Guide to the study of animal ecology

INDEX

Abbreviations, 69
Acalyptrate Muscidæ, larval food-habits, 78
Accidents, 62
Acridiidæ,
courtship, 117
habitats, 148
Adaptation,
adjustive, 10
and evolution, 97
as a process, 9
as a product, 9
theory, 136
Adirondacks, aquatic insects, 75
Adjustment of organisms, process of, 122
Adjustment, process of, 5, 30, 31, 33, 122
Age of lower organisms, 97
Aggregate, 8
as agent or entity, 4
ecology, 4, 23, 24, 133
Aggregations, 27, 145
dynamic relations of, 130
Agricultural reports of the U. S. patent office, index, 72
Air, vegetational control of relative evaporating power of, 90
vegetational control of relative humidity, 90
Alluvial flats, vegetational invasion, 89
Alps, soil fauna, 144
Alternating generations of oak gall flies, 143
Ambrosia beetles, 127
American lobster, natural history, 113
Amia calva, natural history, 117
Amphibians,
associations of desert species, 148
collecting, 58
desert species, 148
food of desert species, 148
reactions to light, 116
Amphioxus,
behavior, 116
sensory reactions, 116
Amphipods,
distribution of fresh-water, 111
food of fresh-water, 111
reproductive capacity of fresh-water, 111
salt-marsh, habits and life history, 119
Amphithoe longimana Smith, habits and natural history, 113
Animal and plant associations of arid region, 148, 149
Animal associations, and marine vegetation, 89
and vegetation, 90
of a lake shore, 134
Animal behavior, 107, 121
as a process, 102
Bohn’s studies in, 107
limits of study, 103
Animal communities, 133, 134
Animal ecology,
of Chicago region, 134
of Cold Spring sand spit, 136
of seashore, 63, 64
of shore, 139
Animal galls, 143
Animal geography, physiological, 101
Animal intelligence,
development, 115
evolution, 114
nature, 115
raccoon, 111
Animal life,
ecological distribution in New Mexico, 148
of sea-bottom, 63, 136
of sea-bottom, food, 136
of sea-bottom, quantity, 136
mind, 106
psychology, 106, 120
societies, 132, 133, 146
substances, influence upon insects, 135
visitors to flowers, systematic alphabetic list, 142
Animals,
adjustment between environment and, 122
and plant galls, 141
and pollination, 141, 142
collecting, directions, 57
competing in new territory, 126
distribution, physiological, 101
fresh-water, 78
of Lower Elbe, 138
of seashore, 146
of small stream, 147, 148
of soils, 86
orientation, 118
play, 112
responses (locomotor) to white light, 107
seasonal succession, 140
subterranean, 58
variation, 96
Annelids, behavior of tubicolous, 112
Ant, ethological observations on an American, 120
Ant-colony,
as organism, 131
as unit, 131
Anthophilous insect fauna, ecological relations to entomophilous flora, 142
Ants, 111
and fungi, 128
and plants, 126, 127
Arthropods living with, 130
associations, 149
associations by habitats, 149
behavior, 120
bibliography, 120
development, 120
ecological study, 137
European, comparative ethology, 149
habitat associations, 149
habitats, 120
keys to ecological relations of, in Bismarck Archipelago, 137
nesting habits of, in Bismarck Archipelago, 137
nests, 127
North American, comparative ethology, 149
quantitative data on, 137
psychology, 120
slaves, 120
structure, 120
Aplopus Mayeri, habits, reactions, and mating instincts, 119
Applied ecology, 125, 131
Application of the process method, 86
Aquatic animals, photography, 63
Aquatic Chrysomelidæ, 75
Aquatic insects, 75
immature, keys, 75
in Adirondacks, 75
Aquatic nematocerous Diptera, 75
Aquatic resources, 24
Aquiculture, 21
Araneads,
activities, 115
courtship of, significance, 115
secondary sexual characters, 115
Arbacia punctulata, 99
Argiope, habits and instincts, 117
Arid region,
animal and plant associations, 148, 149
associations, 149
habitats, 149
Arizona,
Amphibians, 148
cactus and insect fauna, 135
reptiles, 148
Army cooks’ manual, 58
Art,
of ecology, 33
of presentation, 67
Arthropods,
effect of caves on, 101
living with ants, 130
living with termites, 130
Artificial and “pathological” conditions, 27
Association, 4, 5, 6, 8, 27, 60, 132, 139, 145
Associational ecology, 5, 24, 29
Associational optimum, 94
Associational relation, of pollination, 141, 142
Associational study,
of birds, Illinois, 146
of lake fauna, 140
of sand prairies of Illinois, 139
of sea beach, 136
of shore animals, 139
Associational unit, and individual ecology, 131
Associations,
amphibian, 148
animal, 137, 138
animal, local, 134
ants, 149
as agent, 5
biotic, 29
biotic, of sand areas, 146
cave, 143
climax biotic, 30
dynamic relations of, 130
fish, of Illinois, 140
fish, in lake, 147
human, 10, 11
lake fish, 147
making to order, 33
mammal, 145
marine animals, 135, 136
methods of studying local, 14
mollusks, 137, 138
natural or normal, 34
reptiles, 148
resemble plays, 47
sand flats, 136, 137
short-horned grasshoppers, 148
succession, 91
Asterias Forbesi, direction of locomotion, 110
Asterias Forreri De Loriol, behavior, 105
Atmospheric conditions about woodlands, 91
Atta sexdens, colonies founded by, 128
Authors,
guide, 68
suggestions to, 68
Australasia, cryptozoic fauna, 144
Balance of nature, 28, 29, 123
Bark beetles, 76
and fungi, 127
Bark of trees, fauna under, 144
Baseleveling, 86
faunal significance, 86
Bass, black, as a microcosmic center, 49
Bats, habits and sensory adaptations of cave-inhabiting, 112
Beach,
associational study of a sea, 136
beetles of an Oregon, 149
Beach flea,
habits, 119
life history, 119
Beach, sea, as animal habitat, 136
Bee,
burrowing, 134
community of Epinomia triangulifera Vachal, 139
community, parasitic interrelations, 139
fauna of dunes, 139
humble, 119
Bees,
and flowers, 141
as reflex machines, 109
Beetles,
Ambrosia, 127
bark, 76
evolution in Chrysomelid, 119
food of predaceous, 126, 130
habitats, 145
hymenopterous hosts, 139
hypermetamorphic, 139
immature stages, 75
longicorn, food habits, 77
of an Oregon beach, 149
predaceous, food, 126, 130
seasonal succession of, 140
snout, 76
succession of, 145
Behavior, 92, 93
Amphioxus, 116
and natural environment, 110
animal, 167
animal. See also Animal behavior
animal, as a process, 102
ants, 120
birds, 121
Bombus, 120
Collembola, 136
cuckoo, 113
fixed and changeable responses, 104
human, 133
Hydroides Dianthus V., modifiability, 106
ideals and conclusions, 114
Isopods, surface and subterranean, 108
laws, 103
leech, 121
Leptinotarsa, 119
Limulus, 105
lizard, 116
lobster, immature stages, 105
lower organisms, 96, 105, 107
method of regulation, 105
modifiability, 93, 105, 106
mud snail, 111
nature, study of in, 39
Necturus, 121
orderly sequence, 113
organisms, 115
physiology, 107
Planarians, fresh-water, 116, 120
pond snail, 120
social wasps, 111
sponges, 116
squirrels, 121
terns, noddy and sooty, 120
tree frogs, 112
tubicolous annelids, 112
Turbellarian, marine, 127
“walking stick,” 119
Belostoma (= Zaitha) flumineum Say, death-feigning, 118
Bibliography, 71
animals and pollination, 141, 142
ants, 120
bark beetles, 76
caterpillars, 74
ecological succession of birds, 124
economic entomology (American), 71, 75
environmental influences upon insects, 96, 97
flowers and insects, 141, 142
food of birds, 130
forest insects, 74
fresh-water biology, 78
Hymenoptera of N. America, 73
insects, 74, 75
mammals, North American, 107
medical zoölogy, 129
plant ecology, 89
snout beetles, 76
veterinary zoölogy, 129
Biocœnose, 18
or community, 7
Biocœnosis, 6, 7, 29
Biocönose, 18
Halictus, 134
Biocönosis, 131
Biocönotic, 18
Biologia Centrali-Americana, 23
Biologic relations of plants and ants, 126, 127
Biological significance,
of dissolved gases of water, 87
of thermocline, 87
Biological survey,
of U. S., index to papers on, 128
ecological in methods, 114
Biology, 1, 2, 18, 60
butterflies, 118
lower Danube delta, 145
Orthoptera, 101
Physa, 110
relation to geological investigation, 22
relation to man, 11, 12
sand areas of Illinois, 146
Biometric ideas, 63
Biometric methods, 63
Bionomic base line, 30
Bionomics, 19, 21
green cells of Convoluta roscoffensis, 127
insects, 128
Bionomy, marine, and stratigraphy, 22
Biota, postglacial dispersal, 91
Biotic associations, 29, 91
sand areas, 146
sandy flats of seacoast, 136, 137
Biotic base, 30
Biotic community, 141
Biotic competition in tropics, 124
Biotic succession in media, 88
Bird census, sectional, 59
Bird habitats of Bismarck Archipelago, 137
Birds,
adaptations by insects to, 125
and man, 130
associational studies, 146
behavior, 121
breeding habits of North American, 109
collecting, 58
colonies, 120
decrease, 124
destruction by elements, 124
ecological succession, 21, 124, 133
economic value, 123, 126
eggs of North American, 109
food, 126, 128, 130
food of nestling, 128
habitat groups, 145, 146
habitat preferences, 148
habitats in summer, 146
instinct, 113
intelligence, 113
life histories of North American, 109
methods of study, 39, 60, 61
migration, 109
migration as a response, 109
noxious, introduction, 124
of a Maryland farm, 125
of Isle Royale, ecological distribution of, 148
photographing, 59, 61
protecting woodlands, 124
protection, 124
protection of useful, 127
quantitative study, 59, 60
regulative action upon insect oscillations, 123
statistical study, 59, 60
stomach contents, estimating, 62
study 39, 60, 61
Birds’ eggs, collecting, 58
Birds’ nests, collecting, 58
Bismarck Archipelago, bird habitats, 137
Black bass as a microcosmic center, 49
Blind species of cave fauna, origin, 144
Blissus leucopterus Say, 20
Blond ring-dove, 110
Blue flag, fruiting, 142
Bluebird, 117
Bluejay, 117
Bohn’s studies in animal behavior, 107
Boll worm, report on, 77
Bombus,
behavior, 120
see also Humble-bee
Borers, wood, 77
Brackish waters of Lower Elbe, fauna, 138
Breeding habits,
bark beetles, 76
birds, of North America, 109
crawfish, 108
horned dace, 63
snout beetles, 76
Bufo lentiginosus americanus Le Conte, 100
Bumble-bee,
see Bombus
see also Humble-bee
Burrowing bee, 134
Butterflies,
biology, 118
drinking habits, 119
food plants, 77
Cactus, Arizona, insect fauna, 135
Cactus,
giant, and its insect fauna, 135
insects, 135
Caithness, vegetation, 88
Caledonia Creek, N. Y., insects and animal forms, 147, 148
Cambarus, 113
Cambarus affinis, habit formation, 106
Camp cooking, 62
Camping, 57, 60, 61, 65
Capitalization, 69
Carabidæ,
early stages, 73
food relations, 127
Carbohydrates, effect on resistance to lack of oxygen, 99
Carbonic acid, reaction of fish to, 118
Card-index system for records, 64
Carrion-feeding insects, 146
Castration, parasitic, in insects, 130
Catalogues of governmental publications, 65
Caterpillars, 74
reactions, 106
Cave associations, 143
Cave environment, 144, 145
Cave fauna,
European, 144
origin of blind species, 144
Cave habitats, 112, 144
Cave-inhabiting bats, habits and sensory adaptations, 112
Cave life,
effect on Arthropods, 101
effect on nutrition, 101
effect on sense organs, 101
Cell and its medium, chemical studies, 88
Census,
bird, 59
invertebrates, 62
of four square feet, 58, 62
Centers of dispersal for beetles of North America, 145
Cerambycidæ, food habits, 72
Cestoda and Cestodaria, index to literature of, 129
Chætognatha,
classification, 115
distribution vertically, 115
San Diego region, 115
Challenger, 23
Change, laws of, 79
Changes, in fresh-water habitats, sequence, 86
Changes, in land habitats, sequence, 86
Chemical stimulations, responses to, 97
Chemical studies on the cell and its medium, 88
Chicago, physiographic ecology, 88
Chicago region, animal communities, 134
Chinch-bug, 20
Chorology, 2
Chrysomelid beetles, evolution, 119
Chrysomelidæ,
aquatic, 75
food habits, 72
Cicindela, 90
Cicindelidæ,
habits, 121
life histories and larval habits, 118
Ciliary action of shell-fish, 114
Circulars of U. S. Bureau of Entomology, Index to, 73
Clams,
eaten by Fulgur, 110
eaten by Sycotypus, 110
growth of the soft, 114
hard, 114
life history of the common, 114
soft, 114
Classification, 21
animal habitats, 138
genetic, 56
habitats, 139
mollusks’ habitats, 138
physiological, 21, 101, 133, 134
Climate, influence upon insects, 135
Climatic sequences, 91
Climax biotic associations, 30
Coccinellidæ, food relations, 127
Cocooning habits of spiders, 118
Cold-blooded vertebrates, digestion influenced by season and temperature, 100
Cold Spring Beach, Collembola, 136
Cold Spring sand spit, animal ecology, 136
Coleoptera,
centers of dispersal, North American, 145
food, 76, 77
insectivorous, 127
of Isle Royale, 145
transformations described, 72
Collecting, 49, 50, 59, 61
directions for, 39
natural history specimens, 63
of specimens, 49, 50
Collembola, Cold Spring Beach, 136
Colonial forms, 132
Colonies founded by Atta sexdens, 128
Color changes of tree frogs, 112
Colors of insects, warning, 128
Commensals, 132
of ants, 120
Community,
biotic, 141
Epinomia, 139
gulls, 106
gulls, organization, 134
living beings, 6
social, 18, 123, 131
See also Associations
Communities of land animals, 91, 124
vegetational control, 90, 133
Comparative method, 14, 15
limits, 56
Comparative physiology, 95
Comparative psychology, 120
French work in, 107
limits, 109
Competition of animals, in new territory, 126
Competition,
ants and plants, 126
cotton boll weevil, 125
Composition,
correct, 68
handbook of, 69
scientific papers, 66
Condition,
of stress, 30, 31
pathological, 26
Conditions,
artificial and “pathological,” 27
of existence, natural, 96
of production in the sea, 87
Conflict between organisms, geometrical representation, 125
Conjugation, lower organisms, 97
Contact, reactions of dragon-fly nymphs to, 118
Control of nature, 33
Convoluta roscoffensis, bionomics of green cells, 127
Cooking, manual, 58
Coöperation in study, 52
Coral, rose, feeding reactions, 109
Corn, 132
entomological ecology of Indian, 132
Corn plant, entomological ecology of Indian, 132
Correct composition, 68
Cotton boll weevil, insect enemies, 125
Cotton insects, 72
enemies, 72
Cotton worm, report on, 77
Courtship, Acridiidæ, 117
Cowbirds, 117
Crane flies, 76
larval habits, 76
life histories, 76
Crawfish,
breeding habits, 108
ecological catalogue, 113
egg-laying, 108
habit formation, 106
habitats, 116
Pennsylvania, 116
stream environment, references, 113
Cricket, western, 77
Criteria,
ecological, 16
in genetic studies, 56
of the psychic, 106
Criterion of imitation, 117
Crop rotation, 28
Crows, 117
Crustacea, in grave, 144
Cryptic coloration, 62
testing by experiment, 125
Cryptobranchus Allegheniensis,
habits, 119
life history, 119
Cryptozoic fauna of Australasia, 144
Cuckoo,
behavior, 113
life, 113
Cultivation of turtles, 110
Cycle of matter, in the sea, 87
Cycles, vegetative, causes, 88
Dace, horned, 63
Danish lakes, plankton investigations, 140
Danish waters, ecology of grass-wrack in, 89
Danube and its delta, biology affected by floods, 145
Death feigning,
Belostoma (= Zaitha) flumineum Say, 118
instinct, 113
Nepa apiculata Say, 118
Ranatra, 113
Death of lower organisms, 97
Decrease of birds, 124
Describing environments, 45
Descriptive method, 14
Desert species,
of Amphibians, 148
of reptiles, 148
Determination,
of specimens, 49, 51
of specimens at museums, 52
Determined specimens, series of, 52
Development, 92, 93
ants, 120
effect of environment on mollusks, 100
environment, 45, 46
individual, 97
oysters, 112
optima, 94
problem, 98
Developmental or explanatory method, 14, 15
Digestion in cold-blooded vertebrates, influence of season and temperature, 100
Diptera,
aquatic nematocerous, 75
catalogue of North American, 71
North American, catalogue, 71
Directions for collection, 39, 57
Directory, Naturalist’s, 53
Disadvantages of non-ecological surveys, 31
Diseases, mussels, 119
Distribution,
fish, 64
Planarians, local, 119
vertically of Chætognatha, San Diego region, 115
Domestic animals, 132
psychic development of young, 115
Dominance, 47
Dominant animals, 47, 48
Donaciinæ, natural history of larvæ, 109
Dragon flies, vs. mosquitoes, 72
Dragon-fly nymphs,
ecology, 118
keys, 75
reactions to contact and light, 118
Drinking habits,
butterflies, 119
moths, 119
Drosophila,
convulsive reflexes, 109
reactions, 109
Dunes, bee fauna, 139
Dynamic conceptions, 80
Dynamic principles, 86
Dynamic relation, 85
Dynamic relations,
of aggregations, 130
of associations, 130
of environment, 82
Dynamic standpoint, 91, 101
Dynamic status, 29, 31
Dynamic theory and physiological problems, 97
Dynamical interpretation, 82
Dynamics of living matter, 96
Earthworm,
behavior modifiable, 105
movements, 105
quantitative studies, 58
Echinoderms, food, 126
Ecological catalogue of crawfish, 113
Ecological criteria, 16
Ecological distribution of birds of Isle Royale, 148
Ecological features of evolution, 21
Ecological ideas, educational value, 146
Ecological organization of museums, 22
Ecological relations,
of entomophilous flora and anthophilous insect fauna of Illinois, 142
of invertebrate fauna of Isle Royale, 146
Ecological study,
of cave plankton, Shawnee Cave, 145
of lake plankton, 140
Ecological succession, 21, 90, 101, 124
birds, 124, 133
causes in ponds, 133
fish in ponds and streams, 133
land animals, 133
mammals of Isle Royale, 145
on an oyster reef, 112
Ecological surveys, 23, 24, 67
Ecological training for surveys, 32
Ecology, 1, 2, 18, 19, 20, 60
and economic problems, 114
and geology, 22
art of, 33
associational, 24
fish of Walnut Lake, 147
history, 133, 138
point of view, 8
relation to economic entomology, 21
relation to geology and paleontology, 10
relation to man, 10, 11
relation to physiology, 8
relation to sociology, 10
relation to teaching, 13, 14
research methods, 88
Economic entomology, 29, 71, 74, 75
bibliography, 74, 75
bibliography of American, 71, 75
relation to ecology, 21
Economic problems and ecology, 114
Economic value,
of birds, 126
of Pecten irradians, 108
Economic zoölogist, 29
Economic zoölogy, 29
Educational value of ecological ideas, 146
Effects, similar, of diverse stimuli, 98
Egg-laying crawfish, 108
Egg-laying sites, Orthoptera, 137
Eggs,
collecting birds’, 58
of birds of North America, 109
Elbe River, fauna of lower, 138
Emergency surgery, 65
Emotion in pigeons, 110
Enchytræidæ, 58
Encroachments of civilization, 26
Enemies, protection of animals from, 125
English in science, better, 67
English sparrow, 28, 117
psychology, 117
Entomological Commission,
of U. S., report on cotton and boll worm, 77
of U. S., report on Rocky Mountain locust, 76
of U. S., report on western cricket, 77
Entomological ecology of Indian corn plant, 132
Entomological work of Townend Glover, 73
Entomological writings of A. S. Packard, 74
Entomologists’ reports,
Illinois, index, 74
Missouri, 77
New York, 74
Entomology,
bibliography of American economic, 71, 75
catalogue of publications on, 71
economic, see Economic entomology
Entomophilous flora, ecological relations to anthophilous insect fauna, 142
Environment, 5
and the animal, adjustment between, 122
describing, 45
development, 45, 46
effect on development of mollusks, 100
effect on insects, 96, 97
effect on limpet, 101
effect on snails, 100
fish, 64, 118
fitness, 85
great changes, 26
gross evolution, 86
making to order, 33
natural, and behavior, 110
natural or normal, 34
orderly sequence, 79
original conditions, 25, 26
parasites, 126
sequence of changes, 104
Epeira, habits, instincts, 117
Ephemeridæ, 76
Epinomia triangulifera Vachal, bee community, 139
Equilibrium, relative, 30, 31
Ethological maladjustments of ants, 126
Ethological observations on an ant, 120
Ethological study, comparative, of spiders, 138
Ethology, 18, 19, 21, 59
and mutation theory, 22
ants, comparative, 149
diagram of subdivisions, 133
history, 133
subdivisions, in diagrams, 133
Europe,
cave fauna, 144
plant galls, 143
Evaporating power of air, vegetational control of, relative, 90
Evaporation,
and plant societies, 90
and soil moisture, 62
open and wooded areas, 91
plant societies and, 64
Evolution, 9
and adaptation, 97
as a process, 10
ecological features of, 21
experimental, 96
mutual aid a factor of, 133
of life and Salpa, 123
organic, and baseleveling, 86
Existence,
natural conditions, 96
struggle for, 2, 122, 123
Experiment Station Record, 76
Experimental evolution, 96
Experimental morphology, 95
Experimental study, limits, 103
Experimental zoölogy, 96
Explanatory or developmental method, 14, 15
Exploration, scientific, 63
External relations, 1
Extremes, influence, 98
Eyes,
frog, 110
insects, 110
slug, 110
snail, 110
sow bug, 110
various types and image-forming powers, 110
worms, 110
Factor of evolution, mutual aid a, 133
Factors,
influence of the slowest, 98
limiting, 98
Family, 132
Fauna,
and flora of the sea bottom, 64
cave, 101, 112, 143, 144, 145
cryptozoic of Australasia, 144
Germany, classified by habitat, 134
grave, 144
Indiana caves, 144
Mayfield’s Cave, 143
of brackish waters of Lower Elbe, 138
of Kiel Bay, 138
pond, 148
quantitative determination in brackish waters, 137
salt water, 111
Faunal significance of baseleveling, 86
Feeding habits,
slugs, 125
snails, 125
Venus mercenaria, 114
Feeding reactions of rose coral, 109
Feeding reflexes of shell-fish, 114
Fertilization of flowers, 142
Field ants, 149
Field naturalist, 37
Field notes, 42
numbers in, 50, 51
recording, 42
Field study, 36, 37, 38
plan, 36
Field work, primary aim, 41
Fish,
associations of a lake, 147
associations of Illinois, 140
distribution, 64
ecological succession, 133
environment and distribution, 64
environment, index to, 118
feeding grounds, affected by vegetation, 90
food, 76, 123
food relations of fresh-water, 123
habitats of Illinois, 140
habits, 63, 112
Illinois, 140
lateral-line organs of, functions, 116
life histories, 112
marine vegetation, 89
metabolism, 100
methods of study, 39
of a small stream, 147
organ of sense, 113
organ of taste, 113
physiological responses of, 112
pond, 133
productivity in standing and running water, 101
reaction to atmospheric gases in water, 118
reaction to carbonic acid, 118
reaction to oxygen, 118
rheotropism in, 115
sense of hearing, 116
spawning habits of, 112
stream, 133
submerged vegetation affecting feeding ground, 90
Fitness of environment, 85
Floods of lower Danube affecting biological conditions, 145
Florida mangroves forming animal habitats, 89
Flowers,
and insects, 142, 143
animal visitors, 141, 142
bees and, 141
fertilization, 142
pollination of, in relation to animals, 141, 142
Food,
beetles, 126
birds, 126, 128, 130
butterflies, 77
Coleoptera, 77
Echinoderms, 126
fish, 123
insects, 128
lizards, 129
nestling birds, 128
oysters, 112
predaceous beetles, 130
serpents, 129
snails, 125
Turbellarian, 127
woodpeckers, 126
Food habits,
back beetles, 76
Cerambycidæ, 72
Chrysomelidæ, 72
Coleoptera, 77
grosbeaks, 128
larval Acalyptrate Muscidæ, 78
longicorn beetles, 77
Rhynchophora, 72
snout beetles, 76
Food of animals,
in Kiel Bay, 129
of sea-bottom, 63, 136
Food plants,
of Coleoptera, 77
of forest insects, 76
Food relations,
Carabidæ, 127
cave animals, 144
Coccinellidæ, 127
Forest influences, 90
Forest insects,
classified by food plants, 76
life histories, 74
literature, 74
Forest invasion on alluvial flats, 89
Forest types, determining, 89
Foresters, nature’s, 124
Forestry, 58
Forests, insect depredations in, 127
Form regulation, 97
Formation, 60
French work in comparative psychology, 107
Fresh-water Amphipods, 111
Fresh-water animals and plants, biological relations, 130
Fresh-water biology, keys to organisms, 78
Fresh-water biology, technique, 62
Fresh-water fish, food relations, 123
Fresh-water habitats, changes, 86
Fresh-water mollusks, habitats, 147
Fresh-water mussels, pearly, 119
Fresh-water Planarians, reactions, 116
Fresh-water plants and animals, biological relations, 130
Fruiting of blue flag, 142
Fulgur eating oysters, mussels, and clams, 110
Function,
of lateral-line organs of fish, 116
of mucus of shell-fish, 114
Fungi,
and ants, 128
and bark beetles, 127
Galls,
animals in relation to plant, 141
insect, 143
on European plants, 143
Gases,
dissolved in water, biological significance, 87
reaction of fish to atmospheric, 118
General physiology, 95
General principles, value of, 41
Genetic classification, 56
Genetic method, 15
Genetic psychology, limits, 109
Genetic relation of types of action, 106
Genetic standpoint, 91, 101
Genetic studies, criteria in, 56
Geographic life centers, 99
Geologic processes, 86
Geological investigation, relation to biology, 22
Geology and ecology, 22
Glade,
ants, 149
associations of ants, 149
Glover, Townend, entomological work, 73
Governmental publications, catalogues, 65
Grackles, 109
Grasshoppers,
short-horned, associational groupings, 148
short-horned, habitats, 148
Grass-wrack, ecology of, in Danish waters, 89
Grave, fauna of the, 144
Green cells of Convoluta roscoffensis, bionomics, 127
Grosbeaks, food habits, 128
Gross environment, evolution, 86
Growth, 92, 93, 97
affected by environment, 100
influence of stimuli upon, 95
quahaug, 108
soft clam, 114
Venus mercenaria, 114
Guiana forest, struggle for life in, 124
Gull community, organization, 106, 134
Gypsy moth, 74
enemies of, 74
Habitats, 5, 60
affected by baseleveling, 86
amphibians, 148
animal, formed by plants, 89, 91
animals classified by, 134
ants, 137, 149
beetles, 145
bird preferences, 148
birds, 137
birds in summer, 146
cave, 112, 143, 144
classification, 59, 138, 139
Collembola, 136
crawfish, 116
dune, 139
fish of Illinois, 140
formed by river floods, 145
fresh-water, 86
grasshoppers, 148
history of their recognition, 138
inland, 91
insects, 128, 135
invertebrate, 146
lake, 87
lake beach, 147
lake fauna, 140
lake, for fish, 147
land, 86
mammals, 145
marine animals, 135, 136, 146
marsh for mollusks, 137
mollusks, 138, 145, 147
mollusks, classification, 138
mollusks of land and fresh water, classification, 138
moor, 139
Oregon sea beach, 149
Orthoptera, 137
oyster, 111, 112, 131, 132
parasitic fauna, 129
pond, 148
preferences of birds, 148
reptiles, 148
sand areas, 146
sand prairie, 139
sandy sea flats, 136, 137
sea bottom, 136
shore animals, 139
spiders, 125, 138
stream, 147, 148
three dimensions, 46
Turbellarian, 127
Habits,
Amphipods, 119
Amphithoe longimana Smith, 113
cave-inhabiting bats, 112
Cicindelidæ, 121
fish, 63, 112
formation in crawfish, 106
formation in the turtle, 105
Humble-bee, 118
Leptinotarsa, 119
mammals, 118
mammals of North America, 107
mating period of spiders, 115
Plethodon, 117
salamanders, 119
solitary wasps of Texas, 113
spiders, 117, 118
squirrels, 115
tortoises, 116
Venus mercenaria, 114
Halictus,
biocönose, 134
guests and parasites, 134
Hearing in fish, sense of, 116
Heath ants, 149
Hemiptera, seasonal succession, 141
Hemiptera-Heteroptera, catalogue of Nearctic, 71
Hibernation, 115
influence on animal parasites, 130
insects, 128
Holland, sandy flats of, animals, 136, 137
Homarus Americanus, behavior of immature stages, 105
Homing pigeons, methods, 113
Honey-bee, natural history, 109
Horde, 132
Human associations, 11
Human behavior, biological and psychological foundations, 133
Humble-bee,
domestication, 119
habits, 119
life history, 119
Humidity of air, vegetational control of relative, 90
Humus, effect on animal life of soil, 100
Huttonian theory, 80
Hydroides Dianthus V., behavior modifiable, 106
Hydropsyche, photographing nets of, 64
Hymenoptera of N. America,
bibliography, 73
catalogue of species, 73
Hypermetamorphic beetles, 139
Hypotheses, multiple working, 55
Ideas,
biometric, 63
life history of scientific, 57
Illinois,
ecological relations of entomophilous flora and anthophilous insect fauna, 142
fish, 140
sand areas, biology, 146
sand prairies, associational study, 139
State Entomologist’s reports, 74
Illinois River, entomology, 74
plankton, 147
Image-forming powers of eyes of various types, 110
Imitation,
and intelligence in birds, 117
criterion, 117
Index,
Agricultural reports of the U. S. patent office, 72
circulars, U. S. Entomology Bureau, 73
Experiment Station Record, 76
Illinois State entomologist’s reports,74
Insect Life, 72
Lintner’s New York State entomologist’s reports, 74
Missouri reports on insects, 77
Ontario entomological society reports, 72
Orthoptera of North America, 77
papers on biological survey of U. S., 128
Riley’s Missouri entomological reports, 77
Index catalogue of medical and veterinary zoölogy, 129
Indian corn, see Corn
Indiana,
caves and their fauna, 144
insect galls, 143
Individual development, 97
Individual ecology, 3, 8, 23, 24
and the associational unit, 131
Influence,
of sessile habit, 100
of slowest factors, 98
Inland habitats, 91
Insect associations, changes in, 127
Insect depredations in forests, 127
Insect enemies of cotton boll weevil, 125
Insect fauna of the giant cactus of Arizona, 135
Insect galls,
Europe, 143
Indiana, 143
New York, 143
Insect guests of Florida land tortoise, 135
Insect Life, 111
index, 72
Insect oscillations regulated by birds, 123
Insectivorous Coleoptera, 127
Insects,
affecting park trees, 74
affecting the orange, 75
affecting woodland trees, 74
and animal forms of Caledonia Creek, N. Y., 147, 148
aquatic, 74
aquatic in Adirondacks, 75
bibliography, 74, 75
bionomics of, 128
cactus, 135
carrion-feeding, 146
collecting, 58
environmental influences upon, 96, 97
eyes, 110
flowers and, 142, 143
food, 128
habitats, 128, 135
hibernation, 128
Illinois, 74
in grave, 144
influence in economy of nature, 135
influenced by animal substances, 135
influenced by climate, 135
influenced by environment, 135
influenced by man, 135
influenced by plants, 135
influenced by soil, 135
initiating successions, 127
instinct, 128
life histories, 70, 73
life histories in Lintner’s New York State entomologist’s reports, 74
mimicry of South African, 128
Missouri, 77
motions, 128
Neuropteroid, synopsis, catalogue, and bibliography, 71
New Mexico, 148
New York, 74
noises, 128
parasitic and other kinds of castration in, 130
parasitism, 129, 130
preserving, 58
protective adaptations against birds by, 125
seasonal succession, 141
senses, 111
social community, 135
social life, 111
societies, 128
stratagems, 128
study, 59
systematic literature, 71
warning colors of South African, 128
Instinct,
and intelligence, 120
birds, 113
blindness of, 103
death-feigning, 113
insects, 128
Leptinotarsa, 119
raccoons, 110
spiders, 117
Instruments, 57, 59
Integrative action of nervous system, 98
Intelligence,
and imitation in birds, 117
and instinct, 120
animal, of the raccoon, 111
birds, 113
evolution of animal, 114
nature and development of animal, 115
raccoons, 110, 111
Interactions of organisms, 49, 123
Internal relations, 1
Interpretation, dynamical, 82
Interrelations, 5
between forests and insects, 127
of the social community, 131
parasitic, of the bee community, 139
Introducing noxious animals, 124
Invertebrate animals of Vineyard Sound, 136
Invertebrate fauna of Isle Royale, ecological relations, 146
Invertebrates,
census, 62
life histories, 70, 136
marine, 136, 146
Investigation, methods of scientific, 56
Iris versicolor L., fruiting, 142
Isle Royale,
as biotic environment, 91
birds, ecological succession, 124, 133
birds’ habitats, 148
ecology of Coleoptera, 145
ecological relations of invertebrate fauna, 146
mammals of, ecological succession, 145
Isophyllia, feeding reactions, 109
Isopods,
of ponds and streams, responses, 106
physiological states and rheotaxis, 106
reactions of surface and subterranean, 108
reactions to light, 108
Jutland, sandy flats of, animals, 136, 137
Kiel Bay,
fauna, 138
food of animals in, 129
Krakatau, new flora, 89
Lack of oxygen, resistance affected by carbohydrates, 99
Lake as a microcosm, 123, 131
Lake beach,
habitat, 147
débris, Sarcophagidæ with relation to, 147
Lake fauna,
associational study, 140
correlated with vegetation, 140
habitats, 140
Lake, fish associations of a, 147
Lake habitat,
changes in, 87
fish, 147
Lake, respiration of an inland, 87
Lake shore, animal associations, 134
Lakes,
gases dissolved in waters, 87
plankton investigations of Danish, 140
Land animal communities,
controlled by vegetation, 90
vegetation and control, 124, 133
Land animals,
ecological succession, 133
origin, 148
Land forms, changing, 86
Land habitats, changes, 86
Land tortoise of Florida, insect guests, 135
Larval habits of tiger beetles, 118
Larvæ,
catalogue, 77
classification of Lepidopterous, 73
Coleopterous, table of families, 75
Donaciinæ, natural history, 109
Lepidopterous, 73, 78
saw-fly, 78
Lateral-line organs of fish, functions, 116
Law of response to strain, 85
Laws of change, orderly sequence, 79
Laws of regulation,
in behavior, 105
in insect oscillations, 123
in metabolism, 85
Laws of sequence,
in adjustment between animal and environment, 122
in animals, 92, 93
in environment, 79
within the animal, 92
Leech, behavior, 121
Lepidoptera,
and temperature extremes, 99
field tables, 74
larvæ, 73, 78
larvæ, classification, 73
transformations of described, 73
Leptinotarsa,
behavior, 119
habits, 119
instincts, 119
Leptothorax Emersoni Wheeler, ethological observations, 120
Life and chemistry, 97
Life centers, geographic, 99
Life histories,
aquatic Nematocerous Diptera, 75
fish, 112
insects, 73
insects and allied invertebrates, 70
insects, in Lintner’s New York State entomologist’s reports, 74
mammals, 118
Odonata, 76
physiological, 17
salamanders, 119
tiger beetles, 118
Life history,
common clam, 114
humble-bee, 119
quahaug, 108
scientific ideas, 57
Life,
maintenance, 97
nature, 97
origin, 97
Light,
and behavior of organisms, 115
locomotor responses of animals to white, 107
reactions of Amphibians, 116
reactions of dragon-fly nymphs to, 118
reactions of Isopods to, 108
reactions of Planarians to, 105
white, locomotor responses of animals to, 107
Limiting factors, 98
Limpet, environmental studies, 101
Limulus, behavior of early stages, 105
Lists, local, 48
Literature, limitations and value, 82, 83, 84
Living matter, dynamics, 96
Lizards,
behavior, 116
food, 129
Pennsylvania, 129
Lobster,
behavior, 105, 113
natural history of the American, 113
Local lists, 48
Locomotion of starfish, direction, 110
Locomotor responses to white light, 107
Locust, Rocky Mountain, 77
Logs, fauna under, 144
Louisiana, marine food mollusks, 114
Lower organisms,
age, 97
behavior, 96, 105, 107
conjugation, 97
death, 97
Lycosidæ,
ecology, 125
habitats, 125
Lymnæa Columella Say, effects of environment on growth, 100
Lymnæas, ecology, 108
Lymnæidæ, ecology, 108
Lymnæus Eleodes Say, behavior, 120
Maize, see Indian Corn
Maladjustments of plants and ants, 126
Mammal associations, 145
Mammal successions, 145
Mammals,
bibliography of North American, 107
collecting, 58
habits, 118
habits of North American, 107
Isle Royale, ecological succession, 145
life histories, 118
methods of study, 39
Man, influence upon insects, 135
Mangroves, Florida, 89
Manual of style, 68
Manuscript arrangement, 69
Marine animals,
and vegetation, 89
associational study, 136
associations, 135
collecting, 57
distribution, 139
food of, in Kiel Bay, 129
habitat study, 136
Marine food mollusks of Louisiana, 114
Marine habitats of animals, 135
Marine invertebrates, 146
Marine life, quantitative study, 124
Marine vegetation and animal associations, 89
Marsh habitats, mollusks, 137
Maryland farm, birds of a, 125
Massachusetts shell-fisheries, 108
Mating instincts, of walking-stick, 119
Mating period of spiders, habits, 115
Mayfield Cave fauna, 143
Mayfly nymphs, keys, 75, 76
Meadow ants, 149
Media, changes in, 88
Medical zoölogy, bibliography, 129
Metabolism, 92, 93
fish, 100
in the sea, 87
Method,
comparative, limitations, 56
genetic, 56
historical, 56
scientific, 55, 56, 57
Methods,
biometric, 63
of homing pigeons, 113
of investigation, energy, agent and process, 56
of microscopic anatomy, 62
of study, 14, 39
of studying birds, fish, mammals, 39
Microcosm, 4
lake as a, 123, 131
Microscopic anatomy, methods, 62
Migration,
influence on animal parasites, 130
of birds, 109
of birds, as a response, 109, 110
Migratory plant formations, 88
Mimicry, 42
of insects of South Africa, 128
Missouri,
insects, 77
insects, index of reports on, 77
Modifiability of behavior of Hydroides Dianthus V., 106
Modifications,
of behavior, 93
of behavior by experience, 106
Molluscan associations, local, 137
Molluscan succession, associational study, 137
Mollusk fisheries of Massachusetts, 108
Mollusks,
associations, 138
collecting, 58
ecology, 147
effect of environment, 100
habitats, 138, 145, 147
habitats in fresh water, 147
of Louisiana, marine food, 114
of Skokie Marsh area, ecology, 137
Mongoose, 28
Morphology, experimental, 95
Mosquitoes, Dragonflies vs., 72
Moth, Yucca, 142
Moths,
drinking habits, 119
reactions, 106
Mourning-cloak butterfly, phototropism, 116
Movements, physiology, 107
Mucus, function of, in shell-fish, 114
Mud snail, behavior, 111
Multiple working hypotheses, 55
Muscidæ, Acalyptrate, 78
Museum exhibit of American birds, ecological, 145, 146
Museums,
determination of specimens at, 52
relation to ecology, 22
use of ecological ideas, 145, 146
Mussels,
artificial propagation of fresh-water, 114, 115
diseases, 119
eaten by Fulgur, 110
eaten by Sycotypus, 110
enemies, 119
pearly fresh-water, enemies and diseases, 119
pearly fresh-water, habits, 119
pearly fresh-water, protection, 119
reproduction of fresh-water, 114, 115
Mutation theory and ethology, 22
Mutual aid, a factor of evolution, 133
Mya arenaria,
growth, 114
life history, 114
Myriapods,
collecting, 58
systematic literature, 71
Nassa obsoleta, 110
Natural conditions of existence, 96
Natural environments, 26
Natural history, 18
American lobster, 113
Amia calva L., 117
Amphithoe, 113
honey-bee, 109
larvæ of Donaciinæ, 109
starfish, 115
surveys, 23, 30
Natural preserves, 34, 38
Naturalist’s Directory, 53
Nature,
and nurture, 17
control, 33
Nature’s foresters, 124
Nearctic Hemiptera-Heteroptera, catalogue, 71
Nearctic spiders, 72
Necturus, behavior, 121
Nematocerous Diptera,
aquatic, 75
aquatic, stages, 75
Nepa apiculata Uhler, death-feigning, 118
Nervous system,
integrative action, 98
origin of, in sponges, 116
regulatory action, 98
Nestling birds, food, 128
Nests,
ants, 127
collecting birds’, 58
New Mexico,
ecological distribution of animal life in, 148
insects, 148
reptiles, 148
New York,
insect galls, 143
State entomologist’s reports, 74
Nomenclature,
ecological, for plants, 60
phytogeographical, 22
Non-ecological surveys, 31
Normal,
as ideal, 27
conditions, 27
departure from, 98
processes of nature, 26
North Carolina, oyster industry, 112
Notebook, aluminum, 44
Note slips, 37, 44
Note taking, 42, 45, 61
Noxious animals, introducing, 124
Numbering specimens, 50, 51
Numerals, 69
Nurmijärvi Lake, fauna and vegetation, 139
Nurture and nature, 17
Nutrition of Arthropods, affected by cave life, 101
Nymphs,
dragon-fly, 76
Mayfly, 76
Zygoptera, keys, 76
Oak gall flies, and oak galls, 143
Oceanography, 21
Odonata,
life histories, 76
transformations described, 72
Œcology, see Ecology
Oligochæta, 58
Ontario, Entomological Society of, index to thirty annual reports, 72
Optima, 98
development, 94
of Chætognatha, 115
physiological, 27
vital, 27, 94
Optimum, 30, 94
associational, 94
departure from, 98
vital conditions, 99
vital, in caves, 144
Orange, insects affecting the, 75
Orchestia palustris, habits and life history, 119
Orderly sequence,
laws, 92, 93
of behavior, 113
of disturbances by man, 27
of environment, 79
Oregon beach, beetles of an, 149
Orientation among animals, 118
Origin of land animals, 148
Original conditions, 26, 27
of environment, 25, 26
Oriole, Baltimore, 117
Organ of taste, fish, 113
Organic parasitism, 126
Organism,
ant colony as an, 131
as agent, 4
Organisms,
behavior of lower, 96, 107
geometrical representations of the conflict between, 125
interactions, 49, 123
lower, behavior, 96, 107
physiology, 96
responses to light, 115
Organization of gull community, 106, 134
Organs, physiology, 96
Ornithological balance-wheel, 123
Orthoptera,
biology, 101
classification of, by egg-laying sites, 137
habitats, 137
index to North American, 77
Overfishing of oyster beds, 131
Oxygen,
effects of lack of, on sea-urchin, 99
physiological effects of lack, 99
reaction of fish to, 118
resistance to lack of, increased, 99
Oyster, 18, 114, 131
Oyster bank, 18
as social community, 132
Oyster bed, 6
overfishing, 131
succession of animals on, 131
Oyster culture, 6, 18, 131
Oyster,
development, 112
food, 112
Oyster grounds of South Carolina, natural, 111
Oyster habitat, 111
Oyster industry of North Carolina, 112
Oyster reef affected by storms, 112
Oysters,
eaten by Fulgur, 110
eaten by Sycotypus, 110
Painted turtle, discriminative ability, 109
Papers, composition of scientific, 66
Papers, preparation for publication, 65, 68
Papilionidæ, seasonal succession, 140
Paragraphing, 69
Parasites, 132
a function of habitat, 129
American Rhynchophora, 76
burrowing bee, 134
influence of hibernation on animal, 130
influence of migration on animal, 129
Sebago salmon, 129
Parasitic castration in insects, 130
Parasitic environment, 126
Parasitic fauna, relation to habitat, 129
Parasitic interrelations of bee community, 139
Parasitism, 129
insect, 129, 130
organic, 126
social, 126
Park trees, insects affecting, 74
Parks for ecological study, 38
Parrots, 109
Passenger pigeon, 117
Pathological condition, 26
Pathological conditions, artificial and, 27
Pecten irradians,
economic value, 108
growth, 108
habits, 108
life history, 108
Pennsylvania,
crawfish, 116
lizards, 129
serpents, 129
turtles, 129
Phase rule, 85
Photography, 57, 59, 61, 65
aquatic animals, 63, 64
birds, 39
fish, 39
mammals, 39
nets of Hydropsyche (aquatic), 64
Phototaxis and random movements, 105
Phototropism of Mourning-cloak butterfly, 116
Phylogeny, 21, 96
of human behavior, 133
Physa, biology, 110
Physical change, influence upon animals, 85
Physiographic ecology of Chicago, 88
Physiological chemistry, 95
Physiological classification, and ecological succession, 21
in ecology, 101, 133, 134
Physiological conditions, 92, 93
Physiological life histories of plants, 17
Physiological problems and dynamic theory, 97
Physiological responses,
distribution due to, 101, 112, 136
of fish, 112
Physiological states and rheotaxis in Isopoda, 106
Physiology,
comparative, 95
general, 95
of organisms, 96
of organs, 96
of reproduction, 100
Phytogeographical nomenclature, 22, 60
Pigeon,
common, 117
homing, 113
passenger, 117
Pigeons,
emotion in, 110
methods of homing, 113
voices as means of social control, 106, 134
Planarians,
behavior, 120
distribution locally, 120
reactions of fresh-water, 116
reactions to light, 105
Plane table manual, 64
Plankton, 60, 148
ecological study, 140
investigations of Danish lakes, 140
of Illinois river, 147
of Shawnee Cave, ecological study, 145
organisms, 50
Plant animals, 128
Plant ecology, 59
bibliography, 89
general principles, 88, 89
Plant formations, stable and migratory, 88
Plant galls, 143
animals in relation to, 141
biology and causes of European, 143
Plant societies,
relation to evaporation, 64, 90
relation to humidity, 90
study of Chicago, 88
Plant succession, 90
relation to distribution of tiger beetles, 90
Plants,
and ants, 126, 127
and snails, 125
forming animal habitats, 89
influence upon insects, 135
life histories, physiological, 17
seasonal succession, 140
variation, 96
Play of animals, 112
Plethodon cinereus erythronotus,
habits, 117
larval state, 117
Poduridæ,
behavior and habitat, 136
movements, 136
Poisons, physiological effect of certain, 99
Pollination, animals in relation to, 141
Pollination of flowers, animals in relation, 141, 142
Pollination of Yucca, 142
Pond,
fauna, 148
fish, ecological succession, 133
habitat, 148
Isopods, 106
Pond snail, behavior, 120
Pond, solution, 148
Ponds, seasonal succession in old forest, 140
Porcupine mountains, 91
Postglacial dispersal of biota, 91
Potassium cyanide, effects on sea-urchin, 99
Potato beetles, see Leptinotarsa
Predaceous beetles, food, 126, 130
Preservation of specimens, 49, 50
Preserves, natural, 34, 38
Principles, value of general, 41
Process, animal behavior as a, 102
Process method,
application, 86
of investigation, 56
Process of adjustment, 30, 31
in organisms, 122
Process of response, 4
Process standpoint, 91, 101
applied to vegetation, 88
Processes,
geologic, 86
of behavior, 93
of development, 93
of growth, 93
of metabolism, 93
of research, 55
regulatory character of physico-chemical and physiological, 85
standpoint, 80, 81, 82
Production, conditions of, in the sea, 87
Proof, correction, 68
Proof-reading, 65, 68
Propagation, artificially, of fresh-water mussels, 114, 115
Protection,
of birds, 124
of useful birds, 127
Protective coloration, 62
Protoplasm, influence of stimuli upon, 95
Protoplasmic respiration, 97
Psychic,
criteria, 106
development of young domestic animals, 115
Psychology,
comparative, 120
comparative, French work in, 107
English sparrow, 117
limits of comparative and genetic, 109
of ants, 120
Publication, preparation of papers for, 65, 68
Punctuation, 68, 69
Quahaug,
growth, 108
life history, 108
Quantitative determination of fauna of lower Elbe, 138
Quantitative study, 61
animal life of sea-bottom, 63, 124, 136
of birds, 59, 60
of life of sea-bottom, 63, 124, 136
Quarnerian Gulf, animals associated in the, 135
Rabbits, 28
Raccoon, animal intelligence, 111
Raccoons,
instincts, 110
intelligence, 110
sense, 110
visual discrimination, 110
Ranatra, death-feigning, 113
Random movements and phototaxis, 105
Rations, 62
Record keeping, 61
Recording notes, 64
Red-headed woodpecker, 117
Reef, ecological succession on an oyster, 112
Regeneration as functional adjustment, 98
Regulation,
in behavior, 105
of insect oscillations by birds, 123
regeneration as functional, 98
Regulative action of nervous system, 98
Regulatory character of physico-chemical and physiological processes, 85
Relative equilibrium, 30, 31
Reproduction,
fresh-water mussels, 114, 115
physiology, 100
Reptiles,
Arizona, 148
associations of desert species, 148
collecting, 58
desert species, 148
food of desert species, 148
New Mexico, 148
Research methods,
in plant ecology, 59, 88
Research,
processes, 55
speculative method in, 55
Respiration,
of an inland lake, 87
protoplasmic, 97
Response,
bird migration as a, 109
to strain, 85
Responses,
Isopods of ponds and streams, 106
study, 15
to chemical stimulations, 97
Rheotaxis in Isopoda, 106
Rheotropism in fish, 115
Rhynchophora,
biologies, 76
food habits, 72
parasites, 76
Ring-dove, blond, 110
River entomology, Illinois, 75
River fauna,
Danube delta, 145
lower Elbe, 138
River habitat, flooded delta, 145
River plankton, Illinois, 147
Rocky Mountain locust, enemies, 77
Rodentia, 107
Rose coral, feeding reactions, 109
Running water, effect on productivity of fish, 101
Salamanders, habits, 119
Salmon, internal parasites of Sebago, 129
Salpa and evolution of life, 123
Salt-marsh Amphipod, habits and life history, 119
Salt-water fauna, 111.
See also Marine animals
San Diego region, Chætognatha of, 115
Sand,
ants, 149
areas of Illinois, biology, 146
prairies of Illinois, associational study, 139
Sandy flats of the sea coast as a biotic association, 136, 137
Sarcophagidæ, relation to lake beach débris, 147
Saw-fly, larvæ, 78
Scallop fishery, 108
Scallops, 114
Sceloporus spinosus floridanus, behavior, 116
Schleswig-Holstein oyster bank described, 132
Science, better English in, 67
Scientific exploration, 63
Scientific ideas, life history, 57
Scientific investigation, methods, 56
Scientific method, 55, 56, 57
Scientific papers, composition, 66
Scientific technique, 55
Sea anemone, behavior modifiable, 105
Sea beach, associational study, 136
Sea-bottom,
animal life, 63, 136
fauna and flora, 64
quantitative study of animals, 63
Sea,
conditions of life in, 134
conditions of production in, 87
cycle of matter in, 87
metabolism in, 87
struggle for existence in, 123
valuation of the, 136
Seashore,
animal ecology, 63, 64
animals, 146
Season, influence on digestion of cold-blooded vertebrates, 100
Seasonal succession,
animals, 140
beetles, 140
butterflies, 140
Hemiptera, 141
in old forest ponds, 140
plants, 140
Sea-urchin, 99
resistance to lack of oxygen, 99
resistance to potassium cyanide, 99
Sebago salmon, internal parasites, 129
Second-hand books, dealers in, 65
Sense organ,
Arthropods, effect of caves on, 101
of fish, 113
Senses of insects, 111
Sensory adaptations of cave-inhabiting bats, 112
Sensory reactions of Amphioxus, 116
Sequence of changes in environment, 104
Sessile habit, influence, 100
Serpents,
food, 129
Pennsylvania, 129
Sexual characters of Araneads, secondary, 115
Shawnee Cave plankton, ecological study, 145
Shell-fish,
ciliary action, 114
feeding reflexes, 114
food, 114
function of mucus, 114
Shell-fish industries,
biology, 114
culture, 114
utilization, 114
Shell-fisheries of Massachusetts, 108
Shore, animal ecology of the, 139
Shore animals, associational study, 139
Significance of courtship of Araneads, 115
Skokie Marsh area, ecology of mollusca, 137
Slaves of ants, 120
Slug,
eyes, 110
feeding habits, 125
Snail,
eyes, 110
mud, 111
pond, 120
Snails,
and plants, 125
feeding habits, 125
food, 125
in grave, 144
influence of environment on, 100
Snout-beetles, 76
Snowbird, 117
Social community, 18, 123
animals, 131
insects, 135
interrelations, 131
oyster bank, 132
sea-bottom, 136
Social control, by voices among pigeons, 106, 134
Social life,
from comparative and phylogenetic standpoint, 132
insects, 111
multiple origin, 132
origin, 132
Social parasitism, 126
Social reaction,
beginnings in lower animals, 134
beginnings in man, 134
Social wasps, 117
behavior, 111
Societies, insects, 128
Sociology,
a branch of ecology or ethology, 132
relation to ecology, 10, 11, 12
Soil,
animal life influenced by humus and tillage, 100
animals of the, 86
fauna of Alps, 144
influence upon insects, 135
Soils,
moisture, 62
study, 58
Solitary wasps,
habits, 116, 117
habits in Texas, 113
instincts, 116
Solution pond, fauna, 148
South Africa, insects, 128
South Carolina, natural oyster grounds, 111
Sow bug, eyes, 110
Space, perception by tortoises, 121
Sparrow,
field, 117
fox, 117
song, 117
tree, 117
vesper, 117
white-crowned, 117
white-throated, 117
Spawning habits of fish, 112
Specimens,
collecting natural history, 63
collection, 49, 50
determination, 49, 51
determined, 52
numbering, 50, 51
preservation, 49, 50
Spiders,
cocooning habits, 118
collecting, 58
habitats, 125, 138
habits, 117
instincts, 117
mating habits, 115
mental powers, 117
Nearctic, 72
systematic literature, 71
Sponges,
behavior, 116
reactions, 116
Squirrels,
behavior, 121
habits, 115
Stable plant formations, 88
Starfish,
behavior, 105
locomotion, 110
natural history, 115
Status, dynamic, 29, 31
Stimulations, responses to chemical, 97
Stimuli,
influence upon growth, 95
influence upon protoplasm, 95
similar effects of diverse, 98
Stones, fauna under, 144
Stratigraphy, relation of marine bionomy to, 22
Stream,
animals of a small, 147, 148
environment, references to, 113
fish, ecological succession, 133
fish of a small, 147
habitat, 147, 148
Isopods, 106
Stress, condition, 30, 31
Struggle among organisms, 123
Struggle for existence, 2, 122, 123
in a lake, 123
in Guiana forests, 124
in the sea, 123
references, 126
Studies, quantitative, 61
Style brief, Wistar Institute, 68
Style manual, 68
Subterranean. See also Cave
Subterranean animals, 58, 86, 143, 144, 145
Subterranean Isopods, behavior, 108
Succession,
animals in oyster beds, 131
associations of inland habitats, 91
Succession,
beetles, 145
ecological, 101
ecological, birds, 21, 124, 133
ecological, in the grave, 144
ecological, on oyster reef, 112
in stages of decay, 144, 146
mammal, 145
mollusks, 137
seasonal, 140
Successions, initiated by insects, 127
Suggestions to authors, 68
Summer-bird life near Havana, Illinois, 146
Surgery, emergency, 65
Surveying, 65
Surveys,
ecological, 23, 67
ecological training for, 32
natural history, 23, 30
non-ecological, 31
Sycotypus eating oysters, mussels, and clams, 110
Symbiosis, 127, 128, 130
Talorchestia longicornis, habits and life history, 119
Tanganyika problem, 89
Taste, fish’s organ of, 112
Taxonomy, 54
relation to ecology, 8
Teaching, relation to ecology, 13
Technique, 15, 57
of fresh-water biology, 62
scientific, 55
Temperature,
effect of extremes, 99
in open and wooded areas, 91
influence on digestion of cold-blooded vertebrates, 100
lowering of, and loss of water, 99
physiological effects of high temperature, 99
Termites, Arthropods living with, 130
Terns, noddy and sooty, behavior, 120
Terrapin, diamond-back,
cultivation, 110
natural history, 110
Texas,
habits of solitary wasps, 113
wasps, solitary, habits, 113
Theory, use, 40
Thermocline, biological significance, 87
Tiger beetles,
larval habits, 118
life histories, 118
relation of distribution to plant succession, 90
Tipulidæ, 76
Toad, American, 100
Tomahawk Lake, Wis., Mollusca of, 137
Tortoise,
Florida land, 135
habits, 116
perception of space, 121
Tracks and tracking, 58
Trapping, 39, 60
Tree frogs,
behavior, 112
color changes, 112
Trees,
insects affecting, 74
Trematoda and trematode diseases, index to literature, 129
Trial and error, 104
Tubicolous Annelids, behavior, 112
Turbellarian,
behavior, 127
ecology, 127
food, 127
habitat, 127
Turtles,
cultivation, 110
discriminative ability of painted, 109
food, 129
formation of habits, 105
natural history, 110
Pennsylvania, 129
Turtur risorius, 110
Types of eyes, image-forming powers of various, 110
Typography, 68
Use of theory, 40
Utah, 55
Vanessa antiopa Linn., phototropism, 116
Variation,
in animals, 96
in plants, 96
statistical, 60
Vegetation,
and animal associations, 90
and control of land animal communities, 133
Caithness, 88
changes in, 88
controlling land animal communities, 90
correlated with lake fauna, 140
development and structure, 88
invading alluvial flats, 89
invading new land surface, 89
Vegetational change, influence upon animals, 85
Vegetational control,
of relative evaporating power of the air, 90
of relative humidity of air, 90
Vegetative cycles, causes, 88
Venus mercenaria,
growth, 108, 114
habits, 114
life history, 108
Veterinary zoölogy, bibliography, 129
Vineyard Sound, invertebrate animals of, 136
Visual discrimination in raccoons, 110
Vital conditions, optimum, 99
Vital optimum, 94
Voices of pigeons as means of social control, 106, 134
Volcanic activity and new land surface, 89
Volcanic islands, new flora, 89
“Walking stick,”
behavior, 119
habits, 119
mating instincts, 119
reactions, 119
Walnut Lake,
ecological relations of fish, 147
fish ecology, 147
Warning coloration, 62
testing by experiment, 125
Warning colors, insects of South Africa, 128
Wasps, social, 117
behavior, 110
Wasps, solitary,
habits, 116, 117
habits, of Texas, 113
instincts, 116, 117
Water,
loss of and lowering of temperature, 99
running, effect on productivity of fish, 101
standing, effect on productivity of fish, 101
Weights and measures, 69
Wild life,
photography, 61
study, 61
Windermere, Lake, 90
Wisdom, blindness of, 103
Wistar Institute, style brief, 68
Wood borers, 77
Woodcraft, 61
Woodland,
ants, 149
associations of ants, 149
atmospheric conditions about, 91
birds as protectors, 124
Woodland trees, insects affecting, 74
Woodpecker, red-headed, 117
Woodpeckers, food, 126
Worms, eyes, 110
Yucca,
moth, 142
pollination, 142
Zoölogical Record, 70
Zoölogist, economic, 29
Zoölogy, experimental, 96
Zostera marina, ecology in Danish waters, 89
Zygoptera, life histories, 76

Guide to the study of animal ecology

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INDEX