Alone with the Hairy Ainu / or, 3,800 miles on a pack saddle in Yezo and a cruise to the Kurile Islands.

[1] Nobori, mountain, volcano; bets, river, stream.

[2] Shirao, horse-fly; i, a suffix meaning a place.

[3] To, lake, swamp; mak, behind; oma, inside; i, a suffix meaning a place, or "a place behind which a hidden swamp is found."

[4] Yu, springs; huts, mouth of river.

[5] Horo, large; hut, huts, put, the mouth of a river.

[6] Small Japanese dinner tables.

[7] At-pets—Elm-tree river (at, elm-tree; pets, river).

[8] Nii-pak-pets—also called Nakap-pets. Nii, a wood; pak, under; na, more; kap, bark of tree.

[9] Shibe-gari-pets—Salmon-trout river.

[10] Ikan, a canal made by salmon on river-beds to lay their spawn; tai thick.

[11] Poro, large; nam, cold; bets, river.

[12] Moyoro. Moy, a bay; oro, to be in.

[13] Onnito. Onni or Onne, great, large; to, lake, swamp.

[14] Bitatannuki. Bita, to undo; tannu, long; ki, rushes, reeds.

[15] Pero or Pira, cliff; Hune, Hun, a particle indicating the existence of something at a place.

[16] Toy, earth; o, (?) i, a place; pets, river.

[17] To, lake, swamp; buts, mouth of a river. O, a meaningless prefix; puts, mouth of a river.

[18] Rev. John Batchelor, 'The Ainu of Japan,' chap. xx.

[19] U, place; par, mouth; pe, undrinkable water; nai, stream; Upar-penai, a place at the mouth of a stream of undrinkable water.

[20] Me, in front; mu, sheltered spot in a river; ro, track; puto, mouth of river; Memuro-puto, track in front of a sheltered spot at the mouth of a river.

[21] Otto, into; i, a place; nai, stream; Ottoinnai, a place in a stream.

[22] Nitumap, open trunk of a tree.

[23] Ni, wood; piri, wound; bets, river.

[24] Puro, great; ke, I; nashpa, deafening noise.

[25] Ke, I; nashpa, deafening noise.

[26] Beppo or pet put, at the mouth of a river.

[27] Nesan, a corruption of annesan.

[28] Ko, lake; shto, man. Ko is probably a corruption of the Ainu word to, a lake or a swamp, and it is used by the Japanese of Yezo for "lake," instead of the word "numa."

[29] The correct name and pronunciation is Shimushir.

[30] The opposite coast of Nippon can be seen plainly from Hakodate.

[31] The Japanese always begin their meals with sweets.

[32] Shimushir, High Island.

[33] Urup, name given to a kind of salmon.

[34] Krafto, Ainu word for Sakhalin.

[35] Poro, large; nai, stream.

[36] Sometimes also pronounced Krafto.

[37] The only attempt at animal representation is the small bear-head in chiefs' crowns.

[38] Nipesh: a kind of hemp.

[39] Kotan, village, place, site; kara, to make, build; kamui, the man, ancient, strength.

[40] Chisei, house, dwelling, hut; kara, make; also, have.

[41] Teine, wet; pokna, under; moshiri, earth, place, island.

[42] Vol. X., Part II., §6.

[43] The vowels to be pronounced as in Italian.