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An essay examines the nature and interactions of major states, arguing that each state is an individual political organism shaped by real forces rather than abstract doctrines; foreign policy and struggles for existence and expansion are presented as primary determinants of constitutions and national character. The author criticizes ideological extremes that impose school doctrines on politics, advocates historical realism that balances spiritual and power considerations, and traces how national individuality and cultural forces intertwine with geopolitical needs. The essay emphasizes close reading of diplomatic and literary evidence to explain state behavior and warns against reducing politics to abstract principles.

About the Author

von Ranke, Leopold portrait

Leopold von Ranke

Leopold von Ranke (1795-1886) was a German historian often regarded as one of the founders of modern historical scholarship. He emphasized the importance of primary sources and objective analysis in historical writing, which significantly influenced the discipline. Ranke is best known for his work "A History of England Principally in the Seventeenth Century," a comprehensive six-volume study that explores the political and social dynamics of the period. His approach to history focused on the idea of 'wie es eigentlich gewesen' or 'how it actually was,' advocating for a factual recounting of events. Ranke's contributions have left a lasting legacy in historiography, shaping the methodologies of future historians.

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