1. Ta Ming Yung-lo, 1402-1424. Mark of Yung-lo, engraved under the glaze in early seal or ‘tadpole’ characters.
2. Ta Ming Hsuan-te nien chi, 1425-1435.
3. Cheng-hua nien chi, 1464-1487.
4. Ta Ming Cheng-te nien chi, 1505-1521.
5. Ta Ming Kia-Tsing nien chi, 1521-1566.
6. Ta Ming Lung-king nien chi, 1566-1572.
7. Ta Ming Wan-li nien chi, 1572-1619.
8. Ta Tsing Kang-he nien chi, 1661-1722.
9. Ta Tsing Yung-cheng nien chi, 1722-1735.
10. Do.
do., in seal characters.
11. Ta Tsing Kien-lung nien chi, 1735-1795. Seal characters.
12. Ta Tsing Kia-king nien chi, 1795-1820. Seal characters.
13. Ta Tsing Tao-kwang nien chi, 1820-1850. Seal characters.
14. Ta Tsing Tung-chi nien chi, 1861-1874. Seal characters.
15. Wan chang shan tu. ‘Scholarship lofty as the Hills and the Great Bear.’
16. Ki yuh pao ting chi chin. ‘A gem among precious vessels of rare jade.’
17. Shun-ti tang chi. ‘Made at the Shun-ti (cultivation of virtue) Hall.’
18. Tsae chuan chi lo. ‘Enjoying themselves in the waters.’
19. Conventionalised seal character for Sho—longevity.
19A. Fu, a bat, a synonym of fu—happiness.
JAPANESE MARKS
20. Kai-raku yen sei. ‘Made at the Kai-raku house.’
21. Ken-zan. The maker’s name.
22. Yei-raku. The seal granted to Zengoro. Seal character.
23. Fuku. Happiness. (Chinese, Fu.) Seal character.
24. Hopin chi liu. (Japanese, Ka hin shi riu). See p. 199 note.
GERMAN MARKS
25. Meissen. The rod of Æsculapius.
26. Meissen. Monogram of Augustus ii., King of Poland.
27. Meissen. Crossed swords and letter (for painter or director).
28. Vienna. The shield of Austria.
29. Höchst. The wheel of the Mainz archbishops, surmounted by a cross.
30. Fürstenberg. The initial letter of the town.
31. Berlin. The sceptre carried by the Brandenburg elector as grand chamberlain of the empire.
32. Frankenthal. Crowned lion of the palatinate; the monogram J. A. H., probably for Joseph Adam Hannong.
33. Frankenthal. The monogram of Karl Theodor, surmounted by a crown.
34. Nymphenburg. Quarter of shield with arms of Bavaria.
35. Ludwigsburg. Arms of Würtemberg. Three stag horns.
36. Ludwigsburg. Monogram of Duke Charles, surmounted by ducal crown.
37. Fulda. Double F, for ‘Fürstliche Fuldaische.’
38. Fulda. Cross from the arms of the prince bishop.
39. Herend. Below—the arms of Hungary.
DUTCH, DANISH, SWEDISH, AND RUSSIAN MARKS
40. Weesp. Crossed swords and three dots. Similar mark used elsewhere.
41. Oude Loosdrecht. The ‘M:’ stands for manufactuur.’
42. The Hague. The arms of the town.
43. Copenhagen. The wavy lines represent the ‘three Belts.’
44. Sweden; Marieberg. The three crowns from the arms of Sweden.
45. Moscow. St. George surrounded by band, with inscription. Above, the Russian eagle.
46. St. Petersburg. Monogram of Catherine ii. (Ekaterina).
BELGIAN AND SWISS MARKS
47. Tournay. A tower, the arms of the town.
48. Tournay. Crossed swords and four crosses.
49. Zurich. German Z and two dots.
50. Nyon. A fish.
FRENCH MARKS
51. Saint-Cloud. The sun, emblem of Louis xiv.
52. Saint-Cloud. Initials of town and of director of factory—Trou.
53. Chantilly. A hunter’s horn.
54. Mennecy. D. V., for the Duc de Villeroy.
55. Vincennes. The initials of Louis xv. crossed, without year-mark.
56. Vincennes. Initials of Louis xv.; year-mark for 1753, and decorator’s mark (H.).
57. Sèvres. Time of First Empire. The 7 stands for 1807.
58. Sèvres. Double C, enclosing X, for Charles x. 24 for 1824.
59. Paris; Courtille. Two crossed arrows.
60. Orleans (?). Label with three points from ducal arms.
61. Paris; Clignancourt. The windmill of Montmartre.
62. Paris; Rue Thiroux. A, for Marie Antoinette, under a crown.
ITALIAN AND SPANISH MARKS
63. Venice. Incised. Probably of Vezzi family.
64. Venice. Anchor of Cozzi factory.
65. Le Nove. Star of eight points.
66. Vinovo. Cross of Savoy above letter V, for the town.
67. Madrid, Buen Retiro. The fleur-de-lis from the royal arms.
ENGLISH MARKS
68. Chelsea. Triangle, incised.
69. Chelsea. Anchor, in relief.
70. Chelsea. Anchor.
71. Bow. Anchor and dagger.
72. Bow. Monogram of Thomas Frye. (?) Perhaps sometimes a Worcester mark.
73. Chelsea-Derby. Anchor and letter D.
74. Derby. Jewelled crown, crossed batons, with dots and letter D.
75. Derby. Jewelled crown and letter D.
76. Worcester. Imitation of Chinese characters.
77. Worcester. Crescent.
78. Worcester. Imitation Chinese seal character.
79. Worcester. Crossed swords and number.
80. Swansea. Trident.
81. Longton Hall. Crossed L’s and dots.
82. Plymouth. The symbol for tin.
83. Bristol. Symbol for tin, with a cross.
84. Bristol. Crossed swords, erased.
DUTCH, DANISH, SWEDISH, AND RUSSIAN MARKS
PLATE E.—ENGLISH MARKS
INDEX
A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, Y, Z