- Absorption, 13, 22-28
- Aceraceæ, 497
- Acorn, 451
- Acorus, 493
- Æcidiomycetes, 218
- Æcidiospore, 189
- Æsculus hippocastanum, 498
- Agaricaceæ, 199, 219
- Agaricus arvensis, 206
- Agaricus campestris, 200-207
- Akene, 451
- Albumen, 98
- Albuminous, 98, 108
- Alder, 495
- Algæ, 136-176
- Algæ, absorption by, 22
- Alismaceæ, 493
- Alpine formation, 474
- Alpine plant societies, 483
- Amanita phalloides, 207, 208
- Amaranth, 495
- Amaryllidaceæ, 494
- Aments, 429
- American mistletoe, 495
- Ampelopsis, 498
- Ancylistales, 215
- Andreales, 249
- Andrœcium, 319, 419
- Anemophilous, 435
- Angiosperms, morphology of, 318-348;
- classification, 487
- Antheridiophore, 227
- Antheridium, 144, 149, 155, 176, 223, 228,
- 240, 245, 246, 266, 287, 433
- Anthesis, 429
- Anthoceros, 240, 241
- Anthocerotales, 242
- Anthocerotes, 242
- Apogamy, 346
- Apogeotropic (ap″o-ge″o-trop´ic), 126
- Apogeotropism (ap″o-ge-ot′ro-pism), 126
- Apple, 456, 497
- Apple family, 497
- Aquatic formations, 475
- Aquatic plant societies, 486
- Araceæ, 493
- Archegonia (ar-che-go′ni-a), 223, 229, 233, 241, 244-246,
- 267, 288, 291, 307, 308
- Archegoniophore, 229
- Archegonium, 433
- Archesporium (ar″che-spo´ri-um), 235
- Archidiales, 249
- Arctic formation, 481
- Aril, 457
- Arisæma, 493
- Arisæma triphyllum, 442, 443
- Aristolochiales, 495
- Arrow leaf, 492
- Arum family, 493
- Asclepias, 500
- Asclepias cornuti, 462
- Ascomycetes (as-co-my-ce′tes), 195-198, 216-218
- Ascus, 190, 213
- Ash of plants, 79, 80
- Ash tree, 500
- Aspidium acrostichoides, 253, 257
- Assimilation, 67, 109
- Aster, 502
- Atriplex, 495
- Auriculariales, 218
- Autotrophic plants, 85
- Azalea, 499
- Azolla, 296
- Bacteria, 164, 165
- Bacteria, nitrite and nitrate, 83
- Bacteriales, 164, 165
- Bacteroid, 93
- Bangiales, 175
- Basidiomycetes (ba-sid″i-o-my-ce′tes), 199-208, 218
- Basidium, 201, 213
- Bast, 50-52
- Batrachospermum, 171-173, 175
- Bazzania, 25
- Beard-grasses, 480
- Bedstraws, 501
- Beechnut, 452
- Beet, osmose in, 15, 16, 17, 18
- Begonia, 407
- Bellflower, 501
- Berry, 454, 455, 456
- Betulaceæ, 495
- Bicuculla, 496
- Bidens, 458
- Bignonia, 501
- Bilberries, 500
- Biotic factors, 466
- Birch, 495
- Bird’s-nest fungi, 220
- Blackberry, 454
- Black fungi, 198
- Bladderwort, 501
- Blasia, 164, 236
- Bloodroot, 496
- Bluets, 436, 437, 501
- Boletus, 209
- Boletus edulis, 209
- Boraginaceæ, 500
- Botrychium, 295
- Botrydiaceæ, 162
- Botrydium granulatum, 146, 162
- Broom-sedge, 480
- Brown algæ, 167-170
- Bryales, 349
- Buckeye family, 498
- Buckthorn, 498
- Buckwheat, 495
- Buds, winter condition of, 374-377
- Buffalo-grass, 480
- Bug seed, 495
- Bulb, 372
- Bunch-grasses, 480
- Butternut, 452, 494
- Buttonbush, 501
- Buttonwood, 497
- Cacti, 395, 498
- Callithamnion, 173
- Calyptrogen, 361
- Cambium, 50, 52, 358, 363
- Campanula rotundifolia, 442, 444, 510
- Campanulales, 501
- Canna, 445-449, 494
- Capsella bursa-pastoris, 496
- Capsule, 453
- Carbohydrate, 71, 75, 80, 90
- Carbon dioxide, 62-67, 110-113
- Cardinal-flower, 501
- Carpogonium, 172, 176
- Carrot family, 499
- Caryophyllaceæ, 496
- Caryopsis, 451
- Cassia marilandica, 402
- Cassiope, 395
- Castalia odorata, 496
- Castor-oil plant, 497
- Catalpa, 501
- Catkin, 428
- Cattail-flag, 492
- Caulidium, 371
- Cedar apples, 194
- Cell, 3;
- artificial 20
- Cell-sap, 3, 40
- Ceratopteris thalictroides, 296
- Chætophora, 151, 162
- Chætophoraceæ, 162
- Chara, 176
- Charales, 176
- Chemical condition of soil, 466
- Chemosynthetic assimilation, 109
- Chenopodiales, 495
- Chenopods, 495
- Chestnut, 452, 494
- Chicory family, 502
- Chlamydomonas, 159, 160
- Chlamydospores, 180
- Chloral hydrate, 65, 87
- Chlorophyceæ, 158
- Chlorophyll, 2, 67, 72
- Chloroplast, 68, 69, 71
- Christmas fern, 251-253
- Chromoplast, 71
- Chromosomes, 342-345
- Chroococcaceæe, 163
- Chrysanthemum, 502
- Chytridiales, 215
- Cichoriaceæ, 502
- Cichorium intybus, 502
- Clavaria botrytes, 212
- Clavariaceæ, 210, 219
- Claytonia virginica, 496
- Cleistogamous, 435
- Clematis virginiana, 462, 463, 496
- Climatic factors, 466
- Climatic formations, 470
- Clostridium pasteurianum, 93
- Clover, 497
- Club mosses, 284, 289
- Coccogonales, 163
- Cocklebur, 502
- Cold wastes, 474
- Coleochætaceæ, 162
- Coleochæte, 153-156, 226
- Collenchyma, 356, 363
- Comandra, 495
- Compass plants, 409
- Compositæ, 502
- Comptonia asplenifolia, 494
- Cone-fruit, 456
- Confervoideæ, 162
- Coniferæ, 316
- Conjugation, 137, 141, 160, 162, 179
- Convallariaceæ, 494
- Cooperia, 494
- Cordyceps, 218
- Coreopsis, 502
- Cork, 357, 363
- Corm, 373
- Cortex, 50
- Corymb, 427
- Cotyledon, 99-101
- Cranberry, 500
- Cratægus, 497
- Crowfoot family, 496
- Cruciferæ, 496
- Cryptonemiales, 175
- Cucurbitaceæ, 501
- Culture formations, 470, 475
- Cultures, water, 28, 29
- Cup fungi, 199
- Cupuliferæ, 495
- Cuscuta, 83, 500
- Cushion type of vegetation, 483
- Cuticle, 43
- Cyanophyceæ, 163
- Cyatheaceæ, 295
- Cycadales, 316
- Cycas, 311, 312, 457
- Cyclosis, 9, 10
- Cyclosporales, 171
- Cyme, 430, 432
- Cyperaceæ, 493
- Cypripedium, 443, 447, 494
- Cystocarp, 174
- Cystopteris bulbifera, 260
- Cystopus, 215
- Cytase, 92, 108
- Cytisus, 445
- Cytoplasm (cy′to-plasm), 5
- Dacryomycetales, 219
- Dahlia, 108
- Dandelion, 502
- Dasiphora fruticosa, 497
- Daucus carota, 499
- Dehiscence, 453
- Dentaria, 322-324
- Dentaria diphylla, 496
- Dermatogen, 359
- Desert formation, 473
- Desert societies, 480
- Desmodium, 458
- Desmodium gyrans, 399
- Diadelphous (di″a-del′phous), 425
- Diageotropism (di″a-ge-ot′ro-pism), 126
- Diaheliotropic (di″a-he″li-o-trop′ic), 127
- Diaheliotropism (di″a-he″li-ot′ro-pism), 127
- Diastase, 77, 78, 108, 116
- Diatoms, 166
- Dichogamous (di-chog′a-mous), 437, 442
- Dicentra, 496
- Dicotyledons, 494
- Dictyophora, 219
- Diffusion, 13-20
- Digestion, 107, 108, 109
- Dimorphism of ferns, 273-280
- Diœcious, 435
- Dionæa muscipula, 133
- Dipodascus, 216
- Dipsacus, 501
- Discomycetes, 217
- Dodder, 83, 84, 500
- Dogwood, 499
- Dothidiales, 218
- Downy mildews, 185
- Drosera rotundifolia, 133, 496
- Drupaceæ, 497
- Drupe, 454
- Duckweeds, 26, 28
- Dudresnaya, 175
- Dunes, 484
- Ebenales, 500
- Ecological factors, 464
- Ecology (sometimes written œcology), 464
- Ectocarpus, 167
- Edaphic formations, 475
- Elaphomyces, 217, 218
- Elder, 501
- Elm family, 495
- Elodea, 61-63
- Embryo of ferns, 269-272
- Embryo sac, 326-328
- Empusa, 215
- Endocarp, 450
- Endomyces, 216
- Endosperm, 103, 105, 107, 306, 309;
- nucleus, 327, 329-334
- Entomophthorales, 215
- Enzyme, 92, 98, 116, 117
- Epidermal system, 358
- Epidermis, 358, 359, 363
- Epigæa repens, 499
- Epigynous, 425
- Epilobium, 498
- Epinastic (ep-i-nas′tic), 129
- Epinasty (ep′i-nas-ty), 129
- Epipactis, 444, 447
- Epiphegus, 84
- Epiphytes, 416
- Equisetales, 296
- Equisetineæ, 296
- Equisetum, 280-283
- Ericaceæ, 499
- Ericales, 499
- Erythronium, 493
- Etiolated plants (e′ti-o-la″ted), 68
- Euascomycetes, 217
- Eubasidiomycetes, 219
- Eupatorium, 403, 502
- Euphorbiaceæ, 497
- Eurotium oryzæ, 78
- Evening primrose family, 498
- Exalbuminous, 108
- Exoascus, 217
- Exobasidiales, 219
- Exocarp, 450
- Fagales, 494
- Fehling’s solution, 75, 76
- Ferment, 98, 108, 116
- Ferns, 251-279, 292, 457;
- classification of, 295
- Fertilization, 307, 308, 328, 329, 140, 145,
- 169, 172, 174, 197, 421
- Fibrovascular bundles, 49-54
- Figwort family, 501
- Filicales, 295
- Filicineæ, 295
- Fittonia, 404
- Flagellates, 83, 165
- Flax, 497
- Flower cluster, 419
- Flower, form of, 422;
- parts of, 419;
- union of parts, 424
- Flowers, arrangements of, 426;
- kinds of, 421
- Follicle, 453
- Forest, formations 471;
- societies, 477
- Forests, relation to rainfall, 479
- Fresh-water societies, 486
- Frond, 352
- Fruit, 450-457;
- parts of, 450
- Frullania, 25, 236
- Fucus, 168-170
- Fungi, absorption by, 22;
- classification of, 213-222;
- nutrition of, 86-90;
- respiration in, 115
- Gametangium (gam″et-an′gi-um), 140
- Gamete (gam′ete), 138, 139
- Gametophore (gam′et-o-phore), 230, 248
- Gametophyte (gam′et-o-phyte), 225, 226, 244, 245, 250, 262, 270,
- 283, 292, 294, 305, 314, 317,
- 336-339, 340-348, 434
- Gamopetalous (gam″o-pet′a-lous), 424
- Gamosepalous (gam-o-sep′a-lous), 424
- Gas in plants, 60-64
- Gasteromycetes, 219
- Gemmæ, 179, 235
- General formations, 470
- Gentian, 500
- Geotropism (ge-ot′ro-pism), 125-127, 410
- Geraniaceæ, 497
- Geraniales, 497
- Geranium family, 497
- Germ, 459
- Gigartinales, 175
- Gingko, 313-315, 457
- Gingkoales, 316
- Ginseng, 499
- Glasswort, 495
- Gleicheniaceæ, 295
- Glucose, 108. See sugar.
- Gnetales, 316
- Gonidia, 118, 143, 172, 174, 178-184
- Gonidiangium (go″nid-an′gi-um), 178
- Gonidium, 213
- Gooseberry, 496
- Goosefoot family, 495
- Gracilaria, 173, 174, 175
- Graminales, 492
- Gramineæ, 492
- Grape, 498
- Grass family, 492
- Grassland formation, 471
- Green algæ, 158
- Growth, 118-124, 380
- Gulfweed, 170
- Gymnosperms, 311, 456
- Gymnosporangium, 194
- Gynœcium, 320, 419, 451, 452
- Gyrocephalus, 219
- Halophytes, 468
- Harpochytrium, 214, 215
- Haustorium, 87, 88
- Hawkweed, 502
- Hawthorn, 497
- Hazelnut, 452, 495
- Head, 428
- Heart-leaf, 495
- Heath family, 499
- Heliotrope, 500
- Heliotropism (he-li-ot′ro-pism), 127-131, 133, 397
- Helvellales, 217
- Hemiascomycetes, 216
- Hemibasidiomycetes, 218
- Hepaticæ, 242
- Heterospory (het″er-os′po-ry), 434
- Heterothallic, 180
- Heterotrophic plants, 85
- Hickory, 494
- Hickory-nut, 452
- Hilum, 101, 102
- Hippocastanaceæ, 498
- Holdfasts, 418
- Hollyhock, 498
- Homothallic, 180
- Honeysuckle, 501
- Hormogonales, 163
- Horse-chestnut, 498
- Horsetails, 280-283
- Houstonia cœrulea, 437
- Huckleberry, 499
- Humus saprophytes, 85, 91
- Hybridization, 338
- Hydnaceæ, 210, 219
- Hydnum coralloides, 210
- Hydnum repandum, 211
- Hydrocarbon, 75
- Hydrodictyaceæ, 161
- Hydrophytes, 468
- Hydropterales, 295
- Hydrotropism (hy-drot′ro′pism), 133, 134, 412
- Hygrophytes, 468
- Hymeniales, 219
- Hymenogastrales, 219
- Hymenomycetes, 219
- Hymenomycetineæ, 219
- Hymenophyllaceæ, 295
- Hypericum, 498
- Hypocotyl (hy′po-co″tyl), 101
- Hypocreales, 217
- Hypogenous, 425
- Hyponastic (hy-po-nas′tic), 129
- Hyponasty (hy′po-nas-ty), 129
- Hysteriales, 217
- Impatiens, 498
- Impatiens fulva, 460
- Indian-pipe, 499
- Indian turnip, 493
- Indusium, 252
- Inflorescence, 426
- Insectivorous plants, 133, 496
- Integument, 304
- Intramolecular respiration, 113, 114
- Inulase, 108
- Inulin, 108, 417
- Iodine, 65
- Ipomœa, 500
- Iridaceæ, 493
- Iris, 493
- Irritability, 125-135
- Isoetales, 296
- Isoetes, 289-291, 292
- Isoetineæ, 296
- Ivy, 498
- Jack-in-the-pulpit, 373
- Jewelweed, 498
- Juglandales, 494
- June-berry, 497
- Jungermanniales, 242
- Kalmia latifolia, 444
- Karyokinesis, 341-344
- Kelps, 168
- Kingdom, 492
- Labiatæ, 423, 501
- Laboulbeniales, 218
- Labrador tea, 499
- Lactuca canadensis, 460
- Lactuca scariola, 409, 460, 461
- Lagenidium, 214, 215
- Laminaria, 168, 169
- Lamium, 424, 501
- Larch, 367
- Laurel, 499
- Leaf patterns, 404
- Leathesia difformis, 168
- Leaves, form and arrangement, 383-391;
- function of, 387;
- protective modifications of, 392;
- protective positions, 395;
- reduction of surface, 394;
- relation to light, 397;
- structure of, 40-43, 131, 391, 393
- Legumes, 92, 93, 453
- Leguminosæ (= Papilionaceæ), 396, 399
- Leitneria floridana, 494
- Leitneriales, 494
- Lemanea, 171, 173, 175, 492
- Lemna, 418
- Lemna trisulca, 26, 27
- Lenticel, 357, 358
- Lepiota naucina, 208
- Lettuce, 502
- Leucoplast, 71
- Lichens, 86, 93-95, 220, 221
- Light, 465
- Liliaceæ, 490, 493
- Liliales, 490, 493
- Lilium, 489-493
- Linaria vulgaris, 501
- Linden, 498
- Linum vulgaris, 497
- Lipase, 108
- Liquidambar, 496
- Liriodendron, 496
- Live-forever, 394
- Liverworts, 222-239;
- absorption by, 23-25;
- classification of, 242
- Lobelia, 501
- Lupinus perennis, 353
- Lycoperdales, 220
- Lycopodiaceæ, 296
- Lycopodiales, 296
- Lycopodiineæ, 296
- Lycopodium, 284-286
- Macrosporangium, 94, 302, 304, 311, 312, 321
- Macrospore, 287, 290, 326-328, 434
- Magnolia, 496
- Mallow family, 498
- Malvales, 498
- Maple family, 497
- Marchantia, 24, 226-236
- Marchantiales, 242
- Marine plant societies, 486
- Marratiales, 295
- Marsilia, 370
- Marsiliaceæ, 296
- Matoniaceæ, 295
- Medicago denticulata, 92
- Medulla, 50
- Members of the flower, 335
- Members of the plant, 349-353
- Meristem, 359
- Mesocarp, 450
- Mesophytes, 467
- Microsporangia, 294, 299
- Microspore, 287, 290, 299, 312, 435
- Microsporophylls, 299, 320, 420
- Milkweed family, 500
- Mimosa, 132, 396
- Mimulus, 501
- Mint family, 501
- Mistletoe, 84, 495
- Mitchella, 501
- Mixotrophic plants, 85
- Mnium, 243-246
- Molds, nutrition of, 86-90
- Molds, water, 181
- Monadelphous, 424
- Monoblepharidales, 215
- Monoblepharis, 215
- Monocotyledons, 490, 492
- Monœcious, 435
- Monotropa uniflora, 499
- Morchella, 198, 199
- Morel, 198, 199
- Morning-glories, 500
- Mosaics, 405
- Mosses, 243-248, 457;
- absorption by, 25;
- classification of, 248
- Mucor, 6, 7, 15, 118, 119, 177-180, 215
- Mucorales, 215
- Mulberry, 495
- Mullein, 366, 394, 501
- Mushrooms, 199-208
- Mustard family, 496
- Mutation, 338
- Mutualism, 95
- Mycelium, 6, 86-90
- Mycetozoa, 213, 214
- Mycorhiza, 86, 91, 92, 217
- Myosotis, 500
- Myrica cerifera, 494
- Myrica gale, 494
- Myricales, 494
- Myriophyllum, 403
- Myrtales, 498
- Myxobacteriales, 165
- Myxomycetes, 83, 213, 214
- Naiadaceæ, 492
- Naiadales, 492
- Naias, 492
- Nemalion, 171, 172, 175
- Nemalionales, 175
- Nettle, 495
- Nicotiana, 501
- Nidulariales, 220
- Nitella, 8, 9, 176
- Nitrobacter, 83
- Nitrogen, 92, 93
- Nitromonas, 83
- Nostocaceæ, 164
- Nucellus, 304
- Nucleus, 3, 4;
- morphology of, 340-345
- Nuphar advena, 496
- Nutation, 123, 124
- Nymphæa odorata, 496
- Oak, 495
- Oak family, 495
- Œdogoniaceæ, 162
- Œdogonium, 147-151, 350
- Œnothera biennis, 498
- Œnothera gigas, 338
- Œnothera lamarkiana, 338
- Olpidium, 214, 215
- Onagar biennis, 498
- Onagraceæ, 498
- Onoclea sensibilis, 254, 273-278
- Oogonium, 144, 150, 155
- Oomycetes, 214, 215
- Ophioglossales, 295
- Ophioglossum, 295
- Opuntiales, 498
- Orchidaceæ, 494
- Orchidales, 494
- Orchids, 442
- Oscillatoriaceæ, 163
- Osmosis, 13-20
- Osmundaceæ, 295
- Ostrich fern, 279
- Ovule, 302, 321, 334, 421
- Oxalis, 497
- Oxycoccus, 500
- Oxydendrum arboreum, 501
- Oxygen, 63, 110-113
- Palisade cells, 41, 43
- Palmaceæ, 493
- Palmales, 493
- Palms, 408
- Pandanales, 492
- Pandanus, 492
- Pandorina, 160, 350
- Panicle, 427
- Papaverales, 496
- Papilionaceæ, 423, 497
- Parasites, 83, 84, 86
- Parasitic fungi, nutrition of, 86-90
- Parenchyma, 50, 356, 363
- Parietales, 498
- Parkeriaceæ, 296
- Parmelia, 96
- Parthenogenesis, 184
- Partridge-berry, 501
- Pea, 497
- Pea family, 497
- Pear, 456
- Pediastrum, 161
- Pellia, 164
- Pellonia, 405
- Peltigera, 94, 95
- Pepo, 456
- Pericycle, 360
- Peridineæ, 166
- Perigynous, 425
- Perisperm, 331, 332
- Perisporiales, 217
- Peronospora, 183, 215
- Peronosporales, 215
- Persimmon, 500
- Pezizales, 217
- Phacidiales, 217
- Phæophyceæ, 167
- Phæosporales, 171
- Phallales, 219
- Phloem, 50-52, 360, 361, 363
- Phlox family, 500
- Phoradendron flavescens, 495
- Photosynthesis, 67, 68, 70, 117
- Phycomycetes (Phy″co-my-ce′tes), 214, 215
- Phyllidium, 371
- Phylloclades, 373, 395
- Phyllotaxy, 375, 384
- Physical condition of soil, 465
- Physical factors, 465
- Phytolaccaceæ, 495
- Phytomyxa leguminosarum, 92
- Phytophthora, 182, 184, 215
- Pickerel-weed, 493
- Pilularia, 296
- Pinales, 216
- Pine, white, 297-310
- Piperales, 494
- Pitcher-plant, 496
- Pith, 50
- Plant food, sources of, 81
- Plant formations, 496
- Plant substance, analysis of, 79, 80
- Plantaginales, 501
- Plantago, 501
- Plasmolysis (plas-mol′y-sis), 19
- Plasmopara, 183, 215
- Plectascales, 217
- Plectobasidiales, 220
- Pleurococcaceæ, 161
- Pleurococcus, 161
- Plum family, 497
- Plumule, 99
- Podostemon, 496
- Poison-hemlock, 499
- Poison-ivy, 497
- Poison-oak, 497
- Poisonous mushrooms, 207, 208
- Poison-sumac, 497
- Pokeweed, 495
- Polemoneales, 500
- Pollen grain, 299, 305
- Pollination, 303, 304, 420, 430, 433-449
- Pollinium, 420
- Polygonales, 495
- Polygonum, 495
- Polypodiaceæ, 296
- Polyporaceæ, 209, 219
- Polyporus, 209, 210
- Polyporus mollis, 92
- Polyporus sulphureus, 209
- Pomaceæ, 497
- Pondweeds, 492
- Poppy, 496
- Porella, 237
- Portulaca, 495
- Potamogeton, 492
- Potato, 501
- Powdery mildews, 195-198, 217
- Primrose, 498, 500
- Primula, 438
- Primulales, 500
- Procarp, 172, 174, 175
- Progeotropism (pro″ge-ot′ro-pism), 126
- Promycelium (pro″my-ce′li-um), 192
- Proterandrous, 441, 442
- Proterandry, 444
- Proterogenous, 441, 442
- Proterogeny, 440
- Prothallium, 265, 287, 288, 291, 292, 304, 305,
- 311, 325, 328, 335, 433, 434
- Protoascales, 216
- Protoascomycetes, 216
- Protobasidiomycetes, 218
- Protococcoideæ, 158, 162
- Protodiscales, 217
- Protomyces, 216
- Protonema (pro″to-ne′ma), 248, 264
- Protoplasm, 1-12, 42-43, 342;
- movement of, 7-11
- Psilotaceæ, 296
- Pteridophytes, 295, 434
- Pteris cretica, 346
- Puccinia, 187
- Puff-balls, 220
- Pumpkin, 501
- Purslane, 495
- Pyrenoid, 2, 3
- Pyrenomycetes, 217
- Pyrola, 499
- Pyxidium, 453
- Quercus, 495
- Quillworts, 289-291
- Quince, 456
- Raceme, 427
- Radicle, 99
- Ragweed, 502
- Rainy-season flora, 481
- Ranales, 496
- Ranunculaceæ, 496
- Raspberry, 454, 455
- Red algæ, 171, 174;
- uses of, 175
- Reproduction, 137, 143, 149, 154, 155, 179, 185, 186
- Respiration, 110-116, 117
- Rhamnales, 498
- Rhizoids, 24-26
- Rhizome, 354
- Rhizomorph (rhi′zo-morph), 89
- Rhizophidium, 214, 215
- Rhizopus, 177-180, 215
- Rhododendron, 499
- Rhodomeniales, 175
- Rhodophyceæ, 171
- Rhus radicans, 416, 497
- Riccia, 23, 164, 222-226
- Ricinus, 497
- Riverweed, 496
- Root, function of, 410-418
- Root hairs, absorption by, 19, 30, 32
- Root hairs, action on soil, 82
- Root pressure, 33, 34, 45
- Root, structure of, 30, 361, 362
- Root-tubercles, 92
- Roots, kinds of, 415
- Rosaceæ, 497
- Rosales, 496
- Rose family, 497
- Rosette, 405
- Rosette plants, 483
- Rubiales, 501
- Rudbeckia, 502
- Rusts, 187-194
- Salicaceæ, 494
- Salix, 494
- Salsify, 502
- Salviniaceæ, 296
- Samara, 451
- Sandalwood, 495
- Sanguinaria, 496
- Santalales, 495
- Sap, rise of, 53, 54
- Sapindales, 497
- Saprolegnia, 181-184
- Saprolegniales, 215
- Saprophytes, 83-85
- Sargassum, 170
- Sarraceniales, 496
- Sarsaparilla, 499
- Saxifrage, 496
- Schizæaceæ, 295
- Schizocarp, 451
- Schizomycetes, 164
- Schizophyceæ, 163
- Sclerenchyma, 356-357, 361, 363
- Scouring rush, 282
- Screw-pine, 409, 492
- Scrophulariaceæ, 501
- Sedge family, 492
- Seed, dispersal of, 458-463
- Seed plants, 338
- Seed, structure of, 98, 102
- Seedlings, 97-107
- Seeds, 330-334
- Selaginella, 286-288, 292
- Selaginellaceæ, 296
- Sensitive fern, 273
- Sensitive plants, 132, 396, 399
- Sexual organs, 144, 147
- Shadbush, 497
- Shepherd’s-purse, 496
- Shoot, floral, 419, 432
- Shoots, 353-355;
- types of, 361-373;
- winter condition of, 374-377
- Sieve tissue, 358, 363
- Sieve tubes, 52, 53
- Silique, 453
- Silk-cotton tree, 417
- Silver bell, 500
- Siphoneæ, 146, 162
- Skunk’s cabbage, 439-442
- Slime molds, 83
- Smoke-tree, 497
- Societies, 475
- Solanum, 501
- Solidago, 502
- Sourwood, 499
- Spadix, 428
- Spartium, 446
- Spathyema fœtida, 438, 493
- Spermagonia, 190
- Spermatophytes, 338
- Sphacelaria, 168
- Sphærella lacustris, 158, 159
- Sphærella nivalis, 158, 350
- Sphæriales, 218
- Sphagnales, 248
- Sphagnum, 164
- Spiderwort, 11, 493
- Spike, 428
- Spirodela polyrhiza, 27
- Spirogyra, 1-5, 13, 14, 60, 72, 136-140, 350
- Sporangia, 178-182
- Sporangium, 253-258, 281, 290
- Spores, 225, 256-258, 263, 264, 281
- Sporocarp, 173
- Sporogonium (spo″ro-go′ni-um), 224, 231, 233, 234, 237, 238,
- 239, 241, 246, 247, 248
- Sporophyll, 274, 281, 292
- Sporophyte (spo′ro-phyte), 225, 226, 232, 234, 237-239, 241, 242,
- 250, 261, 268, 270, 283, 292, 294, 314,
- 315, 317, 336-339, 340-348 434
- Spurge family, 497
- Squash, 501
- Staminodium, 446
- Starch, formation of, 68, 70-74;
- changed to sugar, 77, 78;
- translocation of, 73;
- digestion of, 75
- Stems, types of, 365-373
- Stems, woody, structure of, 381-382
- Stoma (pl. stomata) (sto′ma-ta), 42-44, 46
- Strawberry, 455, 497
- Sugar, test for, 75, 76
- Sumac, 497
- Sundew, 133, 496
- Sunflower, 399-401, 502
- Sweet gum, 496
- Symbiosis, 85, 86, 92-95
- Synergids (syn´er-gids), 327, 330
- Syngenœsious, 424
- Synthetic assimilation, 67
- Tape-grass, 493
- Taraxacum densleonis, 502
- Teasel, 501
- Telegraph-plant, 399
- Teleutospore, 188
- Temperature, 134, 135, 465
- Tetrasporaceæ, 161
- Tetraspores, 173, 174
- Thallophytes, 352
- Thallus, 352
- Thelephoraceæ, 219
- Thistle family, 502
- Thunderwood, 497
- Thyrsus, 427
- Tilia, 498
- Tillandsia, 493
- Tissue, tensions of, 57-59
- Tissues, classification of, 363, 364;
- kinds of, 356-359;
- organization of, 356-362
- Toad-flax, 501
- Tomato, 501
- Tradescantia, 493
- Tragopogon, 502
- Trailing arbutus, 499
- Trametes pini, 90
- Transpiration, 35-46
- Tremellales, 218, 219
- Triadelphous, 425
- Trillium, 318-322, 494
- Trumpet-creeper, 501
- Tuberales, 217
- Tubers, 373
- Tundra, 481
- Turgescence, 14, 15
- Turgor, 20;
- restoration of, 56, 57
- Typha, 493
- Ulmaceæ, 495
- Ulmus americana, 495
- Ulothrix, 162
- Ulotrichaceæ, 162
- Ulvaceæ, 162
- Umbel, 428
- Umbellales, 498
- Uredinales, 218
- Uredineæ, 187-194, 218
- Uredospore, 189
- Uromyces caryophyllinus, 87
- Urticales, 495
- Ustilaginales, 218
- Ustilagineæ, 218
- Utricularia, 501
- Vaccinium, 499
- Vacuoles, 7, 8
- Valerianales, 501
- Vallisneria spiralis, 493
- Variation, 338
- Vascular tissue, 358, 363
- Vaucheria, 142-146
- Vaucheriaceæ, 162
- Vegetation types, 464
- Venus fly-trap, 133
- Verbascum, 501
- Verbena, 501
- Vessels, 52, 53
- Vetch, 92, 497
- Viburnum, 501
- Vicia sativa, 459
- Viola cucullata, 436
- Violaceæ, 498
- Virgin’s bower, 462, 463
- Viscum album, 84
- Vitaceæ, 498
- Volvocaceæ, 158
- Walnut, 452, 494
- Water, 465;
- flow of, in plants, 53, 54
- Water-lilies, 496
- Water-plantain, 493
- White pine, 396
- Wild carrot, 499
- Willow family, 494
- Wind, 471
- Wintergreen, 499;
- leaf of, 43
- Witch-hazel, 496
- Wolffia, 28
- Woodland formation, 470
- Xerophytes, 467
- Xylem, 50, 52, 360, 361, 363
- Xylogen, 92
- Xyridales, 493
- Yeast, 216;
- fermentation of, 115, 116
- Yucca, 480, 493
- Zamia, 313, 316, 457
- Zoogonidia, 143, 149, 178-184
- Zoospore, 149, 154
- Zygomycetes, 215
- Zygospore, 2, 138-140, 157, 160, 179, 180
- Zygote (zy′gote), 138, 179
About This Book
The text presents an introductory course in plant biology organized in three parts. Part I explains plant physiology, treating protoplasm, absorption, transpiration, conduction, photosynthesis, nutrition, digestion, respiration, growth, and irritability, with emphasis on experimentation and simpler forms. Part II examines morphology and life histories through representative algae, fungi, bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms, and angiosperms, progressing from simpler to more complex forms to clarify development, reproduction, and fertilization. Part III addresses ecological relationships, tissue organization, organ functions, environmental factors, and plant communities such as forests, prairies, deserts, alpine, and aquatic societies, and includes classification guidance and classroom-oriented pedagogical notes.