The Modern Regime, Volume 2

The work analyzes the transformation of religious and educational institutions under a centralized imperial regime. It traces how a concordat and administrative reforms subordinated the Catholic hierarchy to state authority, giving the head of state decisive influence over episcopal appointments, clerical salaries, rites, and discipline, while constraining the pope's autonomy. It then examines public instruction as a designed machinery: centralized ministries, standardized curricula, primary and higher schools shaped to produce obedient citizens, military preparation, and an official catechism. The study critiques state dominance over science and censorship, contrasts exam-driven pedagogy with apprenticeship, and sketches the institutional evolution and lingering Church–State monopoly into the later nineteenth century.