Early Western Travels 1748–1846, Volume II

47. The normal food of those who wintered in the woods was Indian corn and tallow. See Turner, “Fur Trade in Wisconsin,” pp. 78, 79.

The Falls of St. Mary, or Sault Ste. Marie, were visited by traders as early as 1616. The Jesuit Relation of 1640 gives a partial description of this place. Radisson and Groseilliers were here between 1658 and 1660; and here (1669) a Jesuit mission was established by Allouez and Dablon. After 1689, the mission and trading post were abandoned in favor of Mackinac; but Sault Ste. Marie continued to be a station on the Northwestern fur-trade route; and in 1750 the land thereabout was granted to De Repentigny on condition that he erect a fort at that place. After the English occupation, a French Canadian, J. B. Cadot, had a trading post here, which was probably the one mentioned by Long. Later, the North West Company occupied the spot; but in 1814 its post was burned by a detachment of American troops, commanded by Major Holmes, who afterwards fell at the unsuccessful attack on Mackinac. The first military post and Indian agency of the United States at Sault Ste. Marie was established in 1822.

The Saulteurs were a Chippewa tribe, so called by the French from having been first encountered at the Sault. The name afterwards was employed to designate all the Chippewa nation. A pretty Indian legend of the origin of these falls, is found in Jesuit Relations, liv, p. 201.—Ed.

48. On the offering of tobacco to “Manitous,” see Jesuits Relation, x, p. 324. See, also, caption “Manitou,” in index thereto.—Ed.

49. Probably the “Athabasca,” one of the first schooners of the North West Company on Lake Superior. See Masson, Bourgeois, ii, p. 149. The French had a sailing vessel on Lake Superior as early as 1735. See Wisconsin Historical Collections, xvii.—Ed.

50. Pays Plat was the fur-trade station near the Nipigon River, about one hundred miles east of Grand Portage. It was situated on one of the islands of Nipigon Bay, and so named because of the low land and shoal water in the vicinity. See Bigsby, Shoe and Canoe (London, 1850), p. 223.—Ed.

51. For a history of the Chippewa Indians, see Minnesota Historical Collections, v.

This noted chief, Matchekewis, was the captor of Mackinac during Pontiac’s War. For a sketch of him, see Wisconsin Historical Collections, vii, pp. 188–194.—Ed.

52. For a description of Indian pipes and smoking habits, see U. S. National Museum Report, 1897, pp. 351 ff. The material for the red calumets is called “catlinite,” from George Catlin, who described it in 1836. It is found in the pipestone quarries of Pipestone County, in Southwestern Minnesota. See Jesuit Relations, lix, p. 310.—Ed.

53. For a description of the rattle called “sysyquoy,” see Wisconsin Historical Collections, xvi, p. 367; and Masson, Bourgeois, ii, p. 333.—Ed.

54. The Nipigon River is the largest and most northerly tributary of Lake Superior, and the outlet for Lake Nipigon. Its region, until the building of the Canadian Pacific Railroad, was almost as wild and unknown as when visited by the French explorers in the seventeenth century. Perrot mentions this river and lake in his Mémoire (1658); and Duluth (1684) wrote to De la Barre of the “fort which I have constructed near the River à la Maune, at the bottom [the north end of Lake Alemipigon,” as a barrier to the English trade from Hudson Bay. In 1687, Duluth’s brother traded with fifteen hundred Indians in the Lake Nipigon region. The furs from this district were especially rich and valuable, and the trading post on the lake appears to have been maintained throughout the French occupation. La Vérendrye was commandant here in 1728, when he became fired by the reports of the savage Ochagach, with zeal for Western exploration. See Northern and Western Boundaries of Ontario (Toronto, 1878), pp. 68–80.

In 1757, Bougainville describes this post as follows: “Les Népigons, a post established to the north of Lake Superior; the commandant is its farmer and pays for that privilege about 4,000 francs; it includes the Lake à la Carpe.... The post produces generally every year from eighty to one hundred bundles of fur.” After the British occupation the productiveness of the region declined. Duncan Cameron says that when he first went to this country (1785), the whole district produced but fifty-six packs of fur, although it had no opposition from Hudson Bay, and part of the Lake Winnipeg department was included in the Nipigon district. See Cameron, “The Nipigon Country,” in Masson, Bourgeois, ii, pp. 231–300. The North West Company considered this to be its territory, but later the Hudson’s Bay Company built a post at Red Rock, near the mouth of the river—now a station on the Canadian Pacific Railway. The Hudson’s Bay Company still maintains a wintering post, known as Poplar Lodge, on the east shore of Lake Nipigon. See Canadian Bureau of Mines Report, 1901, p. 212. The Nipigon River is now noted as a fisherman’s paradise. For a description of the route from the mouth of the river to the lake, see Canadian Geological Survey Report, 1867–69, p. 336.—Ed.

55. This is the game of lacrosse, a modification of which has become the Canadian national game. For an historical account of this game, see Jesuit Relations, x, pp. 326–328; Henry’s Travels (Bain’s ed.), p. 77; Masson, Bourgeois, ii, pp. 337, 338.—Ed.

56. For a similar game with slight modifications, see Masson, Bourgeois, ii, p. 340.—Ed.

57. Mr. Shaw was an independent trader, father of Angus Shaw, partner and agent of the North West Company.—Ed.

58. This is a citation from the New Discovery of Hennepin, who gives the first account of the tribe, apparently a branch of the Sioux, whose custom of weeping he so fully describes in connection with his captivity among the Issati Indians.—Ed.

59. The early cradles of the Chippewa Indians are described in more detail by Grant, “The Sauteux Indians,” in Masson, Bourgeois, ii, pp. 322, 323.—Ed.

60. This is true not only of the St. Croix River (Wisconsin) Chippewas, but of nearly all the tribe up to the present time. The “woods Indian” north of Lake Superior is usually a Chippewa (Ojibwa), and a large portion of those under the care of the Canadian government are still hunters. The Canadian Department of Indian Affairs, in its Report for 1900, represents the modern Ojibwa as little changed, except from general inability to obtain liquor as freely as in the olden days of the fur-trade.—Ed.

61. For the hereditary enmity between the Chippewas and the Sioux, and the particularly fierce encounters of this period, see Warren, “History of the Ojibways,” in Minnesota Historical Collections, v, pp. 72, 95, 222–241.—Ed.

62. Indian slavery among the French was first practiced in the Illinois country, and (1709) was authorized by edict for Canada. Slavery was abolished for Upper Canada in 1793; and by 1800 had ceased in Lower Canada. See Lafontaine, “L’ésclavage en Canada,” Montreal Historical Society Proceedings, 1858; Canadian Institute Transactions, 1889–90 (Toronto, 1891); and Proceedings, 1897, p. 19.—Ed.

63. In the language of James Bain, Jr., librarian of the Toronto Public Library, “Long is the most indefinite of travellers, and English names of lakes and rivers unstable.” It seems an almost hopeless task to localize several of his geographical names by the aid of modern maps. As a matter of fact this part of Northwestern Ontario from Lake Nipigon to Lake Abittibi is still almost terra incognita. For the best current maps and descriptions, see Canadian Department of the Interior Report, 1890, part v; also Ontario Bureau of Mines Report, 1900.—Ed.

64. Lake Savanne lies northwest of Lake Nipigon, on a tributary of the Albany River. A brief account of a voyage thither is given by Duncan Cameron, in Masson, Bourgeois, ii, p. 271. Cameron also says that four out of eight traders starved there in one year (ibid., p. 242).—Ed.

65. Long was the first to apply the word “totamism” to that system of beliefs and family relationships, now recognized as the basis of primitive society. The theory of clan relationships, as expressed by totems, was first developed by M’Lennan in a series of articles published in the Fortnightly Review, 1869–71. On the general theory, see Lang, Myth, Ritual, and Religion (London, 1887), i, pp. 58–81. On the totemism of the American Indian there is a large literature. The following are useful: Schoolcraft, Indian Tribes of the United States (Philadelphia, 1851–57); Brinton, Myths of New World (Philadelphia, 3d ed., 1896).—Ed.

66. This was the grant made to Sir William Johnson in 1760, of sixty-six thousand acres, now within Little Falls Township on the Mohawk River. The grant was confirmed by the crown in 1769, and Johnson Hall, a large portion of which is still standing, was built thereupon. See vol. i of this series, p. 88, note 48.—Ed.

67. Henry says, “In North America there is no partridge; but the name is given to more than one species of grouse.” This was probably the Canace or Dendragapus Canadensis, black or spotted grouse.—Ed.

68. The loup-cervier is the Canadian lynx; the beaver eater, the wolverine (gulo luscus), or “carcajou.” For a description of the latter, see Martin, Castorologia, pp. 147–151.—Ed.

69. The grizzly bear (ursus ferox), was first adequately identified and described by Lewis and Clark. See Thwaites’s ed. of Original Journals of Lewis and Clark (New York, Dodd, Mead & Co., 1904).—Ed.

70. Dobbs, Account of the Countries adjoining Hudson’s Bay (London, 1744), gives a map of these regions “as described by Joseph La France, a French Canadese Indian, who Traveled thro those Countries and Lakes for 3 years from 1739 to 1742,” on which he places “Ouassi Indians” between the Michipicoten and Nipigon rivers on the north shore of Lake Superior. He also says (p. 32), “There are two Indian Nations upon this North Coast, the Epinette ... and the Ouassi, both tribes of the Sauteurs.” The tribe designated by this term seems to have disappeared in the nineteenth century.—Ed.

71. The Rat Indians are those of Rat Portage, on the Lake of the Woods, apparently a branch of the Chippewas. Their name is taken from the muskrat (ondatra zibethicus). See Coues, Henry-Thompson Journals (New York, 1897), i, p. 26.—Ed.

72. On Indian medicine-men and their skill as physicians, see Brinton, Myths of the New World, pp. 304–328; and Jesuit Relations, index, caption “Medicine-men.” See also Hoffman, “The Midewinin of the Ojibwa,” United States Bureau of Ethnology Report, 1885–86.—Ed.

73. According to Count Andrani of Milan, who was at Grand Portage in 1791, each pack was valued at £40 sterling, making the total value of Long’s first season nearly $28,000. On the expenses of such an outfit, see Canadian Archives, 1888, p. 69.—Ed.

74. This is not the river now known as Pic River, which is east of Pays Plat, but one of the shorter streams between this and Nipigon River, probably the one now called Gravel River.—Ed.

75. For the difficulties of this passage from Pays Plat to Nipigon, see the account of the building of this section of the Canadian Pacific Railroad, in Ingersoll, Canadian Guide-Book (New York, 1892), ii, pp. 29, 30.—Ed.

76. For this lake, see Cameron, “Nipigon Country,” Masson, Bourgeois, ii, pp. 242, 244.—Ed.

77. For a brief description of the process of making a birch bark canoe, see McKinney, Tour of the Lakes (Baltimore, 1827), p. 319.—Ed.

78. Scuttaywabo is rum or brandy. See Long’s Chippewa vocabulary, at the end of the present volume.—Ed.

79. Tripe de roche is a lichen, which Henry calls waac in Chippewa. See Henry, Travels (Bain ed.), pp. 214, 215.—Ed.

80. On the subject of justice in the forest, as exercised by the British companies, see Bancroft, Northwest Coast, i, pp. 538–542.—Ed.

81. Fort Albany was built by the Hudson’s Bay Company in the seventeenth century. It was in a sheltered inlet, forty yards from the borders of James Bay on the south side of Albany River. In 1686 it was attacked and captured by Troyes’s expedition; and Iberville re-christened the post, Fort Ste. Anne. It remained in French hands until 1693, when retaken by the English, who never again lost it, although besieged by the French in 1704. The later fort was built on Factory Island, in the mouth of the river, about two and one-half miles from the old fort on the mainland.—Ed.

82. Joseph Robson went out to Hudson Bay in 1733, as a stone-mason, and was employed in the construction of Fort Churchill. He appears to have had disagreements with the governor, and returned to England in 1736. In 1744, he was again sent out as surveyor and superintendent of buildings at York factory, and explored the Nelson River. Returning to England in 1747, he testified on behalf of the Company in 1749, before the House of Commons committee; but some years later published a work, An Account of Six Years’ Residence in Hudson’s Bay (London, 1752), in which he animadverts against the treatment of servants and Indians by the Company’s governors. Long attempts to controvert him in this paragraph; but on p. 170 he uses his testimony in favor of the management of the Company.—Ed.

83. For the history of the formation of the North West Company, see preface, ante, p. 16.—Ed.

84. The Cristinaux (Kiristinou, Killistinoe) Indians, now known as Crees, are Algonquian tribes who have always been associated with the Assiniboins (Assinipoils), a Siouan tribe derived early from the Yankton Dakotas. Their habitat has been the wilderness between Lake Superior and Hudson Bay, and the land to the west as far as the Assiniboin and Saskatchewan rivers. They were well known to the early French explorers (see Wisconsin Historical Collections, xvi), and were the chief Indians with whom the Hudson’s Bay Company traded. They still number over twelve thousand. See Henry, Travels (Bain ed.), p. 249.—Ed.

85. This was the work of Edward Umfreville, Present State of Hudson’s Bay (London, 1790), written with a view of opposing the continuance of the Company’s charter, and exposing the practices of the officers. Umfreville had been in the service of the Company from 1771 to 1782.—Ed.

86. On this subject of courtship and marriage, see also Grant, “Sauteux Indians,” in Masson, Bourgeois, ii, pp. 319–321.—Ed.

87. The British fort at Mackinac was still upon the south shore of the strait, where Mackinaw City now stands; but the governor, Patrick Sinclair, had already begun the erection of a new fort on the island, to which the establishment moved in the spring of 1781. See “Story of Mackinac,” in Thwaites’s How George Rogers Clark won the Northwest.—Ed.

88. For a contemporary account of this well-known incident, see Henry, Travels, chaps. 8, 9, and 10.—Ed.

89. The “Poes” were the Potawatomi Indians (called Poux by the French). For their history and that of Fort St. Joseph, see vol. i of this series, pp. 115, 117.—Ed.

90. The Menominee Indians were called Folles-Avoines by the French, a name by which the latter designated both the grain (zizania aquatica), and this tribe of Indians whom they first found using it. They are Algonquian in language, and were originally encountered by Nicolet (1634) on the shores of Green Bay. This remained their habitat until they were removed to their present reservation in Shawano County, Wisconsin. For history of this tribe, see Wisconsin Historical Collections (especially vols. xvi and xvii); Hoffman, “Menomini Indians,” U. S. Bureau of Ethnology Report, 1892–93; Jenks, “Wild Rice Gatherers of the Upper Lakes,” ibid., 1897–98.

No mention of such a barbarous custom as this is made by other writers. Long may have been misinformed.—Ed.

91. On the cause of this action of the Indian traders, alarmed at the reprisals being made by Spanish and Americans for the unsuccessful attack on St. Louis by the British party from Mackinac, see Wisconsin Historical Collections, vii, p. 176, note.

For biography of Charles Langlade, first Wisconsin settler, see Tassé’s “Memoir,” ibid., pp. 123–185.—Ed.

92. This is a somewhat confused reference to George Rogers Clark’s occupation of the Illinois country, and alliance with the Spaniards who controlled Louisiana. The fort here mentioned is St. Louis, for whose early history see vol. iii of this series, André Michaux’s Journal, note 138. Spaniards were incensed at the British traders’ methods in Upper Louisiana during this period.—Ed.

93. The commandant at Mackinac was Patrick Sinclair, for whose biography see Wisconsin Historical Collections, xi, p. 141, note. For documents dealing with the Revolution in this region, see ibid., xi, pp. 97–212; and xii, pp. 49–55.—Ed.

94. The Outagamies, or Fox Indians (French, Renards), were first encountered by the French on Fox River, Wisconsin. A proud and warlike nation, they refused to yield to the French yoke. The long series of wars waged by them with the French was a great source of weakness to the colony of Canada, and prepared the way for its downfall. For the documents on these wars, see Wisconsin Historical Collections, xvi and xvii. Driven from their habitat in Eastern Wisconsin, about 1740, the Foxes joined with their kindred, the Sauks, and settled on the Mississippi, siding alternately with the British and Americans during the wars of the Revolution and of 1812–15. One band of the Sauks participated in the Black Hawk War (1832). At present the combined population of the Sauks and Foxes is about four hundred, located on a reservation in Iowa.

The Sioux were the Minnesota branch of this nation, under their chief Wabasha, q. v., post, note 87.—Ed.

95. Lac les Puans (Stinking Lake) was a name used by the French for Green Bay. The origin of this term was long supposed to be either in the ill-smelling shores or the filthy character of the native Puants (i. e., Winnebagoes). In Wisconsin Historical Collections, xvi, p. 360, however, an early writer testifies to the cleanliness of the Puants.

It appears that the original Algonquian name for these people, who are an offshoot from the Sioux, was Ouinepeg, a word which has come down to us in two forms—Winnipeg and Winnebago. The meaning of Ouinepeg was, “men of (or from) the fetid (or bad-smelling) water.” It is probable that these people may at one time have lived near a sulphur spring or on the shore of a salt lake. The earliest French inferred that the allusion was to the ocean; hence Nicolet’s appearance among the Winnebagoes on Green Bay (1634) attired as a mandarin, under the apprehension that these “Men of the Sea”—as they were called in some of the earlier French accounts—were Chinamen. Herein we have an illustration of the tenacity of the old theory that America was but an outlying portion of Asia. La Salle’s post at La Chine, near Montreal, which was so nicknamed because some thought it to be on the road to China, is another case in point. When the “Men of the Sea” were discovered to be ordinary Indians, their Algonquian appellation Ouinepeg was translated by the French into a less complimentary term, “Puants” (Stinkards). Given the name, the reputation of uncleanliness soon followed. The Jesuit Relations frequently mentioned the matter; but by the time of the missionaries the old term of “Men of the Sea” appears to have been forgotten. See Wisconsin Historical Collections, xvi, p. 3, note, for citations; also Thwaites, Stories of the Badger State (New York, 1900), p. 30, for brief recital of the case—Ed.

96. The Foxes had been largely won to the American interest by the efforts of Godefroy Linctot, Sr., their trader at Prairie du Chien, and the emissaries of George Rogers Clark from the Illinois country.

Wabasha was a famous Sioux chief, first mentioned by the French commandant in 1740. Being devoted to the British side, he was dignified with the title of “general,” and was received with honors of war at Mackinac. He also visited Quebec several times, and was decorated by the British officials. His village was near the present site of Winona, Minnesota. A son of the same name participated in the War of 1812–15. The French called both these chiefs, “La Feuille.”—Ed.

97. On the origin of this term for Americans (Great Knives, Long Knives, or Big Knives, indifferently) see Thwaites, Daniel Boone (New York, 1902), p. 111, note.—Ed.

98. This must mean seven days’ journey either from Mackinac or Green Bay, for Prairie du Chien is situated at the confluence of the Wisconsin with the Mississippi. On the early settlement of Prairie du Chien, which was named for a chief of the Fox tribe called “Chien,” see Wisconsin Historical Collections, ix, pp. 282–302.—Ed.

99. Lake Temiscaming lies near the source of the Ottawa River, on the boundary between Quebec and Ontario. The savages near here were wandering tribes of rude Algonkins, who traded indifferently with Canada or Hudson Bay.—Ed.

100. Tadoussac, at the entrance of the Saguenay River, is one of the oldest trading stations on the St. Lawrence, having been founded before Quebec. It was the site of an early Jesuit mission begun before 1642. A church built for the mission (1747–50), is still standing.—Ed.

101. The mission colony of the Hurons at Lorette was established by the Jesuits on their seigniory in 1673. There is still a settlement of these Indians near this place.—Ed.

102. For biographical sketch of Robert Rogers, see vol. i, Croghan’s Journals, note 61. Long here refers to his work, Concise Account of North America (London, 1765).—Ed.

103. Henry Home, Lord Kames, a famous Scotch jurist, published Sketches of History of Man (Edinburgh, 1774).—Ed.

104. The Montagnais Indians—so called from their habitat, the mountainous country north and east of Quebec—were an Algonquian tribe, much in contact with the French colonists. They still roam through their ancient territory, hunting and fishing, and acting as guides to scientific and sporting parties. They have a reservation on Lake St. John.—Ed.

105. Chicoutimi, at the head of navigation of Saguenay River, was early settled, a mission church being built there in 1726. It has but recently become a place of importance, being not only the chief trading station for the entire Saguenay region, where settlement has commenced to be permanent, but the seat of large salmon fisheries and of extensive wood-pulp mills; small ocean vessels are now laden with pulp at Chicoutimi docks, carrying the product to English, French, and American ports.—Ed.

106. After leaving Lake St. John, Long followed its sources westward, and portaged over the Height of Land into the present Northeast Territory—a region now nearly as unknown and unexplored as it was then. Modern maps are not helpful regarding Long’s route.—Ed.

107. The true rattlesnake (crotatus horridus) is not found in Canada. The one here alluded to is the caudisona tergemina. The age is not indicated by the number of the rattles. The black water snake was probably the tropidonatus sipedon, which feeds on fish, and is an expert swimmer, although not a true water snake. The “turkey snake” cannot be identified.—Ed.

108. This was the expedition of La Pérouse, who in the summer of 1782 captured Fort Prince of Wales and York factory. See Wilson, The Great Company (Toronto, 1899), pp. 320–326.—Ed.

109. Lake George was originally named Lac du St. Sacrement, by the Jesuit missionary and martyr Isaac Jogues, who was there in 1646. On his expedition of 1755, Sir William Johnson changed the name in honor of his king. Lakes George and Champlain were of strategic importance in all the French wars, and that of the Revolution. Fort George was a small post on an eminence a half mile southeast of Fort William Henry, built in 1759 after the destruction of the latter. Abandoned temporarily during Burgoyne’s invasion, the garrison were surprised and captured by Carleton (October, 1780), and the fortification destroyed. New York State has appropriated the land around the ruins of this fort for Fort George Battle Park.—Ed.

110. For a description of the road from St. Johns on the Richelieu River, at the outlet of Lake Champlain—where the French built a fort in 1748—to La Prairie on the St. Lawrence, see Kalm, Travels in North America (London, 2nd ed., 1772), ii, pp. 219–223.—Ed.

111. Crown Point, called by the French Pointe au Chevalure (scalp point), was fortified by the latter nation in 1731, as their advanced post (Fort St. Frédéric) on the northern frontier. During the French and Indian War it was twice attacked by the English; but the French retained possession until Amherst’s expedition (1759), when Fort St. Frédéric was abandoned and destroyed. Amherst began here extensive fortifications, the ruins of which still exist. Crown Point was captured by the Americans in 1775, and restored to the British in 1776. After 1780 it was dismantled and fell into decay, so that Long could have found but deserted quarters at this place.—Ed.

112. This incident indicates the low state of the credit of the United States. Congress passed the act for the relief of this Indian, April 8, 1785, as follows: “On report of a committee, consisting of Mr. Howell, Mr. Long, and Mr. Holton, to whom was referred a petition of John Vincent, an Indian of the Huron tribe, Resolved, That in consideration of the faithful services of John Vincent, an Indian of the Huron tribe, in the course of the late war, he be allowed and paid by the commissioners of the treasury, the sum 100 dollars.—Journals of Congress (Philadelphia, 1801), x, p. 82.—Ed.

113. Hendrick was the well-known Mohawk chief, born about 1680, whose friendship for the English and especially for Sir William Johnson kept his tribe firm in the English alliance during the French wars. Hendrick lived at Canajoharie in the Mohawk Valley. At the Albany Conference (1754), he was one of the most prominent negotiators; but was killed in the battle of Lake George the following year.—Ed.

114. Schenectady boats were long, narrow, flat-bottoms, propelled by small and ungainly sails, or by iron-shod poles. They were so named from being first built at Schenectady, and were much used in the shallow water navigation of Western New York and the Upper St. Lawrence.—Ed.

115. The Canadian government was at this period granting large areas of land north of the St. Lawrence, and of Lake Ontario, to the Loyalists of the United States, who were removing thither. Two hundred acres were given to each settler; and higher amounts, according to rank, to those who had served in the British army. See Canniff, History of the Settlement of Upper Canada (Toronto, 1869).—Ed.

116. Guy Carleton, Lord Dorchester, served with Amherst at Louisburg, in 1758. The next year he was wounded at the siege of Quebec. In 1766 he was made governor of Quebec, and was governor of Canada, 1767–70. In 1775, he was again made governor of Quebec, and defended Canada against the American forces until relieved by Haldimand in 1778. In 1782, he succeeded Clinton as commander in chief of the forces in America, and having evacuated New York in 1783, returned with the troops to England. He was created Baron Dorchester in 1786, and appointed governor general of Canada, whither he arrived in October, serving as the ruler of this province until 1796, when he retired to England, where he died in 1808.

Henry Hope, lieutenant colonel of the 44th regiment, came to America in 1776, and served throughout the war. In November, 1785, he was made lieutenant-governor of Canada, and served as acting governor until the arrival of Dorchester, under whom he continued as lieutenant-governor until his death at Quebec, April 13, 1789.—Ed.

117. Sir John Johnson was the son and heir of Sir William Johnson, the New York Indian agent. Born in the Mohawk Valley in 1742, he received part of his education in England, and was knighted there in 1765. He succeeded to his father’s position and estates in 1774; and on the outbreak of the Revolution escaped to Canada, where he was made colonel in the British army. His services during the war, leading Iroquois against the border settlements in the Mohawk and Cherry Valley, are well known. His estates were confiscated by the State of New York, and he retired to Canada, where he was made superintendent general of Indian affairs in British North America. His death occurred at Montreal in 1830.—Ed.