| BOOK III. | |||
| LAND AND PEOPLE. | |||
| CHAPTER I. | |||
| SCOTLAND IN THE REIGN OF ALEXANDER THE THIRD. | |||
| PAGE | |||
| Consolidation of the provinces of Scotland into one feudal monarchy completed in this reign, | 1 | ||
| Southern frontier of Scotland, | 3 | ||
| English possessions of the Scottish kings, | 5 | ||
| Northern boundary of Scotland, | 7 | ||
| Physical aspect of Scotland in the reign of Alexander the Third, | 9 | ||
| Population of Scotland in the reign of Alexander the Third composed of six races, | 15 | ||
| Indigenous races of the Britons and Picts, | 16 | ||
| Colonising races of Scots and Angles, | 17 | ||
| Intruding races of Danes, Norwegians, and Normans, | 18 | ||
| Influence of foreign races on native population, | 18 | ||
| Foreign elements introduced into population of Pictish and Cambrian territories, | 20 | ||
| Spread of Teutonic people over them, | 21 | ||
| Norwegian kingdom of the Isles, | 28 | ||
| The Gallgaidheal, | 29 | ||
| The Estates of the Realm in 1283, | 39 | ||
| Distinction of population into Teutonic Lowlanders and Gaelic Highlanders, | 40 | ||
| CHAPTER II. | |||
| THE SEVEN PROVINCES OF SCOTLAND. | |||
| Old division of Scotia into provinces, | 42 | ||
| Seven provinces in the eighth century, | 42 | ||
| Seven provinces in the tenth century, | 44 | ||
| Districts ruled by kings and afterwards by Mormaers, | 49 | ||
| Petty kings of Argyll and Galloway, | 51 | ||
| Jarl Thorfinn, | 52 | ||
| Mormaers termed by Norwegians, Jarls, | 54 | ||
| Mormaers of Buchan, from the Book of Deer, | 55 | ||
| Toisechs of Buchan, | 56 | ||
| Seven Earls first appear in reign of Alexander the First, | 58 | ||
| Policy of David I. to feudalise Celtic earldoms, | 63 | ||
| Creation of additional earldoms, | 66 | ||
| Earldom of Mar, | 68 | ||
| Earldoms of Garvyach and Levenach, | 69 | ||
| EarldomsEarldoms of Ross and Carrick, | 70 | ||
| Earldom of Caithness, | 71 | ||
| Seven Earls in the reign of Alexander the Second, | 71 | ||
| Province of Argyll, | 78 | ||
| Seven Earls in the reign of Alexander the Third, | 80 | ||
| State of the land in the reign of Alexander the Third, | 83 | ||
| The Crown demesne, | 84 | ||
| District of Argyll divided into sheriffdoms, | 88 | ||
| CHAPTER III. | |||
| LEGENDARY ORIGINS. | |||
| The problem to be solved, | 90 | ||
| Early traditions, | 90 | ||
| Ethnic legends, | 91 | ||
| Linguistic legends, | 96 | ||
| Historical legends, | 97 | ||
| Artificial character of early Irish history, | 97 | ||
| Cymric legends, | 100 | ||
| Legendary origin of transmarine tribes, | 104 | ||
| The Nemedians in Scotland, | 105 | ||
| The Firbolg and Tuath De Danan in Scotland, | 105 | ||
| Pictish legends, | 107 | ||
| The Milesians in Scotland, | 108 | ||
| The race of Ith in Scotland, | 111 | ||
| The race of Colla in Scotland, | 113 | ||
| The last three pagan kings of Ireland in Scotland, | 114 | ||
| How far have these legends a historic basis? | 120 | ||
| Early connection between Scotland and Ireland, | 125 | ||
| The twofold division of the Picts and the establishment of Scone as the capital of the kingdom, | 132 | ||
| CHAPTER IV. | |||
| THE TUATH OR TRIBE IN IRELAND. | |||
| Mixed population of Scotland, | 135 | ||
| Sources of information as to their early social state, | 136 | ||
| Tribal organisation of the Gaelic race, | 136 | ||
| Influences affecting the tribe in Ireland, | 137 | ||
| Effect of introduction of Christianity, | 138 | ||
| Land originally held in common, | 139 | ||
| Distinction of ranks in the tribe, | 139 | ||
| The Ri or king, | 140 | ||
| Distinction of ranks arising from possession of cattle, | 142 | ||
| Origin and growth of private property, and creation of an order of territorial chiefs, | 144 | ||
| The Ceile or tenants of a chief, | 145 | ||
| State of the Tuath or territory of a tribe, | 147 | ||
| The Dun or fort, | 148 | ||
| The Mortuath, | 149 | ||
| The Cuicidh or province, | 149 | ||
| The law of Tanistry, | 150 | ||
| Connection between superiors and dependants, | 150 | ||
| The system of fines, | 151 | ||
| The Honor price, | 152 | ||
| System of land measures, | 153 | ||
| Later state of the tribes, | 157 | ||
| CHAPTER V. | |||
| THE FINÉ OR SEPT IN IRELAND, AND THE TRIBE IN WALES. | |||
| Origin of the Finé or Sept, | 171 | ||
| The Ciné or kinsfolk, | 171 | ||
| The Ceile or tenants, | 172 | ||
| The Fuidhir or stranger septs, | 173 | ||
| Territorial basis of Finé, | 175 | ||
| The four families of the Ciné or kinsfolk, | 176 | ||
| Members of the four families, | 179 | ||
| The Geilfiné chief, | 180 | ||
| Relation of Geilfiné chief to the Ri Tuath, | 184 | ||
| Law of Succession, | 187 | ||
| Sluaged or hosting, | 188 | ||
| Fosterage, | 190 | ||
| Later state of the Finés, | 192 | ||
| The Tribe in Wales, | 197 | ||
| Fines for Slaughter, | 204 | ||
| The sept in Wales, | 205 | ||
| Fosterage in Wales, | 207 | ||
| CHAPTER VI. | |||
| THE TRIBE IN SCOTLAND. | |||
| Early notices of tribal organisation, | 209 | ||
| The tribe among the Picts, | 210 | ||
| The tribe in Dalriada, | 212 | ||
| The tribe in Galloway, | 214 | ||
| Modification of original tribes under foreign influences, | 214 | ||
| Passing of the Mortuath into the Earldom, and the Tribe into the Thanage, | 215 | ||
| Distinction of people into free and servile classes, | 216 | ||
| Classes of freemen, | 217 | ||
| Ranks of bondmen, | 220 | ||
| Measures of land, | 223 | ||
| Burdens on the land, | 227 | ||
| The Cain or Can, | 228 | ||
| Conveth, | 232 | ||
| Expedition and hosting, | 234 | ||
| Assimilation to feudal forms, | 236 | ||
| Tenure in feu-farm, | 237 | ||
| Ranks of society on Crown lands, | 238 | ||
| CHAPTER VII. | |||
| THE THANAGES AND THEIR EXTINCTION. | |||
| Review of the Thanages and their conversion into Baronies, | 246 | ||
| Thanages in Moray and Ross, | 247 | ||
| Thanages in Mar and Buchan, | 250 | ||
| Thanages in Angus and Mearns, | 257 | ||
| Thanages in Fife and Fothriff, | 267 | ||
| Thanages in Stratherne, | 269 | ||
| Thanages in Atholl, | 270 | ||
| Thanages in Gowry, | 274 | ||
| Thanages south of the Forth, | 277 | ||
| Toshachdor and Toshachdera, | 278 | ||
| Result of survey of thanages, | 281 | ||
| CHAPTER VIII. | |||
| THE FINÉ OR CLAN IN SCOTLAND. | |||
| Clanship in the Highlands, | 284 | ||
| The Highland Line, | 285 | ||
| Break-up of the Celtic Earldoms, | 286 | ||
| Moray, | 287 | ||
| Buchan, | 287 | ||
| Atholl, | 288 | ||
| Angus, | 289 | ||
| Menteath and Stratherne, | 290 | ||
| Mar, | 291 | ||
| Ross, | 291 | ||
| The Gallgaidheal and their lords, | 292 | ||
| Lennox, | 300 | ||
| The Toshachdoracht, | 300 | ||
| First appearance of Clans, | 302 | ||
| Clan Macduff and its privileges, | 303 | ||
| Description of Highlanders—1363-1383, | 307 | ||
| Raid into Angus in 1391, | 308 | ||
| Combat of two clans on North Inch of Perth in 1396, | 310 | ||
| The Clan Chattan and Clan Cameron, | 313 | ||
| The Chief and the Kinsmen, | 318 | ||
| The native-men, | 318 | ||
| Fosterage, | 321 | ||
| The Clan and its Members, | 323 | ||
| CHAPTER IX. | |||
| THE CLANS AND THEIR GENEALOGIES. | |||
| State of the Highlands in the sixteenth century, | 326 | ||
| Names and position of the clans, | 327 | ||
| Meaning of ‘Clann,’ and the personal names from which their patronymics were taken, | 331 | ||
| Original importance and position of Clan pedigrees, | 334 | ||
| First change in Clan pedigrees. Influence of legendary history of Scotland, | 336 | ||
| Second change. Influence of Irish Sennachies, | 337 | ||
| Analysis of the Irish Pedigrees, | 338 | ||
| Artificial character of these pedigrees, | 346 | ||
| Third Change. Influence of Act 1597, | 346 | ||
| Spurious Pedigrees, | 349 | ||
| Result of Analysis of Pedigrees, | 364 | ||
| Termination of Clanship in the Highlands, | 365 | ||
| CHAPTER X. | |||
| LAND TENURE IN THE HIGHLANDS AND ISLANDS SUBSEQUENT TO THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY. | |||
| Changes in tenure of land, | 368 | ||
| Abolition of Calps, | 368 | ||
| Size of townships, | 369 | ||
| Occupation of townships, | 370 | ||
| Average size of township in Central Highlands, | 370 | ||
| Township in the Islands, | 371 | ||
| Highland deer-forests, | 371 | ||
| Causes affecting the population in the eighteenth century, | 372 | ||
| Townships in the Inner Hebrides in 1850, | 374 | ||
| Existing townships in the Outer Hebrides, | 378 | ||
| APPENDIX. | |||
| I. | |||
| Translation of a part of the Book of Clanranald, containing the Legendary History of the Lords of the Isles as given by the MacVurichs, hereditary Sennachies of the Clan, | 397 | ||
| II. | |||
| Baile Suthain Sith Eamhna, an Irish poem relating to the kingdom of the Isles, with a translation by W. M. Hennessy, Esq., | 410 | ||
| III. | |||
| The Description of the Isles of Scotland, written 1577-1595, | 428 | ||
| IV. | |||
| On the Authenticity of the Letters Patent said to have been granted by King William the Lion to the Earl of Mar in 1171, | 441 | ||
| V. | |||
| On the Earldom of Caithness, | 448 | ||
| VI. | |||
| Original of the Poem on the Lennox, | 454 | ||
| VII. | |||
| Comparison between the Highland Clans and the Afghaun Tribes. Written in 1816 by Sir Walter Scott, | 456 | ||
| VIII. | |||
| Legendary Descent of the Highland Clans, according to Irish MSS., | 458 | ||
| Index, | 493 | ||
| ILLUSTRATIVE MAP. | |||
| Scotland, with the ancient divisions of the land, | to face the Title | ||