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Immigration

Chapter 35: INDEX
By Henry Pratt Fairchild
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History - AmericanSociology

About This Book

The author treats immigration as a global sociological phenomenon with particular attention to its American implications, combining historical survey with analysis of causes, composition, and legal responses. Chapters trace earlier migration phases and federal legislation, examine volume and racial mix, and analyze embarkation, inspection, and the social and economic conditions of arrivals. The text evaluates immigrants’ living standards, patterns of distribution, exploitation, religious and demographic aspects, and consequences for wages, poverty, crime, public health, industry, and politics. Throughout, underlying principles of population movement are stressed to clarify contemporary problems and to weigh restriction, assimilation, and broader conservation measures.

INDEX

  • Advertising, 153.
  • Age distribution of immigrants, 194–196, 316.
  • Agents, 132, 148–160.
  • Agriculture, 59, 72, 263.
  • Alaric, 13.
  • Alexander the Great, 15.
  • Alien Bill, 57.
  • Almshouses, paupers in, 312, 318, 319, 320.
  • American Protective Association, 294.
  • American type, 51, 147, 399, 408.
  • Americanization. See Assimilation.
  • Ancient Order of Hibernians, 95.
  • Appeals, 111, 114, 116, 185.
  • Argentina, 22, 27, 137.
  • Arguments concerning immigration, 388–415.
  • Assimilation, 51, 58, 69, 103, 130, 194, 196, 199, 202, 231, 257, 327, 369, 375, 397–415.
  • Assimilation argument, 397.
  • Assisted immigration, 159.
  • Association, 409.
  • Attitude toward immigrants, of colonists, 38, 41, 43, 45, 46;
    • of American people, 54, 65, 88, 99, 164.
    • See also Race prejudice.
  • Australia, 22, 24, 27.
  • Austria-Hungary, 128, 134–136.
  • Austro-American Company, 171.
  • Avars, 14.
  • Bellevue and Allied Hospitals, 321, 339.
  • Berths, 175.
  • Biological argument, 390, 397.
  • Birds of passage, 126, 359.
  • Birth rate, European, 420;
  • Births, 298.
  • Black Hand, 334.
  • Boarders, 239, 242, 243–246, 253, 262.
  • Bohemians, 73.
  • Bonding shipowners, 41, 45, 75, 76, 77, 78, 80.
  • Boot-blacking. See Shoe-shining.
  • Boston, 282.
  • Brutality at immigrant stations, 186.
  • Buffalo, 239.
  • Bulgaria, 142.
  • Cabin passengers, 183.
  • California, 99.
  • Canada, 22, 27, 79, 81, 133, 168;
    • aliens arriving in, 121.
  • Canals, 62, 63.
  • Carolina colonies, 35.
  • Castle Garden, 80, 91.
  • Causes of immigration, 34, 131, 144;
    • from Austria-Hungary, 134;
    • Bulgaria, 142;
    • China, 98;
    • Germany, 72;
    • Ireland, 73;
    • Italy, 136;
    • Russia, 139;
    • Scandinavia, 93.
  • Causes of migration, 3, 5.
  • Certificate of citizenship, 365.
  • Chain-letter system, 156–157.
  • Charitable organizations, 312, 328, 413.
  • Charity organization societies, 313, 318, 322, 326.
  • Chicago, 278.
  • Children, occupations of, 266.
  • China, 17.
  • Chinese, 98–105.
  • Cities, growth of, 374.
  • Civil War, 86, 90.
  • Cleanliness, 242, 247.
  • Climatic changes, 14.
  • Clothing of immigrants, 256–257.
  • Colonies classified, 17.
  • Colonists, 29.
  • Colonization, 16, 28.
  • Commissioner General of Immigration, 113, 114.
  • Commissioners of Emigration in New York, 76, 79.
  • Company houses, 254.
  • Conditions. See separate headings, i.e. Housing, Sex, Wages, etc.
  • Congestion, 228–231, 236–242.
  • Conjugal conditions of immigrants, 201–202.
  • Conquest, 14.
  • Conservation, 382, 394.
  • Contract labor laws, 90, 108, 111, 153–154, 279.
  • Contract labor system, 277–280.
  • Control-stations, German, 173.
  • Convicts, imported. See Criminals, imported.
  • Coöperative housekeeping, 247.
  • Crime, 328–338.
  • Crime argument, 395.
  • Criminals, imported, 43, 44, 48, 56, 67.
  • Crises, 123, 347–361.
  • Deaths, 298.
  • Debarred aliens, 207–211, 336.
  • Declaration of intention, 364.
  • Density of population, 228, 375.
  • Departing aliens, 116, 124–128, 347, 351.
  • Department of Commerce and Labor created, 114.
  • Department of Labor, 118.
  • Depopulation, 424, 426.
  • Deportation, 57, 102, 109, 112, 114, 118, 337.
  • Destination of immigrants, 206–207.
  • Destitution, 40, 317.
    • See also Pauperism.
  • Discharging, 290.
  • Discoveries Period, 27.
  • Disease, 86, 209–211.
  • Displacement, 133, 235, 342.
  • Dissatisfaction, as a cause, of immigration, 133, 145, 148;
    • of migration, 4.
  • Distribution argument, 394, 435.
  • Distribution of immigrants, 207, 226–232.
  • Early population movements, 1.
  • East Indians, 168.
  • Economic argument, 391.
  • Economic competition, 50, 57, 69, 105, 222, 302, 342.
  • Economic conditions of immigrants in colonial period, 40;
    • in modern period, 204–206.
  • Economic nature of immigration, 145, 341, 363, 428.
  • Economics, practical, 433.
  • Effects of immigration. See separate headings, i.e. Housing, Standard of Living, Wages, etc. See also Arguments.
  • Effects of migration, 8.
  • Ellis Island, 183–185.
  • Embargo, 59.
  • Embarkation, conditions at port of, 169.
  • Emigrant aliens, defined, 125.
    • See also Departing aliens.
  • Encouragement of immigration, 55, 60, 62, 87, 90, 383, 389;
    • forbidden, 110.
  • England, colonists from, 32.
  • English, 401.
  • English language, ability to speak, 267, 272, 327, 365, 401.
  • Environment, 406.
  • Europe, 14, 17, 167, 417.
  • Examination in Europe, 171.
  • Excluded classes, 76, 78, 105, 107, 110, 113, 115.
  • Exclusion. See Debarred aliens.
  • Exclusion of Chinese, 102, 113.
  • Exploitation, of immigrants, 79, 274–289, 291;
    • of resources, 382, 391–392.
  • Family incomes, 261.
  • Famine, Irish, 72, 421.
  • Farm colonies, 17, 22.
  • Farms, 210, 211.
  • Federal laws, 61, 82, 87, 90, 102, 105, 106–120, 386.
  • Feeble-mindedness, 339.
  • Food, of immigrants in the United States, 254–256;
    • on shipboard, 83, 176–179.
  • Foreign-American societies, 405.
  • Foreign-born population, number and race, 214.
  • Foreign missions, 296, 401.
  • Fraud in naturalization, 367.
  • French, 71.
  • Gains of immigrants, 428–430.
  • Germans, 33, 71, 84, 92.
  • Germany. See Germans.
  • Goths, 11.
  • Greece, 17, 422, 426.
  • Greek Orthodox Church, 141.
  • Greeks, 150, 157, 159, 275, 333.
  • Gresham’s Law, 342.
  • Haida Indians, 3.
  • Hamburg-American emigrant village, 170.
  • Head forms, 407.
  • Head tax, 42, 74, 76, 77, 78, 107, 113, 115.
  • Hebrews. See Jews.
  • Heredity, 406.
  • Hindus. See East Indians.
  • Historical analogies, 414.
  • History of immigration, 27.
  • Hospitals, 43;
    • private, 80.
    • See also Bellevue and Allied Hospitals.
  • Housing conditions, 234–254.
  • Huguenots, 24, 33.
  • Humanity, point of view of, 431.
  • Huns, 14.
  • Illegal entrance argument, 396.
  • Illiteracy, 197–201, 325.
  • Imitation, 409.
  • Immigrant Aid Societies, 289–293.
  • Immigrant aliens defined, 125.
  • Immigrant banks, 283–287.
  • Immigrant Homes, 289–293.
  • Immigration Commission authorized, 117.
  • Immigration defined, 20, 26.
  • Immorality, in the United States, 292, 335;
  • Importation of paupers and criminals, 40, 43, 64, 68.
  • Indented servants, 48.
  • Indentured servants. See Indented servants.
  • India, 16.
  • Indifference, 411.
  • Indifference argument, 393.
  • Induced immigration, 93, 132, 148–162, 379, 387.
  • Industrial depressions, 92, 123, 124, 145.
  • Insanity, 338.
  • Inspection of immigrants, in Canada and Mexico, 121;
  • Inspectors on shipboard, 182, 434.
  • Intellectual qualities of immigrants, 197.
  • Interbreeding, 390, 397.
  • Interest rates, 353.
  • Interests, 387.
  • Intermarriage, 202, 299, 397, 400.
  • Internal migration, 90, 373.
  • Invasion, 10.
  • Ireland, 421.
    • See also Irish.
  • Irish, 63, 69, 71, 83, 92, 94, 146, 238, 310, 368.
  • Italians, 238, 240, 241, 334.
  • Italy, 13, 128, 136, 423–426.
    • See also Italians.
  • Japanese, 167.
  • Jews, 8, 23, 139, 238, 241, 288, 296, 362.
  • Juvenile delinquency, 298, 337.
  • Know Nothing Party, 85.
  • Labor. See Wages, Standard of Living, Shortage of Labor, etc.
  • Labor agents, 153.
  • Labor conditions, 346.
  • Labor-saving devices, 344.
  • Laissez-faire, 385.
  • Land. See Ratio of men to land.
  • Laws. See Federal laws and State laws.
  • Liquor, 63, 332.
  • Literacy, 267.
  • Literacy test, 197, 199–201.
  • Living wage, 264–266.
  • Loan-sharks, 160.
  • Lodgers. See Boarders.
  • London Company, 30.
  • Losses of immigrants, 429.
  • Lumber camps, 282.
  • Magyars, 14.
  • Maine, 282.
  • Malthusianism, 219–221, 381, 416.
  • Manifests, 111, 112, 172.
  • Manufacturing industries, 59, 62, 259, 375.
  • Marine Hospital, New York, 74, 76.
  • Marine Hospital Service, officers of, 111, 172, 184.
  • Marriages, 299.
  • Maryland colony, 44, 47.
  • Massachusetts, colony, 31, 37, 46;
    • State, 78.
  • May Laws, 141.
  • Mennonites, 33.
  • Methods of emigration agents, 149.
  • Migration, defined, 2;
    • forced, 23;
    • intra-state, 24.
  • Migration, seasonal, 2, 3;
    • causes of, 3, 33;
    • classified, 6;
    • economic, 6, 12;
    • political, 7;
    • social, 7;
    • religious, 7;
    • effects of, 8;
    • routes of, 9.
  • Milwaukee, 240, 314.
  • Mining, 94.
  • Mining communities, 246, 248, 253.
  • Missionaries, 290, 292.
  • Molly Maguires, 94–98, 334.
  • Money brought in, 202–204.
  • Money sent home, 157, 158–160, 204, 287, 326, 345, 421, 424.
  • Moors, 23.
  • Moral dangers, 295.
  • Mores, 10, 15, 16, 403.
  • Mortgages, 150, 160, 278.
  • Motives of migration, 5.
  • Native American Party, 70, 81.
  • Naturalization, 58, 70, 85, 101, 114, 115, 272, 363, 364–368.
  • New immigration, 128, 250.
  • New Jersey colony, 32, 35.
  • New Netherland, 31.
  • New-type steerage, 180–181.
  • New York City, 289, 329, 331.
  • New York, colony, 32, 35, 46;
    • State, 74.
  • Nonemigrant aliens, 359;
    • defined, 125.
  • Nonimmigrant aliens, 359;
    • defined, 125.
  • North Carolina, colony, 44;
    • State, 57.
  • Notary public, 287.
  • Numbers argument, 393.
  • Occupations of immigrants, 204–206, 223.
  • Old immigration, 128, 249.
  • Old-type steerage, 174–180.
  • Open-door policy, 383, 388.
  • Opposition to immigration, 41, 54, 68, 69, 70, 81, 85, 91, 99, 104.
    • See also Arguments.
  • Orders in Council, 59.
  • Overcrowding on shipboard, 44, 61, 82, 87, 180.
    • See also Congestion.
  • Overpopulation, 6, 12, 14, 16, 136, 138, 383.
  • Overproduction, 352.
  • Padrone system, 274–277.
  • Palatinate, 34.
  • Palatines, 33, 34.
  • Panic of 1907, 286, 350.
  • Parochial schools, 273, 411.
  • Pauperism, 63, 84, 311–328.
  • Pauperism argument, 395.
  • Paupers, imported, 64.
  • Penal colonies, 24.
  • Pennsylvania, colony, 32, 33, 36, 39, 41;
  • Peonage system, 280–283.
  • Persons per room, 237.
  • Petition for naturalization, 364.
  • Philanthropy, 413.
  • Phœnicia, 17.
  • Physical conditions of immigrants, colonial period, 40;
    • 1820–1860, 64, 81;
    • modern period, 209–211.
  • Physiological analogy, 398.
  • Plantation colonies, 18.
  • Plymouth colony, 31.
  • Plymouth Company, 30.
  • Poles, 239, 241.
  • Politics, 70, 363–368.
  • Poorhouses, private, 80.
  • Population, effect of emigration upon, 416–421, 423;
    • effect of immigration upon, 215–225, 341.
  • Population movements, four forms of, 2.
  • Potato, 73.
  • Prepaid tickets, 158, 169, 284, 379.
  • Presbyterians, 33, 37.
  • Prices, 137, 302, 307, 352, 422, 425.
  • Prisoners, 330.
  • Protection, 289.
  • Protestantism, 46, 51, 70, 297.
  • Provisions on shipboard, 61.
  • Public domain, 372.
  • Public schools, 252, 270–272, 410.
  • Quakers, 33, 47.
  • Quality of immigrants, 377–380, 395, 419.
  • Race prejudice, 39, 99, 103, 297, 362, 397, 411.
  • Racial composition, 128–131, 189, 369.
  • Railroads, 62, 63.
  • Ratio of men to land, 6, 21, 38, 88, 146, 303, 370–373, 381.
  • Recreations, 299.
  • Redemptioners, 48.
  • Reformation, Protestant, 33, 34.
  • Regulation, 386.
  • Religion, 293–298.
  • Remedies, 434–436.
  • Remittances. See Money sent home.
  • Responsibility of the United States, 382, 387, 432–436.
  • Restriction, 42, 393, 394, 436.
  • Retardation, 272.
  • Returned emigrants, 157–158, 422, 424, 426.
  • Revolution of 1848, 72.
  • Rhode Island colony, 47.
  • Roman Catholicism, 34, 47, 70, 85, 293.
  • Roman Empire, 12.
  • Rome, 13, 15, 17.
  • Rooms per apartment, 236.
  • Routes of migration, 9.
  • Runners, 79.
    • See also Agents.
  • Russia, 22, 128, 139.
  • Sanitary provisions on shipboard, 176;
    • on land, see Housing conditions.
  • Savings, 284, 323, 345, 357.
  • Scandinavians, 93.
  • Schools, 269–273.
    • See also Parochial schools and Public schools.
  • Scotch-Irish, 33, 36.
  • Second generation, 403.
  • Sentimental argument, 388.
  • Sex distribution of immigrants, 190–194, 317, 419.
  • Ship fever, 84.
  • Shipping, 59, 84, 91, 131.
  • Shipping conditions, 59, 63, 81.
    • See also Voyage.
  • Shoe-shining industry, 275–277, 282.
  • Shortage of labor, 344, 357.
  • Skye, Isle of, 419.
  • Slavery, 19, 24, 30, 164.
  • Slums, 234, 242, 251, 403.
  • Social argument, 390.
  • Social stratification, 361.
  • Sociology, applied, 384, 387, 433.
  • Sources of immigration, 167, 419.
  • South Africa, 22, 27.
  • Special inquiry, boards of, 113, 114, 185.
  • Standard of living, 221, supposed to be 224–273, 303–310, 417.
  • Standard of living argument, 394.
  • Standpoints, 385, 388.
  • State laws, 74–81, 104.
  • Statistics of immigration, authorized, 62.
  • Steerage conditions, 86, 174–182.
  • Steerage legislation, 82, 87, 118–120.
  • Steerage rates, 148, 181.
  • Stimulated immigration. See Induced immigration.
  • Stimulation argument, 396.
  • Stowaways, 121.
  • Superintendent of Immigration, 111, 113.
  • Supreme Court decisions, 77.
  • Sweat shops, 288.
  • Sweden, colonists from, 31.
  • Tamerlane. See Timur.
  • Tariff, 60, 92.
  • Temporary immigration, 138, 379.
  • Theodoric, 13.
  • Timur, 14.
  • Trachoma, 209, 210, 211.
  • Trade-unions, 310.
  • Tradition, 383, 392.
  • Transit, aliens in, 121, 125–126.
  • Transportation companies, 148–153, 170, 175, 207.
  • Treaties with China, 101.
  • Underconsumption, 352, 357.
  • Unemployment, 352.
  • United Hebrew Charities, 323.
  • United States, 22, 24, 27, 53, 382, 388.
  • Ventilation, of steerage, 178;
    • of houses, see Housing conditions.
  • Virginia colony, 30.
  • Volume of immigration, 1783–1820, 53;
  • Voyage, 39, 61, 83, 174, 379.
  • Wages argument, 394.
  • Wages, in Europe, 422;
  • Wandering, defined, 1, 10.
  • War of 1812, 59.
  • Wealth, amount of, 345;
    • distribution of, 346;
    • growth of, 392;
    • love of, 411.
  • Weekly earnings, 260.
  • White slavery, 296, 334–337, 365.
  • Yearly earnings, 261, 276.
  • Young Men’s Christian Association, 297.