108 Gibbs, p. 185, 187. 

109 Bancroft, p. 217. 

110 Ibid., pp. 239, 240. 

111 Kane, p. 216; Holmberg, I p. 14. 

112 Bagehot, p. 72. 

113 Allison, pp. 309, 306, 315. 

114 Niblack, p. 252. 

115 Petroff, p. 152. 

116 Bancroft, p. 108; see also Niblack, p. 252. 

117 Boas, Die Tsimshian, p. 244. 

118 Brown, Adventures of John Jewitt, p. 130. 

119 Petroff, p. 152. 

120 Bancroft, p. 499. 

121 Niblack, p. 252. 

122 Boas, Die Tsimshian, p. 237. 

123 Meares, as quoted by Bancroft, p. 188. 

124 Brown, Adventures of John Jewitt, pp. 130, 201. 

125 See above, p. 196. 

126 See above, p. 174. 

127 Letourneau also seems to consider slavery foreign to the way of life of these tribes. He has not, however, recourse to a hypothetical former agricultural state, but to the great ethnological pons asinorum, derivation (pp. 132, 134). But he does not inform us whence slavery can have been derived. Perhaps from the inland tribes who, as Letourneau himself proves to be aware, have no slaves? Or from the Siberians, who are rather in a lower than in a higher economic state as compared with the Indians of the Pacific Coast? Or from the Hindus or any other mythical early visitors of America? 

128 Brown, Adventures of John Jewitt, p. 130. 

129 Boas, Die Tsimschian, pp. 237, 240. 

130 Bancroft, pp. 196, 195. 

131 Sproat, pp. 90, 39; Brown, Adventures of John Jewitt, pp. 130, 131. 

132 Mayne, p. 253. 

133 Bancroft, p. 240. 

134 Niblack, p. 252. 

135 Bancroft, p. 124. 

136 Holmberg, I p. 78. 

137 Niblack, p. 253. 

138 Bancroft, pp. 239, 234. 

139 Lewis and Clark, III p. 38. 

140 Krause, pp. 186, 159. 

141 Sproat, pp. 97, 38. 

142 Gibbs, p. 193. 

143 Bancroft, p. 112; see also Krause, p. 161. 

144 Brancroft, p. 196. 

145 Ibid., p. 218. 

146 Ibid., p. 242. 

147 Brown, Adventures of John Jewitt, p. 241. 

148 Elliott, p. 164. 

149 Krause, p. 161; Bancroft, p. 109. 

150 Bancroft, p. 196. 

151 Sproat, p. 95. 

152 Holmberg, I p. 119. 

153 Gibbs, pp. 198, 185, 187. 

154 Ibid., p. 199. 

155 Bancroft, p. 218. 

156 Ibid., p. 242. 

157 Swan, The Northwest Coast, p. 160. 

158 Elliott, p. 164. 

159 Mackenzie, II p. 268. 

160 A writer of the 18th century tells us of the women of the Dutch isle of Ameland (the men being fishers and mariners): “They are generally somewhat imperious, and by their foolish cleanliness most men are [222]hardly ever allowed to have a fire on the grate during the winter. The cause of this imperious behaviour of Ameland women is not difficult to detect: as the men are at home only in the winter, the women rule for the greater part of the year, and are not inclined to part with their authority in winter-time. Therefore most men, so to speak, board at their wives’ houses, and if they want to keep peace, have to put up with female ascendency.” Tegenwoordige Staat der Vereenigde Nederlanden, XIV pp. 363, 364.

In the same sense Professor Nieuwenhuis writes about the Kayans on the Mendalam: “As the men are often absent on long journeys, the women get the lead in household affairs” (Door Centraal-Borneo, I p. 77.). 

161 Bancroft, p. 93. 

162 Lewis and Clark, II pp. 334, 335. 

163 Grosse, p. 65. 

164 Ibid., pp. 74–78. 

165 Bancroft, p. 437. 

166 Ibid., p. 412. 

167 Powers, as quoted by Bancroft, p. 351. 

168 Bancroft, p. 351. 

169 Ibid., p. 117. 

170 Ibid., pp. 117–119. 

171 Ibid., pp. 131, 132. 

172 Ibid., p. 169. 

173 Some other writers, however (whom Grosse does not refer to), speaking of the Kutchins in general, state that women are badly treated; see Kirby, p. 419; Hardisty, p. 312; Jones, Kutchin tribes, p. 325. 

174 Grosse, p. 65. 

175 Dobrizhoffer, II pp. 149, 151, 152. 

176 Ibid., pp. 119, 120. 

177 Falkner, p. 126. 

178 Steller, p. 235 note. 

179 Ibid., pp. 245, 286, 286 note, 317, 318. 

180 Ibid., pp. 210 sqq. 

181 Waitz-Gerland, VI pp. 724, 725. 

182 Thomas, p. 88. 

183 Waitz-Gerland, VI pp. 724, 725. 

184 Eylmann, p. 293. 

185 Spencer and Gillen, Native tribes, p. 21. 

186 Waitz-Gerland, VI pp. 732, 733, 738. 

187 Ibid., p. 722. 

188 Spencer and Gillen, Native tribes, p. 8. 

189 Brough Smyth, I p. 123. 

190 Eylmann, p. 155. 

191 Thomas, p. 26. 

192 Spencer and Gillen, Native tribes, p. 53. 

193 Literature. On the Moore River District, Oldfield; on S. W. Australia, Salvado; on the natives on Herbert River, Lumholtz; on the Cammarray, Collins; on N. S. Wales, Fraser and Angas; on Central Australia, Spencer and Gillen, Native tribes, p. 53; on the Tasmanians, Ling Roth. As we had not got all the books at hand, but only some notes which we had previously made, in which the pages were not specified, we could not give all the exact references. 

194 Matthews, in Fraser’s Notes, p. 188. 

195 Forrest, p. 318. 

196 Thomas, p. 117. 

197 Fraser, p. 67. “Taurai” is the land owned by a tribe or a division of a tribe, see ibid., p. 36. 

198 Steinmetz, Strafe, II pp. 27, 29. 

199 See Schmoller, Grundriss, I p. 333. 

200 Steinmetz, Strafe, II pp. 20–34. 

201 Roth, p. 141. 

202 Fraser, pp. 38, 39; Wilkes, II p. 204. 

203 Gason, in Frazer’s Notes, p. 173. 

204 The Stationmaster, in Frazer’s Notes, p. 179. 

205 Matthews, in Frazer’s Notes, p. 189. 

206 Spencer and Gillen, Native tribes, p. 10. 

207 Eylmann, p. 172. 

208 Foelsche, in Frazer’s Notes, pp. 196, 197. 

209 Thomas, p. 143; see also Howitt’s detailed account of chieftainship in South East Australia, pp. 296–320. 

210 Brough Smyth, I p. 126. The ethnographers give many more details regarding tribal government; but we have only quoted those that bear directly on the question at issue, i.e. that show on what qualities influence and power depend. 

211 Steinmetz, Strafe, II p. 28. 

212 Gason, in Frazer’s Notes, p. 171. 

213 Steinmetz, Strafe, II p. 20. 

214 See above, pp. 10–23. 

215 Steinmetz, Strafe, II pp. 3 sqq. 

216 Jes. Rel., VI p. 277. 

217 Mackenzie, I p. 151.