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An Inquiry into the Principles of Political Oeconomy (Vol. 2 of 2) / Being an essay on the science of domestic policy in free nations. In which are particularly considered population, agriculture, trade, industry, money, coin, interest, circulation, banks, exchange, public credit, and taxes cover

An Inquiry into the Principles of Political Oeconomy (Vol. 2 of 2) / Being an essay on the science of domestic policy in free nations. In which are particularly considered population, agriculture, trade, industry, money, coin, interest, circulation, banks, exchange, public credit, and taxes

Chapter 96: INDEX.
By Sir James Steuart
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Economics

About This Book

The work develops a systematic theory of domestic political economy for free states, analyzing production, population, agriculture, trade, industry, and especially money and coin. It treats gold and silver as ordinary commodities and money of account as a relative measure; explores how coinage, seigniorage, and minting costs influence prices and the bullion market; traces links between balance of trade, exchange rates, banking, circulation, public credit, and taxation; and offers practical discussion of monetary regulation, credit institutions, and fiscal arrangements to coordinate national commerce and public finance.

INDEX.

N. B. For the analysis of the subject, see the Table of Contents prefixed to each volume.
A.
  • Agriculture, the most essential requisite for population, Vol. I. p. 21. 25.
    • The extension of, how to be regulated, id. 28.
    • When it may be said to be carried to its utmost extent, id. 82.
    • The difference between, when exercised as a trade, and when as the direct means of subsistence, id. 88.
    • Remarks on the state of, in Spain, id. 89.
    • In Germany, id.. 91.
    • In England and France, id. 102.
    • In Scotland, id. 103.
    • Whether the efficient cause of the multiplication of mankind, or their multiplication of agriculture, id. 114.
    • What species of, most advantageous to modern society, id. 127.
    • The natural distribution of, id. 139.
  • Agio of the bank of Amsterdam, explained, II. 296.
  • Aides in the French taxes, explained, II. 502. n.
  • America, the alterations in the modes of government in Europe, occasioned by the discovery of, I. 10. 51.
  • Amsterdam, remarks relative to the bank of, II. 56.
    • Original intention of the bank there, id. 292.
    • Principles of circulation through it, id. 298.
    • Its credit compared with the bank of England, id. 308.
    • Dangers to which it is liable, id. ib.
  • Animal food, detrimental to population, I. 117.
  • Animals, their numbers in all countries proportioned to the quantity of food produced for them, I. 18.
    • This proposition illustrated in mankind, id. 19. 113.
  • Anne, Queen, state of the revenue of England at her accession, II. 381.
  • Antients, their simplicity of manners, how compatible with a great multiplication, I. 152.
  • Arbitrary power, its influence on trade, I. 244.
  • Army, regular, the necessity of, in an industrious state, argued, I. 136.
  • Army, how to raise a supply of men for, without having recourse to the hiring foreign troops, I. 450.
  • Athenians, Xenophon’s plan for the proper employment of, I. 460.
  • Athens, surprizing quick reduction of its wealth, I. 438.
B.
  • Balance between nations, the nature of, in a commercial view, explained, II. 334.
    • Hints for the payment of, without the intervention of coin or bullion, id. 344.
  • Balance of power, the nature of, inquired into, I. 448.
  • Balance of trade, what, II. 21.
    • Reflections relating to, I. 416.
    • Whether any judgment can be formed concerning it, barely from the quantity of specie found in a nation, I. 429.
    • Whether the state of specie furnishes any rule to judge of it, id. 435.
    • A wrong one raises the price of bullion to the value of coin, II. 5.
    • Between England and France, the state of, how to be discovered, id. 18.
    • How the payment of a wrong one affects circulation, id. 169.
  • Bank, whether landed men might not as well issue their own notes on their landed security, as apply there, II. 131.
  • Banks, the two general classes of, II. 146.
    • Of circulation, what, id. 150.
    • How a good one may be obliged to stop payment, id. 152.
    • On what the solidity of it depends, id. 153.
    • On what kind of credit such banks ought to issue their notes, id. ib.
    • How their obligation to pay in coin arose, and the consequences of that obligation, id. 157.
    • How affected by a wrong balance of trade, id. 161.
    • How a grand balance may be paid by, without the assistance of coin, id. 162.
    • How hurt by leaving the payment of a wrong balance to exchangers, id. 165.
    • Upon what principles they ought to borrow abroad, and give credit at home, id. 178.
    • Of Edinburgh, hints for the advantage of, id. 187.
    • How they may be enabled to discharge notes on demand, id. 200, 213.
    • Subaltern, and their competition with each other, II. 202.
    • National, necessary regulations for, proposed, II. 205.
    • When, and in what case, they shall be obliged to keep open books, id. 208.
    • Whether it is their interest to grant credit and cash accounts to exchangers and others, and to make a trade of sending the coin out of the country, id. 211.
    • How by the return of a favourable balance, the debts of foreigners may be paid off, and the nation delivered from that burden, id. 218.
    • Dangerous to an idle nation, id. 232.
    • Of the first establishment of that of Mr. Law, id. 235.
    • The Royal Missisippi, id. 243.
  • Bank of Amsterdam, original intention of, II. 292.
    • The principle of its circulation of coin explained, id. 298.
  • Bank of England, the interest of, examined, I. 629.
    • State of, II. 158.
    • Its situation in the year 1745, id. 176.
    • Its principal operations traced, id. 220.
    • Its circulation with the exchequer explained, II. 225.
    • Hints for the advantage of, proposed, id. 229.
    • How the paper of, tends to supply circulation, id. 233.
    • Its credit compared with that of the bank of Amsterdam, id. 308.
  • Banks of deposit and transfer, II. 291.
  • Bank notes, the nature of, explained, II. 151.
    • Of the optional clauses contained in, id. 195.
  • Bankers and exchangers, subaltern ones, the use of, II. 154.
  • Banking, that branch of credit best deserving the attention of a statesman, II. 149.
    • The nature of, in Scotland, id. 155.
  • Bankruptcies, national, how occasioned, II. 456.
    • The natural consequences of, traced, id. 457.
    • As supposed to take place by a concerted act of power, id. 458.
    • The supposition of a nation becoming bankrupt to itself inconsistent, id. 462.
  • Barter, the first species of trade, I. 175.
  • Beer, remarks on the late additional duty on, II. 512.
  • Belloni, Mr. mistakes of, pointed out, with respect to estimating the exportation of commodities of a particular country, by the quantity of money found in it, I. 430.
  • Bills of mortality, plan for the improvement of, I. 72.
  • Birmingham, no silver coin counterfeited there, II. 99. note.
  • Brakenridge, Dr. his account of the state of population in Great Britain, I. 95.
    • Remarks on, id. 97.
  • Bread, the price of, how limited in the greatest famine, I. 397.
  • Britain, Great, remarks on the state of population in, I. 95.
    • By what means her credit is supported, II. 107.
    • Short state of its present taxes, debts, and funds, id. 398.
    • Compared with those of France, id. 438.
  • Bullion, how the price of, is regulated, I. 564. II. 20.
    • Why dearer in England than in France, id. 14.
    • The advantages of this to France, id. ib. Brought to the mint, when trade is favourable, id. 35.
    • The causes of its rise and fall in the English market explained, II. 332.
  • Buyers and sellers, the interest of, examined, I. 628.
C.
  • Canada, the principles of the European trade to, inquired into, I. 186.
  • Cantillon, Mr. his remark on the course of exchange between London and Paris, II. 17.
  • Capet, Hugh, the nature of his jurisdiction compared with that of a king of Poland, I. 240.
  • Charity, modern, shewn to be impolitic, I. 467.
  • Child, remarks on that position of his, that the legislature can keep down the rate of interest to the level most advantageous for trade, II. 122.
  • Circulation, in a political sense, explained, I. 374.
    • Illustrated by a party at quadrille, id. 375.
    • How to be excited, id. 378.
    • Illustrated, id. 381.
    • When it should be checked, id. 384.
    • Foreign and domestic, to be distinguished, id. 389.
    • How affected by the payment of a wrong balance of trade, II. 170.
    • Comparative inquiry into the state of, among the ancients and moderns, II. 558.
  • Cities, the growth of, accounted for, I. 48.
    • Described as under a feudal government, id. 51.
    • In what respects advantageous to a country, id. 55.
    • See Corporations.
  • Classes of mankind, the advantages of calculations and bills of mortality distinguishing them, I. 72.
  • Coin, new regulations for, proposed, I. 634.
    • The term defined, II. 46.
    • What the best form to be given to it, id. 67.
    • Difference between, and medals, id. 67.
    • Gold, silver, and copper, remarks on, id. 68.
    • Never found to exceed the uses of circulation, id. 112.
    • How the obligation of banks to pay in, arose, and the consequences of that obligation, id. 157.
    • French, account of its variation about the time of the death of Louis XIV. id. 236.
    • See Money.
  • Coinage, duty on, II. 2.
    • Its first introduction must reduce the prices of commodities, id. 3.
    • Consequences of the exclusive privilege of, id. 4.
    • The price of, in France, id. 17.
    • How the paying for, affects the profits on goods exported, id. 26.
    • How it affects the profits on goods imported, id. 28.
    • How it influences the prices of inland commodities, II. 33.
    • Experiment in, proposed, id. 39.
    • How the imposition of, will affect the creditors of Great Britain, id. 53.
    • How it advances the credit of France, id. 54.
    • Whether the imposition of, in England, would not frequently stop the mint, id. 57.
    • When adviseable to impose a duty on, id. 29.
    • How imposed, id. 30.
    • By authority, id. 31.
    • By consent, id. ib.
    • The consequences, id. ib. id. 34.
  • Colbert, Mr. remarks on, I. 67.
  • Commerce, an examination of the various principles by which it is regulated, I. 191.
  • Commodities, in trade, what considerations enter into the fixing prices on them, I. 182.
    • Consumable, distinguished from permanent property, id. 361.
    • By what the prices of them are regulated, id. 528.
  • Companies, mercantile, an inquiry into the advantages and disadvantages of, I. 471.
  • Competition, its effect on trade, I. 196.
    • Three questions relative to, id. 200.
    • Among nations, its operation, id. 232.
    • Among workmen, the nature of, examined, id. 317.
  • Conquerors, why the government of, heavy to be borne, I. 10.
  • Consumers and producers, their relation to each other, and the political balance between, considered, I. 264.
  • Consumption of productions of the earth, the question whether a frugal or prodigal one, be for the advantage of population, argued, I. 141.
  • Corn, difference between the price of it being lowered by plenty, and by importation, I. 292.
    • Expedient proposed to assist a people during a scarcity of, id. 294.
  • Corn trade, general reflexions on, I. 214.
    • On exportation and importation of, id. 230.
  • Corporations, reflexions on, I. 331.
    • Whether checks upon industry, id. 332.
    • Regulations of German ones, id. 333.
  • Corsicans, the real state of their contest with Genoa, I. 419.
  • Corvée, in the French revenue, what, II. 485. n.
  • Country, the love of, in individuals, how to be understood, I. 164.
  • Courage, where likely and where unlikely to be found, I. 452.
  • Credit, a definition of, II. 105.
    • Why seldom found perfectly solid, under a pure monarchy, id. 106.
    • Why that of France is so fluctuating, id. 106.
    • Why that of Great Britain so well established, id. 107.
    • Not yet fixed upon true principles, id. 130.
    • The various kinds of, id. 141.
    • Their characteristic differences, id. 143.
    • The nature of, examined into, I. 365.
    • Its commercial advantages, id. 366.
    • Public, how the internal balance of wealth is affected by it, id. 370.
  • Credit, public, brief sketch of the birth and progress of, I. 208.
    • The utmost extent of, how to be determined, II. 463.
    • The rise and fall of, explained, id. 351.
    • Of anticipations, or borrowing money upon assignments of taxes, for the discharge of principal and interest, id. 354.
    • Of France, state of, before the death of Louis XIV. id. 367.
    • A comparison between that of France and England, in the times of Richlieu and Davenant, id. 377.
    • Of Great Britain, the present state of, id. 380.
  • Credit, private, the subdivisions of, II. 144.
    • How to carry, to its greatest extent, id. 145.
  • Credit, debts and taxes, consequences of the change produced in the policy of industrious trading states, by the establishment of, II. 441.
  • Creditors, the interest of, always the predominant, and what determines the interest of a nation, I. 611.
    • Public, the interest of, examined, id. 625.
  • Cumulative tax, the term defined, II. 500.
  • Crop, plentiful, of Grain in England, inquiry what proportion it bears to the annual consumption, I. 109.
    • Difference between a reputed good and bad one, id. 112.
D.
  • Davenant, Dr. his correction of Sir William Petty’s computations, I. 42.
    • His scheme for land and poll taxes to raise the government supplies, inquiry into the expediency of, II. 362.
    • His reasons for recommending the farming of taxes, id. 581.
  • Debts, public, the various consequences of, II. 348.
    • The methods of contracting and paying off, id. 465.
    • The two classes of, id. 473.
    • The consequence which would result from an immediate discharge of them, id. 474.
    • Of England, at the peace of Ryswick, what, id. 360.
    • Progress of, traced, id. 381.
  • Demand, a definition of that word, in a commercial view, I. 172.
    • High, and great, distinguished, id. 188.
    • Distinguished from competition, id. 197, 487.
    • The different acceptations of that word enumerated, id. 484.
  • Demand and work, an inquiry into the causes which influence an alteration of the balance between, I. 217.
    • The duty of a statesman to assist and permit gentle vibrations between, id. 229.
  • Democracy, how it differs from monarchy, I. 242.
    • How they affect trade respectively, id. 243.
  • Dependance, in society, three kinds of, distinguished, I. 238.
    • On courts, the principles on which it subsists, analized, id. 357.
  • Depopulation, the most effectual causes of, I. 108.
  • Desertion, among soldiers, the cause of, pointed out, I. 136.
  • Diseases, political, certain sign of, I. 69.
  • Dissipation, the benefits of, to industry, I. 367.
  • Ducats, examination of the new regulation of, in Holland, I. 612.
  • Dutot, M. his sentiments on paper credit with reference to the affairs of France, II. 241, 245.
E.
  • Edinburgh, hints for the improvement of the banks there, II. 187.
  • England, the idleness and luxury of manufacturers, of more prejudice to its foreign trade, than the high taxes, II. 504.
  • England or France, which the most populous, I. 102.
  • Equality of possessions in a state, the consequences of, examined into, I. 367.
  • Estate, the difference between one near the metropolis, and one in a remote province, I. 55.
  • Evil, no such thing in the universe, I. 482. n.
  • Europe, the great revolution in the political system of, and the cause to which it is owing, I. 10.
  • Excess, import of that term, I. 308.
    • Distinguished from sensuality and luxury, id. 311.
  • Exchange, the best measure for valuing currency, I. 570.
    • How the course of it is regulated, II. 13, 21.
    • Whether the loss which the course of it marks on the trade of Great Britain with France, be real or apparent, id. 25.
    • The first principles of, id. 310.
    • The difficulties which occur in paying balances, id. 315.
    • How these payments are effected, id. 332.
    • The operations of, between London and Paris, id. 335.
  • Exchequer, its circulation with the bank, explained, II. 225.
  • Excise, the accounts of, how settled between the exchequer and the bank, II. 226.
    • When it first took place, id. 362.
    • Its effects at that time, id. ib. In what the oppression of levying consists, id. 511.
    • Defect of, and the ill effects arising, id. 512.
    • Hints for remedying, id. 515.
  • Expence, the word defined, and the senses in which it is used, distinguished, I. 205.
  • Exportation, the proper means of encouraging, I. 283.
    • Reflections on premiums for, id. 297.
    • What the most profitable branches of, id. 341.
    • The proper conduct when that of a nation is reduced to the articles of natural produce, id. 343.
    • Why those manufacturers who work for, the poorest of those in a state, II. 10.
    • Theory of the prices on articles of, id. 11.