E.
Education, The great inattention to in the lower ranks one cause of Crimes, 34, 311
—— Seminaries for, in the Metropolis, estimated at 4050, 569
Egyptians, Their Laws for the punishment of certain offences, 41
Embezzlement of Public Stores. See River Plunder—Dock-yards.
Emperor Joseph the Second abolished the punishment of Death, 60
—— His edict on promulgating his New Criminal Code, 61
—— Abstract of his New Code, 63
—— A singular Anecdote concerning this Prince, 528, 529
Estimates, That Receivers of stolen Goods have increased from 300 to 3000 in the Metropolis, 9, 12
—— of moving Property on the River Thames (table), 215
—— —— arriving, departing, and circulating in the Port of London, 216, 217
—— —— belonging to the Public, Naval, and Warlike Stores, &c., 260
—— of Chips in Dock-yards, 256, 257, n.
—— of Streets, Houses, and Families in London, 411, n.
—— of Public Houses, 110
—— of Persons employed in fraudulent Lotteries, 156, n.
—— of the number of Members of Friendly Societies, 157
—— of the number of Jews, 147, 148
—— of the Officers of Justice, Beadles, Watchmen, and Patroles 2044, 413, 414
—— of Magistrates, acting in the Metropolis, 416, 417, 418
—— of Convicts, and others discharged from Prisons, 96, n., 97
—— of Prisoners tried in 1793 and 1754, 448
—— of the Produce of Labour of Convicts in the Hulks (See Convicts: Police), 467
Exports from the River Thames in one year 29,640,000l. (table), 215, 216
F.
Farmers, petty Depredations on them, 86, 89
Faro Tables and Games of Chance, their evil Tendency, 135, 136
—— particularly in private Houses of Persons of Rank, 148
Felo de se, how punished by different Laws, 43, 44
Felonies, Public and Private defined, 43
—— A specific Detail of the different Felonies, distinguishing the Punishments, 437, 438, 439, 440, 441
Female Prostitution. See Prostitutes.
| Fielding, Henry Fielding, Sir John |
Excellent Magistrates, &c., 453, n. |
Finance Committee of the House of Commons, their useful Labours and Opinions on various Subjects (See Police), 251, n., 264, 419, 427, 469, 514, 516, 558, n.
Fires in London, the Laws relative to them, 597, 598
Forcible Marriage, how punished by different Laws, 48
Foreign Coin counterfeited in England, 17, 18, 184, 190
Foreigners, their opinion of the English System of Police, 522
—— the insecurity likely to arise from so many of them acquiring a knowledge of the English Language, 530
Fortune-tellers, their evil tendency, &c., 128, 130
Founders of Metals, an object of regulation as a means of preventing Crimes, 10, 540, n.
France, its Laws relative to Receivers of stolen Goods, 302, n.
—— —— to Sodomy, 46
—— its former Police, curious Anecdotes of, 525
Frauds on the Public in the Metropolis:
—— in the Naval Department of two sorts, 256, 257
—— and Forgeries specifically detailed, 111, 112, &c.
French language, the inconvenience and insecurity from its being so generally spoken, 530
Friendly Societies, an Estimate of the number of Members, 575
—— a proposition to guard them against the Evils of the Lottery, 157
G.
Gaming, among the lower Ranks in Public Houses, a vast source of Crimes, 324
—— the Law relative to, and Penalties, 134, 135
—— the systematic confederacy of certain Gaming Establishments fully developed, 136-147
—— Estimated amount of the Money annually lost and won by Gaming, 143
—— the evil Consequences of Gaming, and dreadful effects to many respectable Families, 148
—— the bad example to menial Servants of Persons of Fashion, 150, 151
Gin, the astonishing quantity drank in London, 327, n.
—— the advantages arising from a High Price, 328, n.
Grecian Law relative to Sodomy, 46
—— —— to Polygamy, 49
H.
Hackney Coaches, to be regulated by the Police, (and see Night Coaches), 105, 106, 305, 547, 556
—— Laws relative to them, 402
Hale, Sir Matthew, his opinion of criminal Indictments, 432, n.
Hawkers and Pedlars, to be licensed by Magistrates, 116, 117
—— their fraudulent Practices, 116, &c.
High Treason, See Treason.
Highway Robberies, by what classes committed, 95
—— systematically planned and executed, 102, 103
—— suggestions for preventing them by means of a Travelling Police, 109, n.
Homicide, 45, 46
Horse Patroles proposed, 109, n.
Horses Stolen, receiving them as such no Crime, 9, n.
—— how to be remedied, 303, 550
—— Frauds and Felonies respecting, immense, 103, n., 115, n.
Hospitals in the Metropolis, 573
Houses in the Metropolis 160,000, and upwards, 568
Houses of Correction, authorized in different Counties, 455
—— Regulations, 459, 460
Hue and Cry, a particular means of arresting Criminals, 388, 389
Hulks, the depravity of the Convicts confined in them, 24
—— First instituted in 1776, 455
—— Regulations by Parliament (See Convicts), 461
I. & J.
Idle Poor, the Funds appropriated for their support a Public Evil, 80, 82, &c.
Jews, (Dutch) their mode of Education a National Injury, as it promotes Idleness and Profligacy among the lower ranks, 119, 319
—— Objects of regulation as Dealers in old Metals and Apparel, 120
—— the principal Utterers of base Coin, 182, 190
—— the deplorable state of the lower orders belonging to the Dutch Synagogues, and the difficulties in making them useful, 120, 319, &c.
—— they are generally the medium by which stolen Goods are concealed and sold, 292
Jewish Synagogues in London, 568
Jewish Laws relative to Murder, 43
—— —— Sodomy, 46
—— —— Rape, 47
—— ——Theft, 52
Immorality of worse consequence than Political Crimes, 34
—— striking proofs adduced, 35, 36
Imports and Exports to and from the Port of London, abstract of (table), 215, 216
—— of Sugar and Rum for a year to March 25, 1799, 234, n.
Imprisonment for Debt, its impolicy and evil consequences in producing moral Crimes, 390, 394, &c.
Indigence, one cause of Crimes (See Poor), 352
Inhabitants of London, number estimated at one Million at least, 569
Inns of Court and Chancery in London, ib.
Institutions for useful, charitable, and humane purposes in the Metropolis, 376, 381
Irish, the lower Ranks great Utterers of base Money, 189
Iron Shops, great Receptacles of stolen Goods, 293
Judges of England, their great purity adds lustre to their own and the National Character, 430
—— the extreme labour attached to their Situations, a Proposition for the reducing it, 590
K.
King, his Majesty's goodness and love of Mercy exemplified in pardon to Convicts, 22
King's Stores, Men employed to remove the broad arrow from Public Stores, 258
—— Abuses and Evils from the Sale of Old Stores, 256
—— Stolen, embezzled, &c. in the Thames, 257
L.
Landed Interest, Depredations on by petty Thefts calculated at 4s. per Acre per annum, 89
Larceny, the Definition of this Offence, and the punishment, 50
—— Grand Larceny defined, 50, 55
Law, the different classes of Professional Men in the Metropolis, 583
Laws of England, (Criminal) Deficient with regard to the prevention of Crimes, abridging Liberty, and rendering Property insecure, and in some instances even Life itself, 94, 95, 100
—— Punishments, from their severity, defeat the ends of Justice, 43, 53
—— Above 160 Offences punishable with Death, 437
—— When incompatible with Justice Law should be repealed, 8, 301
—— Some Offences, injurious to Society, not punished at all, 8, 9, 34, 35, 36
—— Criminal Law explained, with respect to various Offences:
High Treason, 38
Public Felonies against the State, 42
Private Felonies specifically considered, viz:
Murder, 43, 44
Manslaughter, 44, 45
Homicide by Misadventure, 45
Chance Medley, ib.
Self-Defence, ib.
Rape, 46, 48
Forcible Marriage, 48
Polygamy, 49
Mayhem, ib.
Grand Larceny, 50
Petty Larceny, 50, 51
Mixed Larceny, 54, 55
Offences punishable by the Laws of England; a List of, 437, &c.
Law-suits, See Writs, Debts.
Lewdness and Debauchery prevail in all ill-regulated Public Houses (See Alehouses), 311
Liberty of the subject abridged by Thieves and Robbers, 2, 93
—— not by salutary Regulations to prevent Robbery, 13, 14, 308, 309, 545
Licences proposed on Milk Dealers, 92
—— on various trades connected with the Receivers of stolen Goods (See Police), 540, n., 549, 550
Lightermen on the Thames assist in Pillage and Plunder, 228
Lighting, &c. the Metropolis, 592
Little Goes, a private Lottery, a contrivance of a recent date, brought forward by the Lottery Cheats to keep alive the delusion and fever on the minds of the Poor all the year round, 152
Livery Stable Keepers, proposed to be regulated (See Horses), 109, 541
Lodgers, and Lodging Houses, proposed to be registered, 105, 539
London, comprehending the Metropolis. Its Commerce (See River Plunder)
—— The Magistrates, a list of; also Public Offices, 504, 505
—— Houses, Streets, Families, and Inhabitants, 411
—— Its prodigious Extent and Opulence, 567
—— Places of Religious Worship, 482
—— Seminaries for Education, 569
—— Institutions for promoting Morality, 570
—— For the Arts, 571
—— Asylums for the Indigent and Helpless, 572
—— For the Sick, Lame, &c., 573
—— Dispensaries, 574
—— Charitable Institutions, 574
—— Courts of Justice, 577, 578, 579, 580, 581, 582
—— Prisons, 582
—— Municipal Regulations of the Metropolis, relative to Watching, Lighting, Fires, &c. &c., 591
London, so called, (the City):
—— The utility of a closer Connection between the Aldermen and Police Justices, 420
—— The great respectability of the Magistrates of London, 512
—— The vast Labour of their official Situation, 513
—— Magistrates with Salaries proposed, to ease them of that part of the Labour which relates to Criminal Offences, 518
—— The great Labour attached to the Office of Lord Mayor, 513
—— Reasons assigned in favour of an Improvement of the Police of the City, by means of assisting Justices, ib.
—— The advantages which would result from such a System, 517
Lottery, A great means of corrupting the Morals of the Lower Orders of the People, 11
—— Lottery Insurers cheats of the worst class, 151-159
—— Their evil Practices explained, and their devises to carry them on in despite of the Law, 152, 153
—— Menial Servants contribute considerably to their support, 153, 154
—— The astonishing extent of their Transactions, 154, 155
—— The misery attendant on the Lottery delusion to the Poor, who fill the Pawnbrokers' Shops during the drawing of it, 155
—— The amazing amount of the premiums for Insurances yearly, 154, 156, n.
—— Estimated amount of fraudulent Insurances per annum 10,460,000l., 143
—— The astonishing number of Lottery Insurers, with their Appendages, consisting of Clerks, Morocco-men, Bludgeon-men, and Ruffians, employed during the Drawing of the Two Lotteries each year, 156, n.
—— The Lottery might be rendered useful to the State if the poorer classes could be shielded from its mischief, 157, 556
—— The evils attending on its present Plan, and the audacious conduct of the miscreants engaged in fraudulent Insurances in resisting the Civil Power, explained, 156, n., 158, 159
—— Their Profits said to be immense during the English Lottery 1796, 159
—— The exertions of the Magistrates rendered more peculiarly necessary to check this evil during the time of drawing the Lotteries, 159
—— Expedients proposed for guarding the Poor against the mischiefs, of future Lotteries, digested under eight different Heads, 160, 161, 162
—— Three plans for drawing the Lottery in such a manner as to prevent Insurance, 163, 170
Louis d'Ors, coined in England, 17, 190
Loyal Military Associations, the Country much indebted to them, 533, n.
Lumpers or Labourers on the River (See River Plunder), 226
M.
Magistrates, their Duty with regard to Public Houses (See Alehouses.)
—— Their great utility when their Power and Influence are prudently and judiciously employed, 383, 422, 423
—— The number Of Magistrates in the Metropolis, 270
—— The number who sit daily in rotation, 417, 418
—— The number of persons committed annually for Trial 2500 to 3000, 432, 433
—— The mortification experienced by the Magistrates in seeing their labour lost in consequence of the chief of these Prisoners thrown back on Society without punishment, 432, 433
—— A List of the City Magistrates, 504
—— —— the Police Magistrates, 505
—— Their Duty explained, 506
—— Their Labours cramped for want of pecuniary Funds, 509, 510
—— Magistrates with salaries necessary in every part of the Metropolis, and benefits arising from them, 517
—— Avocations of the City Magistrates explained, 522
Manslaughter defined, how punished, 44.
Marine Police Institution, Origin and Progress of, 239, 248
—— Annual Advantages resulting therefrom to the West India Planters and the Revenue estimated at 160,000l. and upwards, 240, 241, n., 242, n.
—— The effect in restraining River Plunderers, 242, 244
—— Necessity of its being sanctioned by Legislative Regulations, 245, &c.
—— Testimonies to the utility of the System, and the benefits it has already produced, 242, n., 247, 248, n., 558, n.
—— The number employed in this Establishment, 399, n., 418
Marriage, The evil consequence of the prevailing practice of Cohabitation without it, 340
Martin, Matthew, Esq. his benevolent exertions for relieving the Poor, 360, 361, n.
Mayhem, Laws relative to it, 49
Menial Servants, Their Morals corrupted, how, 154, 155
Metals, Dealers in proposed to be regulated, 108, 540, 549
Metropolis, vide London.
Milk, curious particulars as to the Adulteration of, 89, 90, &c.
Misadventure, Homicide by, defined, 45
—— how punished, 45, 46
Misdemeanors, A list of them punishable by Law, 442
Money counterfeit, vide Coin.
Montesquieu, Baron, his opinion relative to Thefts, &c., 30, 53
Morals, The moral Principles destroyed among the Lower Ranks, 11, 310, &c.
—— Can only be preserved by preventing Crimes, 14
—— Bad education and bad habits destroy Morals, and are the chief causes of atrocious Crimes, 34, 35, 94, 95, 310, &c.
—— The deficiency of the System for guarding the Morals of the Lower Orders one great cause of the Corruption of Manners, 36
—— Other Causes, The temptations of a great Capital, 35
—— The habit of living improvidently and luxuriously, 312
—— The temptation of fraudulent Lotteries, 151, 152, 159
—— The Facilities held our by Pawnbrokers, Old Iron Shops, and other Receivers of Stolen Goods, enabling persons to raise Money on pilfered articles in an easy way, 288, 323
—— The bad examples in ill-regulated Public Houses one great cause of the Corruption of Morals, 310-324
—— The habit recently practised of Men, Women and Children spending their time in the Tap-rooms of Alehouses, where all sorts of Profligacy prevails, exhibited in language and conduct, 310, 314, 324
—— The profligate Characters intrusted with Licences to keep Alehouses (See Alehouses), 325, 326
—— The immoral or careless Education of Apprentices, 314
—— The failure in Business by Mismanagement, Idleness, &c., 317
—— Servants out of Place, 318
—— The mode of Education and Superstition of the Jews, which prevent them from being apprenticed to Mechanical Employments, 319
—— The vast temptations to plunder, which are held out to Lumpers, Scuffle-hunters, Mudlarks, Scullers, Lightermen, &c. on the Thames, from the want of proper Guards, and a proper System for protecting Property (See River Plunder—Dock-yards), 322
—— The temptations held out to fraud from the shocking state of the Silver and Copper Coinage, and the imperfection of the Mint Laws, 171, 172
—— The temptations held out in a great Metropolis from the resource which the influx of Wealth affords to commit acts of Criminality, giving so many opportunities to live in Idleness, 111, 112
—— The deficiency of the Laws in not taking cognizance of Moral Crimes, 35, 36
—— Morals of Public Depredators, 251
Morality—Men of pure Morals make the best Subjects, 36
—— Against its principle to punish small offences with Death, 59
—— Societies for promoting it, 570
Mudlarks, See River Plunder, 230
Murder, Laws relative to it, in this and other Countries, 43, 45
N.
Naval Embezzlements and Plunder, &c.
Reasons why not heretofore corrected, 252
Gratuities given, a great evil, 251
The Depredations enormous (See River Plunder—Dock-yards), 253
New South Wales, Transportation there when first legalized (See Convicts), 460, 462
Night Coaches, a great means of promoting Burglaries, 105
—— Propositions for regulating them, 106, 305, 547, 556, 557
O.
Offences, 160 punishable with Death, 58
Some not punishable by the Laws, 8, 30, 35
A general List of the various classes of Offences, 437, &c.
See further Punishments.
Officers of Justice—Their Zeal always proportioned to that shewn by the Magistrates under whom they act, 384
The importance of choosing men of Respectability, ibid.
The absurd prejudices against Officers of Justice, 385
The Antiquity and Power of the Officers of Justice, 386
Number of them in the Metropolis, 397, 411, n.
Officers subjected to considerable risks, 400
Ought to be rewarded—vide Rewards.
Old Bailey—Its registers shew the necessity of a Prosecutor for the Crown, 21
Trials anno 1790 and 1791, eight Sessions, 394, 395, 396
Idem and Convicts 1793 and 1794, 448
Old Iron Shops, Owners for the most part, generally Receivers—(See Receivers), 10
Origin of Crimes, Traced to Alehouses—Bad education of Apprentices—Servants out of Place—Jews—Receivers—Pawnbrokers—Low Gaming-Houses—Smuggling—Prisons, Chap. XI. 310-332
—— Female Prostitution (See Prostitutes), Ch. XII. 333-345
—— Tea Gardens, 346, 347
—— Ballad Singers, 348, 349
—— State of the Poor (See Poor), Chap. XIII. 351-380
P.
Pagoda, of Arcot, counterfeited in London, 17, 184, 190
Pardons—The devices used to obtain them, 22
Granted to four-fifths of those found guilty of death, 449
Marquis Beccaria's Opinion of Pardons, 450, n.
Impositions practised to obtain them, ibid.
Conditions under which they ought to be granted, 451
The evil consequences of free Pardons, 451, 452
A tacit disapprobation of the Law, (Beccaria), 59
Parents, their Profligacy and inattention to the Education of their Children, 311, &c.
Parochial Officers in the Metropolis, 397, 398, 416
—— of little use to the Police in the Metropolis, why, 400
Parricides, their punishment by the Roman Law, 41
By the Chinese and Egyptian Laws, ibid.
Patroles and Watchmen, their number, 399
—— frequently conspire with Thieves, 106, 108
Pawnbrokers hold out many temptations to the Poor, 115
—— A proposition for regulating them, 116, 550
—— To give security for good behaviour, 116
—— The number in London and the Country, 115, n.
—— The immense amount of the Goods of the Poor at all times in their hands, 116, n.
Peace, an epoch when much danger is to be apprehended in the return of Criminals, 100, 529, 530
Peace-Officers—Safeguards of the Community, 384, 385
—— The ill effects of the absurd prejudice against them, 385
—— The number in the Metropolis, 408, 413, 414
Penitentiary Houses. Two national ones authorised, but never erected, 456, 457, 459
An Inspector of Penitentiary Houses should be appointed, (See Convicts), 460
Penny-Pieces, 40 Millions of them coined by Mr. Bolton of Birmingham, 186, n.
—— why not likely to be much counterfeited, 183, n.
Petty Larceny, how punished, 50, 51
Pewter Pots and Pewter, purchased by Dealers in Old Iron—Protected by Act 21 Geo. 3d. c. 69, 299
Piracy a capital offence, 55
Pirates on the River, their audacious conduct, (See River Plunder).
Plunder on the River, and Dock-yards (See those titles).
Police—The advantages resulting from it when well regulated, 1, 2
The insecurity from a deficient Police no where so great as in England, 3, 4
One cause for the increase of Criminals is the insufficiency of the Police, 4, 310
The specific causes of the deficiency explained, and the means of improvement, 24, 25, 26
The disjointed State of the Police one of the causes of the increase of Stolen Goods, 289
The Establishment of an active Principle strongly enforced, 307
The expences of the Police might be defrayed by itself, under an improved System, 410
No place of Industry provided by the Police for discharged Prisoners, (See Convicts), 99
Police of the Metropolis explained, 503
City and Police Magistrates now acting, their Names, 504, 505
Their Duty explained, 506, 507
Inconveniences arising from want of Funds, Robberies and Burglaries not prevented, from this among other Causes, 509, 510
Police Magistrates should have power to give small Rewards for useful Services, 510, 511
Police Magistrates necessary in all large Societies, 514
Police Magistrates have nothing to do with Politics, 517, n.
Police System approved by the Manufacturers of Spital Fields, 519, 520, n.
The great deficiency of the System for want of a Centre Point, 520
Constitutional superintendence of Police rests with the Secretary of State for the Home Department, 521, 522
The increase of State Business, and the increase of Crimes, renders a delegation of subordinate management necessary, 520
The utility and absolute necessity of such a System explained, 521, 522
The opinion of Foreigners of the Police of London, ibid.
The Police of France under the old Government, observations upon it illustrated by two Anecdotes of M. de Sartine, 524, 525, &c.
The situation of this as well as every Country in Europe makes a correct System of Police necessary, on account of the profligate Characters who will infest the Metropolis on the return of Peace, 529, 530
A Board of Police proposed as the only means of binding together a disjointed System, and of giving it that energy which the interest of the Country requires, 531
The new System of Central Police recommended by the Finance-Committee fully detailed and explained, Chap. XVIII., 535
Reasons suggested by the Committee, 535-539
The leading object the prevention of Crimes, and the raising a Revenue by Licence Duties, 540, 541
Trades proposed to be Licensed, 540, n., 549, 550
Expence of the Police of the Kingdom near £216,000, 542, 543
A Central Board of Police Revenue to be formed by the consolidation of the two Boards of Hackney Coaches, & Hawkers, &c., 542-545
The Licensing System to be extended over the Kingdom under the Controul of this Board, 545-547
Functions of the Commissioners of this Central Board of Police amply detailed under 20 heads, 547-558
Outline of the Bill proposed to be brought into Parliament for establishing this Central Board of Police, 559, &c.
Polygamy, an improved mode of punishment for, 49
Poor, their Distresses, 312, 313, n.
—— Particularly from the Lottery delusion, 151, 152
—— State of, Cap. XIII., 352-380
—— Casual, the erroneous System respecting them one great cause of the increase of Crimes, 351
Estimate of Voluntary Contributions for their Relief, £850,000 per Ann., 358
Present expence of the Casual Poor not less than £10,000 per Ann., 362, 363
This Relief ill applied, ibid.
Propriety of consolidating and superintending this Relief, 364
Poverty not an Evil if it does not degenerate into Indigence, 365, 366
The Poor divided into five Classes:
The useful and industrious, 366
Vagrant, 367
Indigent, 368
Aged and Infirm, 369
Infants, ibid.
The Statute 43 Elizabeth unexceptionable in its principle, but its execution deficient, 370, 373, 575
Proposals for a Pauper Police, to regulate Street Beggars and Casual Poor, 373-376
Expence thereof £5,230 to be defrayed by contributions from the Parishes proportioned to the sums now paid by them for Casual Relief, ibid.
Benefit of consolidating the Funds of all the Parishes in the Metropolis, 377, 378
The System should be perfected by the joint efforts of well-informed individuals, ibid.
Prisoners. An Asylum proposed for those that are discharged, to prevent their returning to evil practices for want of Work, (See Convicts), 97, 98, n., 486
—— Abstracts of the number committed and discharged in the Metropolis in the course of a year, ending Oct. 1795 (Table), 430