Scarabs / The History, Manufacture and Symbolism of the Scarabæus in Ancient Egypt, Phoenicia, Sardinia, Etruria, etc.

This chapter is found upon numerous papyri and scarabs. The differences in the texts are many, the principal may be considered as in the 30A and 30B, of Naville's Text.

The oldest copy we have on a scarab, is on that of king Sebak-em-saf of the XIIIth Dynasty. In the British Museum, No. 7876. Dr. Samuel Birch has described it[N] in his study on the "Formulas relating to the Heart." He says: "This amulet is of unusual shape; the body of the insect is made of a remarkably fine green jasper carved into the shape of the body and head of the insect. This is inserted into a base of gold in the shape of a tablet. * * * The legs of the insect are * * * of gold and carved in relief * * * The hieroglyphs are incised in outline, are coarse, and not very legible."[O]

FOOTNOTES:

INDEX.

• Aanru, the Egyptian heaven, 61. See, Hotep.
• Aar, See, Aanru, 61.
• Ab. The Heart, Introd. ix., 119, 145 et seq. See, Heart.
• Abraxas gems, 143.
• Abydos. Scarabs of, 27, 28.
• Amen, 77. See, Ammon.
• Amen-em-hat III. Fine cameo of, 33, 34.
• Amen-hotep II. Signet ring of, 35.
• Amen-hotep, or Amenophis III, Scarabs of, 25, 53, 54, 55, 56.
• Amenophis III. Scarabs of, found in Mesopotamia, 62, 63.
• Amen-Ra. The scarabæus sacred to, 13.
• Amenta, 148, 152, 154. See, Amenti.
• Amenti, 102. See, Amenta.
• Ammon or Amen, 89, 90.
• Ammon-Ra. Hymn to, 99 et seq.
• Amsit, 108.
• Androgene. The scarabæus an, 79.
• Androgenic idea as to the scarabæus, 7, note.
• Ankh, 118. See, Crux ansata.
• Annihilated. The wicked, at the psychostasia, adjudged to be, 94, 96.
• Annihilation. The region of, glorification even in, 153.
• Annuities perpetual, left the priests to perform the sacred duties to the dead, 121.
• Anubis, 147.
• Apap, the Evil One, 86.
• Aristophanes ridicules the use of the scarabæus, 7
• Assyrian contracts sealed, 129, 130 and note.
• Astrologers, 73.
• Astronomers, 73.
• Astronomy. The scarabæus in, 12, 13.
• Ateuchus. The Genus, 4, 5, 6.
• Ateuchus sacer Ægyptiorum, 5, 6.
• Ateuchus sacer. Symbolism of the, 6.
• Athena (Neith) symbolized by a vulture and scarabæus, 12.
• Atmu or Tum, 70, 102, 112. See, Tum and Tmu.
• Atmu-Khepera, 112.
• Atoms and molecules according to the Ancient Egyptians, are not destroyed, 95, 96.
• Atum, 103.
• Azazel. The Angel, taught the art of the lapidary to mankind, 30.
  
  
• Ba or Bai, plur. Baiu, the responsible soul, Introd. ix., 92, 98, 114, 115, 148, 152.
  • was judged in the Hall of Osiris, 119, 120.
  • usually represented as a human headed sparrow-hawk, but sometimes as a crane and at others, as a lapwing, 115.
• Balance. The, 152, 153.
• Basilidian amulets, 143.
• Bibliography of the scarabæus, Introd. xix. et seq.
• Birch, Dr. Samuel, on a scarab of Sebak-em-saf, 154.
  • His edition of the Book of the Dead, Introd. xviii.
  • his writings as to the scarabæus, Introd. xx.
  • his "Formulas relating to the Heart," 154.
• Birth. The second, and resurrection from the dead, 89, Introd. vi. et seq.
• Body. The, called Khat, 114.
• Book of the Dead, Introd. xvi. et seq., 60, 66, 75, 76, 86, 92.
  • See, Dr. Samuel Birch, M. Paul Pierret, P. Le Renouf, M. Edouard Naville.
  • shows a hidden religious metaphysic, 68.
  • some chapters only inscribed on the winding-sheet of the mummy, 61.
  • Chapters relating to the Heart, 67 and Appendix A.
  • as to Khepra in it, 85. See, Khepra.
  • Edouard Naville's translation of, 146, Introd. xvii.
  • P. Le Page Renouf's translation of, 145 et seq., Introd. xviii.
• Books. Ancient, 72.
• Boort. Use of, and diamond dust, 31, 32.
• Buprestis. The, held in estimation, 6.
  
  
• Cakes. The sacrificial, Introd. ix., 152.
• Cameo. Finest, in the world, 33, 34.
• Cancer. Scarabæus anciently used in Egypt, to represent the zodiacal sign now called, 12.
• Carnelian. The XXIXB. chapter of the Book of the Dead, usually incised on, 151.
• Cartouch. Reason of the shape of the oval line around the, 14, 38, 39.
• Cartouches. Royal, oval form of the, taken from the shape of the underside of the scarabæus, 14, 38, 39.
• Champions. The Divine, 149.
• Chaos, 103, 107, 108, 112, 113.
• Christ called the scarabæus of God, 63.
• Christian scarabs, 63, 64.
• Circle. The Divine, 150, 152, 153.
• Coprophagi. Family of the, 4.
• Corundum. Use of, in engraving hard stones, 31.
• Cowroids are of the Hyksos period, 25.
• Crab. Zodiacal sign of the, 12.
• Creation, 99 et seq.
• Creator and created, 95, 99 et seq.
• Cricket. The Holy, Veneration of the natives of Madagascar for, 13.
• Cross. Position held by of the Latin, as a symbol, 3, 95.
  • Latin and Greek, 95.
• Crux ansata, an emblem of the Ka or vitality, 118.
• Cylinders. Engraved, used in Egypt, 39, 40.
  • not an evidence from their use in Egypt that they came from Mesopotamia.
  
  
• Dead. Book of the, See, Book of the Dead.
• Death did not according to the Ancient Egyptian, destroy the personality of man, 96.
  • The Second, 94, 96, 120, 121, 153.
• Deities of Literature and Libraries, 70.
• Deities. The, transformed, 94.
• Deity. The Supreme, Ideas as to, in Ancient Egypt, Introd. xii., xiii.
  • The Highest, an androgene, 101, 102.
• Diodorus Siculus, 75.
  • his writings cannot always be depended upon. Ibid.
• Division of the spiritual in man, 114 et seq.
• Double. The spiritual, called the Ka, 117. See, Ka.
• Drills. Use of, in ancient times, in cutting hard precious and other stones, 31.
  
  
• Early Assyrian sealed contracts, 130 and note.
• Eidolon, 118. See, Ka.
• Egypt. Aborigines of the land of, Our knowledge of the, Introd. vii.
  • art in, six thousand years ago, 69.
  • its civilization six thousand years ago, 70.
  • Hebrews in, Introd. xiv.
  • ideas as to the Supreme Deity in Ancient, Introd. xii.
  • idolatry in, Introd. xii.
  • six thousand years ago, had a language, religion and writing, 69.
  • See, Introd.
• Egyptians. The Ancient, highly civilized, 69 et seq., Introd. vii.
  • race of the Ancient, was Caucasian, Introd. vii.
  • Ancient, thought as to the spiritual-world and its inhabitants, elevated, Introd. xii.
  • signets, 15, 16, 38 et seq.
  • used symbols, having an occult meaning, to designate their deities, 4.
• Emanation or Creation of all things, 100 et seq.
• Emery. Use of, 31.
• Engraving of precious stones. Antiquity of the art of, 30 et seq., 33.
• Engraving. Method of engraving in ancient times, 31.
  • on scarabs, 20, 21, 22, 48, 51, 52.
• Enamels on scarabs, 19.
• Enoch. Book of, cited, 30.
• Entomology of the scarabæidæ, 4 et seq.
• Ephod. Engraved stones in the Hebrew High Priest's, 37.
• Erpā. The, of the gods, 147.
• Etruscan glyptography has not a transitional period, 140.
• Etruscan scarabs, 134 et seq.
  • divisions of, according to subjects engraved thereon, 141.
  • form of, 135, 136.
  • usually of a conventional form, 134, 135, 136.
  • manufacture of, 136, 137.
  • material of, 135.
  • time of manufacture and use of, 142.
  • where found, 134 et seq., 138.
  • method of wearing, 139.
  • worn as amulets and for ornament, 139.
  • those having a white opaqueness have been burned, 139.
  • subjects engraved on, 137, 138, 140, 141.
• Etruscans at first purchased the scarabs from Phœnicians, 140.
  • borrowed the form of the scarab but did not care for the cult, 139.
• Eternal life of the soul of man, Introd. vi., vii., ix., x., xi., xii., xiii. See, the Second Death.
• Eternity. Lords of, 148.
• Eternity of the soul of the good, 96. See, Introduction.
• Ethiopians. Religious feeling for the scarabæus among the, 12, 13.
• Evil One, is Apap, 86.
• Evolution in the Egyptian philosophy, 99 et seq., 104 et seq.
• Ezekiel's. The prophet, description of the working and engraving of, precious stones, 35.
  
  
• Face. Broad, The god of the, 150.
• Felspar. The XXVIIth chapter of the Book of the Dead, incised on green, 151.
• Forgery of scarabs, 123 et seq.
• Future rewards or punishments to the soul, Introd. vi., vii., x., xi.
  • See, Annihilation, Wicked, Heaven, Psychostasia, Second Death.
  
  
• Genius. The, the Ka, 118, 148, 152, 153. See, Ka.
• Geographers, 73.
• Ghost. See, Ka, Khu, Eidolon.
• Gnostic amulets with the scarabæus portrayed on them, 143.
• God, 109, 110, 110, Introd. xii. et seq.
• God and His universe, 95 et seq.
• Gnostic amulets, 143.
• Good. The soul of the, is eternal, 96.
• Grammarians, 73.
• Grave. Glorification in the deep, 153.
• Great Sphinx. The, a philosophical abstraction, 68. See, Sphinx.
• Greek authors, statements of as to Ancient Egyptian abstract thought, 74.
• Greek authors, cannot be depended upon. Ibid.
• Greek and other writers, who mention the scarabæus, Introd. xviii., xix.
• Greek scarabs, 142.
  • made in the Egyptian style, a manufactory for such was at Naukratis, 27.
• Greeks called the scarabæus the Helio-cantharus, 7.
  
  
• Hard stones. Egyptian method of cutting, 32. See, Engraving, also Scarabs.
• Hapi, 108.
• Harmakhis-Khepra, 80, 85. See, Khepra.
• Harmakhu-Khepra-Ra-Tum, 83.
• Harmony and law of the universe, 79, 99, 100.
  • this was called the Ma, 81. See, Ma.
• Hathor, 102.
• Hatshepsu. Scarabs of Queen, 28.
  • Signet of, 34.
• Heart. The, was called Ab, 119. See, Ab, also Appendix A.
  • the, 66, 92. See, Appendix A.
  • considered as the source of life and also the place of the thoughts, 145.
  • curious representations in connection with the, 145.
  • was symbolized by the scarab, 146.
  • was symbolized by Khepra, the scarabæus deity, 92. See, Khepra.
  • scarabs to take the place of the, 60, 61, 66.
  • whole, meaning of this expression, 146.
  • the, in the Book of the Dead, 75, 76, and Appendix A.
• Heaven. The Egyptian eternal heaven, 61. See, Aanru and Hotep.
• Hebrew High Priest, names of precious stones in his Ephod, 37.
• Hebrews in Egypt must have had knowledge of, the Egyptian belief in the immortality of the soul and its future reward or punishment, Introd. xiv. et seq.
• Hebrew Qabbalah. See, Qabbalah.
• Helio-cantharus. Greek name for the scarabæus, 7.
• Hephæstos (Ptah) symbolized by a scarabæus and vulture, 12.
• Heretic kings. Scarabs not in use by the, 44.
• Hermes Trismegistos cited or quoted, 74, 96, 109, 110.
• Hermopolis, 150.
• Herodotus, 75.
  • quoted, 97.
• Heron. The, 151.
• Herseshta. See, Teachers of Mysteries.
• Historical scarabs, 49 et seq.
  • value of, to the historian, 50.
• Horapollo quoted as to the scarabæus, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12.
• Horapollon, 74. See, Horapollo.
• Hor-em-khu, 84, note.
• Horus, 77, 93, 94, 108, 112.
  • the eye of, 84.
• Horus, Hor-em-Khu and Khepra, 80, 81.
• Hotep. A division of the Egyptian eternal heaven, 61.
• Hottentot. Veneration for the scarabæus by the, 13.
• Hyksos. The, Introd. xiv.
• Hyksos period. Scarabs of the, 25.
  
  
• Iamblichus, 74.
• Ideal Prototype, 16, 17. See, Prototypes.
• Idolatry in Egypt, Introd. xii.
• Individuality. The, 116.
• Immortality of the soul, 98. See the Introduction.
  • the scarabæus the symbol of the, 13. See also, Scarabs, Scarabæus.
  • Soul, and the Introduction, also Appendix A.
• Incising of scarabs, 22.
• Intellectual part of man's spirit, 115, 116. See, Khu.
• Isis, 86, 94.
  
  
• Jesus called, the good Scarabæus, 63.
  • crucifixion of portrayed on a scarab, 64.
• Jeweled drills and saws. Use of, 31, 32.
• Joseph under the Hyksos, Introd. xiv.
• Joseph. The signet ring given by Pharaoh to, 36 and note.
• Josephus, Introd. xiii.
• Judges, 73.
• Judgment of the soul, in the Hall of Osiris, effect of, 120, 121.
  • See, Psychostasia.
  
  
• Ka. The, Introd. ix., xv., 60, 82, 148, 152, 153.
  • See, Appendix A, also the Double, and Division of the Spiritual.
  • dwelt with mummy, had a semi-material form and substance in the shape of the dead one, and had power to go and return when it pleased, 117, 118.
• Ka. It was the Vitality or Double. Plural, Kau, 117 et seq.
• Ka and Khu. Union of the, 120, 121. See, Khu.
• Khaf-Ra, Khephren or Khefren. Scarabs of the period of, 24.
• Khaf-Ra. See, Khephren.
• Khaibit. The, was the Shade or Shadow of the dead, 116. Parallels the Tzelem of the Hebrew Qabbalah.
• Khat, was the Body, 114, 148.
• Khem, 77.
• Kheper means, to become, to raise up, 88, 89, 95, 104, 111, 112.
• Kheper as the emanator or creator, 101 et seq., 107 et seq.
• Khepera (Khepra). 104 et seq. See, Khepra.
• Khephren. Statue of, in diorite, 41, 42. See, Khaf-Ra.
• Khepra, 99, 100, 111, 112.
• Khepra. The Scarabæus deity, 86.
• Khepra, also called Khepera, a form of the maker of the Universe which had the scarab as an emblem, 14, 99 et seq.
  • was also called, Tum-Khepra also Osiris-Khepra, 88.
  • was the symbol of the Heart, 92, 93.
  • was the transformer, 78.
  • in the Book of the Dead, 78 et seq., 85.
  • as Harmakhis, 85, 86.
  • in the bosom of the gods, 87.
  • against the rebels, 88.
  • as the Enlightener, 78, 79.
  • is Eternity, 86.
  • is the producer of the transformations, 87, 88, 89.
• Khepra overthrows Apap, the evil-serpent, 85, 86.
• Khepri. See, Khepra.
• Khmunu, 108.
• Khopiru, 84.
• Khu. The, 82, 98.
  • the Intellectual part of man's spirit, 115, 116.
  • in case of adverse judgment on the Ba, the Khu fled back to its immortal source, 120.
• Khu and Ka. Union of the, 120, 121.
• Khufu. Scarabs of the period of, 24.
  
  
• Lapidary, Antiquity of the art of the, 30.
• Lapis-lazuli. The XXVIth Chapter of the Book of the Dead, incised on, 151.
• Lathes. Use of, 22, 32.
• Librarians. Ancient, 71.
• Libraries. Ancient, 71, 72.
• Life and death. The interchange of, 97.
• Living. The, the saved or re-born, 151 and note.
• Logos. The, 105 and note, 107. See, Word.
  
  
• Ma, 81, 79. See, Maat.
• Maat. The Law or Harmony of all created, 70, 99, 100 and note.
• Makrokosm. The, 16, 17 and note.
• Manufacture of scarabæi, 18 et seq., 27.
• Manufacture. Periods of, 21 et seq.
• Materials used in manufacture, 18, 19, 20.
• Matter is only transformed, 94.
• Mead of amaranthine flowers, 147.
• Medical papyrus, Introd. ix., x.
• Men governed by their prejudices, 3.
• Mena, Introd. vii., 72.
  • his cartouche inside of the oval form taken from the underside of the scarab, 38.
• Men-kau-Ra. Inscription on the coffin of, Introd. vi.
• Mer-en-ra, 83.
• Mesopotamia and its relations with Egypt, 41, 42, 43, 44.
• Mesopotamia. Egyptian scarabs found in, 62, 63.
• Messenger. The, of thy god, 151.
• Messenger, the same as angel, 151 note.
• Mestha, 109.
• Mesxen. The reservoir from which came the new souls, 99 note, 103, 104. See, Souls.
• Metaphysicians. Religious, 73.
• Metempsychosis. Mistaken ideas as to Egyptian, 97 et seq.
• Mineralogists, 73.
• Mirini I., 83, 84.
• Motion in all things, 96, 97.
• Moses. Reason why he may have omitted putting the doctrine of the future life of the soul in the Pentateuch, Introd. xv. et seq.
• Moses and belief in the immortality of the soul, Introd. xiii., et seq.
• Mysteries. The Teachers of, 72.
• Mummy called the, Husk, also the Sahu, 118, 119.
  
  
• Names of precious stones in the Ephod of the Hebrew High Priest, 37.
• Naukratis. Scarabs of, 27.
• Naville. M. Edouard, edition of the Book of the Dead, Introd. xvii., 146.
• Nebesheh. Scarabs of, 27.
• Neb-ka. Scarabs of, 23, 46.
• Nehabkau, 153.
• Nephesh of the Hebrew Qabbalah, and the lower vitality of the Mummy or Sahu, 118, 119.
• Nephthys, 86.
• Neshamah. The, of the Hebrew Qabbalah, 116.
• Nine. The divine, 83.
• Nothing destroyed, only transformed, 95, 96.
• Nous. The, of the Greeks, 116.
• Nu or, the Sky, 108. See, Nut.
• Nut, 79.
  
  
• Oldest scarabs, 46.
• Osiris, 93, 94, 106, 147, 149.
  • the dead one became an Osiris, Introd. vi.
  
  
• Pacht was the Mistress of thoughts, 70.
• Papyrus Ebers. Introd. x., note.
• Papyrus. Medical, Introd. x.
• Pentateuch. Hebrew, no idea in it, of the immortality of the soul and its future reward or punishment, Introd. xiii. et seq.
• Per-em-hru. See, Book of the Dead.
• Pepi I. Scarabs of the period of, 24.
• Personality. The, 116, 117, 119, 120.
• Philo. Introd. xiii.
• Philosophers, 73.
  • failure of, to understand psychological phenomena, 3.
• Philosophy. Ancient Egyptian, 68.
  • of the Ancient Egyptians not yet understood, 68.
• Philostratus quoted, 4.
• Phœnician scarabs, 128 et seq.
• Phœnicians. The, were copyists, 132.
• Phœnician manufactures of cylinders, signets, etc., 129 et seq.
• Pierret. M. Paul, his edition of the Book of the Dead, Introd. xvii., xviii., 145.
• Plato, 75.
• Pliny quoted as to the scarabæus, 7 et seq.
• Plutarch, 74.
  • quoted, 7, note.
• Prayers and litanies for the dead, 121.
• Precious stones. Hard, Chapters of the Book of the Dead incised on, 151.
  • hard, used in making scarabs, 18, 19, 33, 151.
  • in the Ephod of the Hebrew High Priest, 37.
• Primordial Man. The, 16, 17 and note.
• Prototypes. The, 103, 104. See, Mesxen, also Souls.
• Psyche, 114, 115. See also, Soul.
• Psychology. Ancient Egyptian, 114 et seq.
  • and the Hebrew Qabbalah. Ibid.
• Psychology. Ancient Egyptian, as yet only partly understood, 69.
• Psychostasia. The, or weighing of the soul of the dead, 149, 152, 153.
  • See, Future rewards and punishments of the soul.
• Ptah, 90.
  • the scarab an emblem of, he was one of the forms of the creative power, 12, 14.
• Ptah-Sokari-Osiris, was sometimes represented under the form of a scarab, 15.
• Ptah-Tatunen, 94.
• Ptah-Tore, 12 note.
• Punishment in the Underworld, 87. See, Annihilation, also, Psychostasia.
• Pythagoras, 75.
  
  
• Qabbalah. The Oral Tradition or, 69.
  • of the Hebrews and the psychology of the Ancient Egyptians, 115 et seq.
  • the Rua'h of the Hebrew Qabbalah, 115.
  • the Nephesh of the Hebrew Qabbalah, 118, 119.
  • the Neshamah of the Hebrew Qabbalah, 116.
• Qebhsennuf, 109.
  
  
• Ra, 79, 83, 93, 94, 112, 151, 153.
  • the scarabæus as the symbol of the creating power of Ra, 14, 15, 84.
  • when used as part of the king's name, 23.
• Ra-Harmakhis, 81.
• Rameses II. Scarabs of the period of, 26.
• Ren, the Name or Personality, 116, 117, 119, 120.
• Renouf. P. Le Page, his edition of the Book of the Dead, Introd. xviii., Appendix A.
• Resurrection from the dead, 92, 93, 122.
  • was symbolized by the scarab, Introd. v., vi., vii. See, Immortality
  • of the soul, also, Soul.
• Resurrection of the soul, symbolized by the Great Sphinx, 82. See, Introduction, also, Sphinx.
• Regeneration and re-birth, 95. See, Introduction. See, Soul.
• Rings. Use of, 40, 41.
• Roman scarabs, 142.
• Rua'h. The, of the Hebrew Qabbalah, 115.
  
  
• Sacrificial victims. Those examined and passed as right, marked with signets having on them the figure of the scarabæus, 20.
• Safekh, goddess of books, 70, 71.
• Saïtic period. Scarabs of the, 26.
• Sahu. The, or Mummy, 60, 118, 119.
  • may refer sometimes to the living personality of the mummy, 119.
• Sardinia. Scarabs found in, 130, 131.
• Sardinian scarabs. Division according to the subjects, 131, 132.
  • age of, 132.
• Scarab as a signet, 7.
  • as an amulet, 7.
  • the symbol of the Heart, 66, 67, 145. See, Heart.
  • Chapter XXXB. of the Book of the Dead on a, 154.
  • a beautiful Assyrian in the British Museum, 133
  • the synthesis of the Egyptian religion, 95.
  • a symbol of the re-birth, resurrection and eternal life, of the soul pronounced pure, 66.
  • the hieroglyph of, To become, etc., also, creator, 80. See, Horapollo.
• Scarab. A representation of with two heads, one of a ram, the other of a hawk, 89, 90.
  • the oldest known, that of Neb-ka, 23, 46.
  • an emblem of Ptah, 13, 14.
• Scarabæus. Name of in different languages, 2.
  • entomology of, 4, 5, 6.
  • where found, 4.
  • the hieroglyph of "to be," the emanating or creating, etc., in, 112. See, Kheper.
  • the first living creature seen coming to life, from the mud of the Nile, 13.
  • symbolism of the, 6.
  • the symbol of, creative and fertilizing power, 7, 8, 13.
  • the symbol of re-birth, resurrection and immortality of the soul, 13.
  • See, Introduction.
  • an early symbol of the idea of a future life of the soul, and its resurrection, and likely of its future reward or punishment, Introd. vi., vii., xi.
  • emblem of the re-birth and resurrection of the dead, 88.
  • a symbol of the resurrection in the heavenly regions, 92, 93.
  • held the position among the Ancient Egyptians which the Latin cross holds with us, 2.
  • as an emblem of the creating source of life, portrayed on the tombs of the ancient Theban kings, 16.
  • an amulet or talisman, 15.
  • astronomical value of the, 12.
  • an early symbol of the zodiacal sign now called Cancer, 12.
• Scarabæus and the Heart in the Book of the Dead, 75 et seq. See, Appendix A.
  • varieties of the, according to Pliny, 7, 8.
  • meaning of according to Horapollo, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12.
  • veneration of the Hottentot for, 13.
  • sacred to Amen-Ra, 13.
  • winged, 59, 60.
  • Bibliography as to the, Introd. xix. et seq.
• Scarabæi. Manufacture of, 18 et seq.
• Scarabæidæ. The family of, 4.
• Scarabs. Art in making, 52, 53.
  • forms of usually met with, 47, 48.
  • difference as to large and small, 21.
  • divisions of, 48, 49.
  • where and how worn by the living, 58.
  • put in place of the Heart inscribed with chapters from the Book of the Dead, 67. See, Appendix A, also Heart.
  • where found on mummies, 57, 58, 59, 60, 62.
  • representations of, with the head of a cow, ram et seq., 59.
  • set in gold, 59.
  • engraving on, 48.
  • symbols engraved on, 20, 21.
  • age of those not engraved on the under or flat part, 46, 47.
  • unfashionable in the XIIth Dynasty, 40.
  • the oldest thus far known, 46. See, Neb-ka.
  • difficult to judge of the age of, 28. See, Forgery.
  • historical, 23 et seq., 49 et seq.
  • great value of a knowledge of, to the historian, 29.
• Scarabs. Knowledge of the age of, 29.
  • re-issue of, by a later monarch, 28.
  • Etruscan, 134 et seq. See, Etruscan.
  • the material in which Etruscan, were made, 135, 136.
  • Phœnician, 128 et seq.
  • Sardinian, 130, 131.
  • forgery of, 123 et seq.
• Seals. Egyptian, some archæologists incorrectly claim, that they came from Mesopotamia, 37, 38 et seq.
• Sealing mentioned in the Old Testament, 35, 36.
  • Phœnician, 129 et seq.
• Seb, 94, 147.
• Sebak-em-saf. King, copy of Chapter XXXB of the Book of the Dead on a scarab of, 154.
• Sechit, 147.
• Sechit-hotepit, 150.
• Selk goddess of libraries, 71.
• Sent. King, Introd. viii., ix., x.
• Serpentine. The XXXth Chapter of the Book of the Dead, incised on, 151.
• Shade. The, of the dead, 116.
• Shait an Sensen. The, 60.
• Shepherd Kings. See, Hyksos.
• Shera. Steles from the tomb of, Introd. viii.
• Shesh. Very ancient recipe of the queen Shesh for washing the hair, Introd. x.
• Shu, 106, 108.
• Signet. The scarab as a, 7, 15, 16.
• Signet ring. Mention of the, in the Old Testament, 35, 36.
• Signets Egyptian, sometimes squares or parallelograms, 33.
• Soldiers wore the scarab to increase bravery, 7, and note.
• Solon, 75.
• Soul. The responsible, called the Ba. See, Ba.
• Soul. Immortality of the, 98. See, Introduction.
• Soul. Immortality of the, and the writings attributed to Moses, Introd. xiii. et seq.
• Soul of the good was eternal, 96.
• Soul of the wicked was destroyed, 96.
• Souls. The reservoir of, 99 and note.
  • Note. Comp. Hermes Trismegistos.
  • Book. The Virgin of the World, and Book. The Initiations or Asclepios.
• Sphinx. The Great, an abstraction, 81.
  • was an image of Ra-Harmakhis, 81.
  • was Harmakhu-Khepra-Ra-Tum, 83.
  • the philosophical value of the Great, 95.
  • the Great, meaning of, 82, 83.
• Statues of diorite, 41, 42.
• Stele of the Great Sphinx, 83.
• Stelæ. Oldest known, Introd. vii., viii.
• Strabo, 75.
• Sutu. The caverns of, 150.
• Suten-hotep-ta. The, Introd, viii., ix.
• Symbolism of the scarabæus, according to Pliny, 7. See, Scarabæus and Scarabs.
  
  
• Tamar. See, Thamar.
• Ta-nen, 94, 103.
• Tanis. Scarabs of, 27.
• Tefnut, 106.
• Teta. King, Introd. x.
• Thales, 75.
• Thamar or Tamar, 36.
• Thespesion quoted, 4.
• Thoth, 70, 74, 148. See, Hermes Trismegistos.
• Thotmes III., 21, 28.
  • scarabs of, found in Mesopotamia, 62.
  • Chapter CLIV. of the Book of the Dead, on his winding-sheet, 61, 62.
• Thotmes IV., 83.
• Tmu, 150.
• Tuamautef, 109.
  • content of the vase of, 61, 66.
• Tuat. The, 151.
• Tum or Atmu, 79, 93, 99, 102. See, Atmu.
• Tum not inert, 112, 113.
• Tum-Harmakhis, 113.
• Tum-Khepra, 100, 111.
• Tumu, 84 and note, 108.
• Telloh. Statues found at, 41, 42.
• Transformations. Power of the dead to make, 87, 88, 89.
  
  
• Underworld. The, called Amenti and Amenta, 102, 148, 152, 154, Introd. xvi.
  • the Egyptian word so translated, may apply to a higher or opposite world to ours, Introd. xvi., note.
• Universe. Evolution of the, 99 et seq., 104 et seq., 106 et seq.
  • emanation of the, according to Hermes Trismegistos, 109, 110.
  • production of the, 100, 101.
  
  
• Vital principle of the human being after death, the Ka, 117. See, Ka.
  
  
• Wicked punished, 94. See Soul, also, Future reward, etc.
• Wicked. The soul of the, annihilated and destroyed, 96.
• Women wore the scarab, 7.
• Word. The, 105 and note, 107. See, Logos.
  • production or creation, by the, 101 et seq.
  
  
• Zodiac. Emblem on the Hindu, resembles more a beetle than a crab, 12.
  • of Denderah. Scarabæus on the, 12.
• Zodiacs. The scarabæus in some zodiacs in place of the crab, 12.