loaders.
20   in. 1,118 8,581  
15    ”  new 1,184 4,263  
15    ”  old   971 2,872  
10¾ ”      
60 pdr. No. 1
60   ” ”  2
36   ” ”  1
36   ” ”  2
36   ” ”  3
36   ” ”  4
30   ” ”  1
30   ” ”  2
30   ” ”  3
30   ” ”  4

The standard type of Russian ordnance is the Krupp breech-loader, manufactured in their own workshops, and slightly modified in some few details of guns and carriages. Some of their monitors are armed with the Rodman type of 15-inch smooth-bore. During the first period of the development of rifled guns the Russians adopted the Armstrong muzzle-loader, and shortly afterward they passed to the French breech-loader, there being still several armaments of these types in the wooden fleet; but all types have been superseded by the Krupp. The circular iron-clads having their guns firing en barbette, are worked on depressing carriages of Russian invention.

The Razkazoff Depression-Carriage.

This carriage consists of a heavy bed-plate, at the forward end of which is a heavy solid axle forming a turning-point for two solid cast arms, the upper ends of which form seats for the trunnions. Connected to these arms are the piston-rods of hydraulic recoil cylinders. The breech of the gun is supported by auxiliary arms, the bottom rests of which are mounted on screws in such a manner that they may be traversed through short lengths, thus elevating or depressing the gun. When the gun is down in its loading position these arms may be freely traversed, and the desired elevation be thus attained before raising the gun for firing. Both the Palmcrantz and the Hotchkiss machine-guns are used.

Peruvian Ordnance.

The naval ordnance of Peru consists of a few smooth-bores of the Rodman type and some Armstrong muzzle-loaders of the original type. They also have two or three Whitworth muzzle-loaders. The machine-guns are Gatlings.

Portuguese Ordnance.

The Portuguese Navy has a few Krupp breech-loaders, but the wooden fleet is for the greater part armed with Armstrong muzzle-loaders.

Spanish Ordnance.

The greater part of the Spanish fleet is armed with Armstrong muzzle-loaders, but medium-calibred steel guns of the French type are now manufactured in their own government workshops, some of which have been introduced into the navy, and it is supposed that at least for medium calibres this type will be the standard. There are some Krupp armaments, but these are exceptional. The Gatling machine-gun is used.

Turkish Ordnance.

The greater part of the ordnance of the Turkish fleet is of the Armstrong muzzle-loading pattern, although there is a preference for Krupp armaments, which are used to replace the original type of Armstrong guns. The Gatling machine-gun is used.

European Systems.

Of the breech-loading systems of Europe there are at present but two distinct types in use—the French and the Krupp—the latter being the one at present most fully represented, it being the standard ordnance of Germany, Russia, Austria, Denmark, and Holland.

The French type is the standard of France, Spain, Sweden, and, as may now be claimed, Italy. Armstrong, whose artillery is almost as fully represented as Krupp’s, has adopted the French type, and this will in all probability make this type the standard in those countries who purchase guns instead of manufacturing them.

The muzzle-loading types were abolished by all the manufacturing nations of Europe except England by 1864, although the prestige of Armstrong’s ordnance has kept up the supply to the smaller nations to the present time. This ordnance has been steadily growing in disfavor, and the latest development in rifled ordnance (enlarging the powder-chamber) will probably lead to its disuse.

United States Ordnance.

Name, Nature, and  
 Classification.		 Gun. F G
A B C D E
  In.  In.       Feet.   Lbs. Lbs. Lbs.
Muzzle-loading Rifles.
  8 inch converted   136   8     15   40  17,350   3,790 3,710
100-pdr. Parrott 130 6.4  9 0/19 9,700 1,300  Directing Bar 
 60-pdr. ” 105 5.3  7 0/15 5,400 1,970 ”
 30-pdr. ”   4.2  5 0/12 3,550 1,970 ”
 20-pdr. ”   3.7  5 0/10 1,750   802 ”
 20-pdr. Dahlgren    65.6  4    3 12½ 1,350   802 ”
 12-pdr. bronze   55 3.4  3 10 880   482 Boat Carriage
Breech-loading Rifles.
 80-pdr. converted   6.4  9 0/19 10,166 1,300 Directing Bar
 60-pdr.   ”   5.3  7 0/15 5,270 1,970 ”
 30-pdr.   ”   4.2  5 0/12 3,428 1,970 ”
 20-pdr. bronze, converted     4    6 12½ 1,340   832 Boat Carriage
 20-pdr. converted   3.7  5 0/10 1,740   826 ”
  7-pdr. bronze, heavy   3   16 7½   535   500 ”
  7-pdr.  ”    light   3   16 7½   350   450 ”
Smooth-bores.     Weight of
Shot.
Lbs.		      
15-inch 146 15 450 43,000 18,000  Turret Carriage
11-inch 131 11 166 16,000 3,790 3,710
 9-inch 107  9  90 9,000 1,300 Marsilly
 8-inch  96  8  65 6,500   860 ”
32-pdr.  92  6.4 32.5 4,500   735 ”
24-pdr. bronze  58  5.8 Shell
Guns.		 1,310   730 ”
12-pdr. ”    heavy  55  4.6 760 Boat
482		 Field
487
12-pdr. ”    light  50  4.6 430 233 381

Name, Nature, and  
 Classification.		 A B C D E
    Lbs.    Lbs.   Ozs.    Lbs.   Feet.  Foot Tons.
Muzzle-loading Rifles.
  8-inch converted 180 10 0 35  1,450  2,627
100-pdr. Parrott 100 3 11 15 1,080   810
 60-pdr.  ”  48 2 2  6 1,320  
 30-pdr.  ”  29 1 8  3¼    
 20-pdr.  ”  18 0 13  2    
 20-pdr. Dahlgren  18 1 0  2    
 12-pdr. bronze  12 0 8  1    
Breech-loading  Rifles.
 80-pdr. converted  80 3 11 15 1,250  
 60-pdr.    ”  50      6    
 30-pdr.    ”  30      3½    
 20-pdr. bronze, converted    18 0 8  2    
 20-pdr. converted  20      2 1,070  
 7-pdr. bronze, heavy   7      1 1,087   63
 7-pdr. bronze, light   7      ¾ 1,087   63
Smoth-bores.
15-inch 352 13 0 100 1,600 7,997
11-inch 136 6 0  30 1,062 1,300
 9-inch  74 3 0  18 1,820   847
 8-inch  58 1 11  7    
32-pdr.  27 0 14  6    
24-pdr. bronze  23 1 0  2    
12-pdr. ”    heavy  12 1 0  1    
12-pdr. ”    light  12 1 0  ½    

GUNS.

In the United States Navy both smooth-bores and rifles are used, and of the latter both muzzle and breech-loaders.

Smooth-Bores.