The Bark Canoes and Skin Boats of North America

Index

• Abitibi, Lake, Post (Hudson's Bay Company), 151
• Abitibi River, 132
• Abnaki (Indians), 12
• canoe, 88-89;
• dimensions, 89, 114-115
• Admiralty Collection of Draughts, 12, 13
• Adney, Edwin Tappan, 4-5, 57, 100;
• papers, 4, 5, 6;
• parents, 4;
• wife, 4;
• work and career, 4-5
• Adney, Glenn (son of E. T. A.), 4
• Adney, H. H. (father of E. T. A.), 4
• Adney, Minnie Bell Sharp (wife of E. T. A.), 4
• Adney, Ruth Shaw (mother of E. T. A.), 4
• Adney papers, 4, 5, 6
• Alaska, 5, 181, 182
• Alaskan canoe, 55
• Alaskan kayak, 154, 190, 191, 192, 195, 196
• Alaskan umiak, 182, 183, 187 ff.
• Albany boat, 13
• Alberta, 132
• Aleutian Islands, 181, 183, 194 ff.
• Aleutian kayak, 195 ff.
• Algonkian Family, 99
• Algonkin (Indians), 99, 107, 113;
• canoe, 113-122
• America (44-gun ship, RN), 65
• American Neptune (periodical), 74
• American Museum of Natural History, 89, 195, 204
• Androscoggin (Indians), 88
• Anson, Lord, 12
• Art Students' League of New York, 4
• ash, white, 17;
• black, 17;
• splitting qualities, 17
• Asiatic kayak, 192, 195
• Assiniboine (Indian tribe), 132
• Athabaska, Lake, 132, 155
• Athabascan Indians, 154, 156
• awl, bone, 19;
• steel (canoe), 21
• axe, steel, 20, 21;
• cedar, 21
• Baffin Island, 82, 189, 191, 192, 204, 206, 208;
• umiak, 189, 190;
• kayak, 204 ff.
• baidarka (Russian kayak), 175
• bang plate, 208
• bark, basswood, 15
• birch, 9, 55, 60, 63, 96, 120, 132, 147, 148, 154;
• description, 14-15;
• selection and preparation, 24-26;
• handling, 29-31;
• use in building canoes, 41-51
• butternut, 213
• chestnut, 15, 213
• cottonwood, 15
• elm, 15, 212 ff.
• hickory, 15, 213, 217
• spruce, 15, 17, 24, 132, 158, 212, 213, 216
• white pine, 213
• bark cover, piecing, 42, 43, 45, 55;
• Micmac, 63;
• Beothuk, 98;
• Algonkin, 120;
• Western Cree, 132, 133;
• fur-trade, 147, 148;
• kayak-form, 162
• Barrière, Lake, 107, 146
• basket (pack), in fur trade, 143
• basswood, bark, 15
• bateau, 13
• bateau-shape canoe, 159-161
• batten (in skin boat construction), 186, 188 ff., 195 ff., 199, 204 ff., 208
• Beard, Daniel, 4
• Beaver (Indians), 154;
• kayak-form canoe, 159
• Beothuk (Indian tribe), 6, 94-98
• canoe, 94, 95;
• dimensions, 94, 98;
• form, 96;
• keel, 96, 97, 98;
• reconstruction of, 96 ff.
• Bering Sea, 195
• Bering Strait, 182, 189, 199
• bifid bow, 196, 197
• big river canoe, 58, 65
• birch bark, 9, 55, 60, 63, 96, 120, 132, 147, 148, 154;
• description, 14-15;
• selection and preparation, 24-26;
• handling, 29-31;
• use in building canoes, 41-51
• bladder, skin (float), 194
• Boas, Franz, 189, 204
• boat, Arctic skin, 174-212;
• Viking, 187;
• temporary skin, 219-220;
• bull, 220
• Bogoras, Vladimir, 183
• bola (hunting), 194
• bone fittings, kayak, 193, 204, 208, 211
• Bonshere River, Ontario, 113
• bottom-frame, kayak-form canoe, 160 ff.
• bow drill, 19, 20
• breakwater, canoe, 162, 166, 167;
• kayak, 196
• British Columbia, 5;
• kayak-form canoe, 165;
• sturgeon-nose canoe, 168
• bucksaw, 23
• building bed, locating, 37;
• preparation of, 37;
• stakes, 40, 41, 45 ff., 146, 148;
• repair to, 41;
• of plank, 56, 146, 147;
• Micmac, 62, 63;
• Malecite, 72, 73, 74;
• St. Francis, 91, 92;
• Beothuk, 96, 97;
• Eastern Cree, 101;
• Algonkin, 116;
• Ojibway, 127;
• Western Cree, 132;
• fur-trade, 146, 147;
• narrow-bottom, 158;
• kayak-form, 161;
• sturgeon-nose, 173;
• temporary canoe, 216, 219
• building frame, 26, 37, 54 ff.;
• Eastern Cree, 101;
• Algonkin, 115, 116;
• Ojibway, 127;
• Western Cree, 132;
• fur-trade, 140, 141, 146, 147;
• narrow-bottom, 158;
• kayak-form, 161;
• sturgeon-nose, 173
• bull-boat, 220
• butternut bark, 213
• camber (rocker of bottom), 28, 37, 38, 41 (see also rocker)
• canoe, birch bark, Adney on, 4 ff.;
• scale models of, 4, 5;
• plans of, 5, 6;
• speed of, 7, 29, 137;
• origin of name, 13;
• requirements for, 27;
• types, 27;
• forms discussed, 27-36 ff., 59 (see also under tribal types);
• tribal classification, 27 ff. (see under tribal names);
• effects of bark characteristics on, 29 ff.;
• construction discussed, 36-57 (see also under tribal types);
• compared with Eskimo skin boat, 193
• elm bark, 212, 219
• hickory bark, 213, 217
• skin, 219-221;
• moosehide, 72, 219;
• temporary, 219-221
• spruce bark, 132, 158, 212, 213, 216
• temporary, 219-221
• canoe awl, 21
• canoe birch (see under bark)
• canoe brigade, 152
• canoe building, Trois Rivières factory, 13, 135, 136;
• for fur trade, 135, 136, 146 ff.; 148 ff.;
• at Hudson's Bay Company Posts, 151
• canoe ends, details of construction, 34, 35, 36;
• Micmac, 58, 59;
• Malecite, 70, 76, 77, 155, 156;
• Chipewyan, 156, 157;
• Dogrib, 156, 157;
• slave, 157, 158;
• kayak-form, 158, 159;
• sturgeon-nose, 168
• canoe loading, fur-trade, 144, 145, 152, 153
• canoe portaging, 122, 151, 152
• canoe roads, 138
• canoe sails (see sails)
• canoe shoes, Malecite, 79, 80
• canoe types,
• Abnaki, 88-89
• Alaskan, 55
• Algonkin, 113-122
• Beaver, 159
• Beothuk, 94-98
• Big River, 58, 65
• bateau-shape, 159-161
• British Columbia, 165, 168
• Chipewyan, 155-158
• Cree, Central, 34;
• Eastern, 101-106;
• Western, 132-134, 155
• crooked, 99, 100, 106
• Dogrib, 155-158
• express, 137, 141
• fur-trade (see under fur-trade)
• hunting (Micmac), 58, 65, 70
• kayak-form (see under kayak-form)
• light, 137, 141
• long nose, 125, 130, 132
• Loucheux, 161, 166
• Mackenzie Basin, 159, 161, 162
• Montagnais, 34, 99, 100, 106
• Malecite, 34, 36-57, 70-93, 114, 115, 219, 221
• Micmac, 12, 27, 34, 58-69
• Nahane, 159
• narrow-bottom, 113, 114, 135, 154-158
• Northwest, 154, 155-157 (narrow-bottom);
• 158-168 (kayak-form)
• Ojibway, 122-131
• one-piece, 212
• open-water, 58, 64, 65
• Passamaquoddy, 74, 75, 82, 83
• Peterborough, 65
• porpoise hunting, 74, 75
• portage, 58, 65, 123
• Restigouche, 65
• river (Malecite), 70-79
• St. Francis, 88-93, 114, 115
• skiff-canoe, 65
• Slave, 155-158
• straight-bottom, 100, 101, 106, 155
• sturgeon-nose, 154, 168-173
• temporary, 212-219
• Têtes de Boule, 34, 107-112, 116, 122
• V-bottom, 74 ff., 89, 96, 98, 100, 107, 113
• war, 10, 58, 65, 70
• wide-bottom, 54
• woods, 58, 65
• Western Cree, 72, 132-134, 155
• Yukon River, 159, 164, 165, 166, 190
• canot (canoe), 13;
• du maître (see fur-trade canoe), 99, 106, 135;
• du nord (see fur-trade canoe), 151, 153;
• léger (see light canoe), 137
• Cape York, 208
• Carib Indians, 13
• Caribou Eskimo kayak, 204
• caribou-skin boat, 220
• Cartier, Jacques, 7, 68
• Cartwright, Lieut. John, 94, 95
• cedar, northern white, roots, 16;
• splitting qualities, 17, 18
• Celts, 176
• Champlain, Samuel de, 7, 10, 213
• Champlain, Lake, 7
• Chatham dockyard, 12
• chestnut bark, 15, 213
• chine, 164, 166, 184, 187, 188, 195, 202, 204, 205, 206
• Chippewa (Chippeway; Indian tribe), 122
• Chipewyan (Indian tribe), 154, 155
• canoe, 155-158;
• ends, 156, 157;
• spreading gunwales, 158;
• dimensions, 158;
• kayak-form, 166, 167
• chisel, 23
• Christopherson, L. A. (Hudson's Bay Company Factor), 145, 146;
• on fur-trade canoe construction, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151
• Chukchi umiak, 182, 183, 188;
• kayak, 195
• cockpit, kayak, 175, 176, 192, 195 ff., 197, 199, 200, 204, 205, 208, 211
• Coffin, Samuel, 95
• Collins, Henry B. (Bureau of American Ethnology), 174
• Colliers (magazine), 4
• construction methods, Malecite, 36-57, 72-74;
• Micmac, 58, 59-64;
• St. Francis, 90-93;
• Beothuk, 96-98;
• Eastern Cree, 104-106;
• Têtes de Boule, 108-112;
• Algonkin, 115-122;
• Ojibway, 125, 127 ff.;
• Western Cree, 132, 133;
• fur-trade, 146-151;
• narrow-bottom, 155 ff.;
• kayak-form, 160 ff.;
• sturgeon-nose, 168-172;
• umiak, 176 ff., 182, 184-187;
• kayak, 192-194;
• temporary canoes, 212-218;
• temporary skin boats, 218-220
• Copper Eskimo kayak, 204
• Coppermine River, 155
• coracle, 176
• Coronation Gulf, 193, 204
• Coronation Gulf kayak, 204
• cottonwood bark, 15
• Cowassek (Coosuc; Indian tribe), 88
• Crantz, David (missionary), 190, 223
• Cree Indians, central, 34;
• eastern, 99, 101-106;
• western, 132-134, 155
• crew, fur-trade canoe, 145
• crimping bark (in canoe building), 29, 30, 212, 214, 216, 217
• crooked canoe, 99, 100, 106
• crooked knife (tool), 21, 23
• curragh, 176, 178;
• waterproofing skins for, 176;
• compared with umiak and kayak, 178
• Coosuc (Indian tribe), 88
• dart (for hunting), 194
• deck, kayak-form canoe, 159, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167;
• kayak, 176, 195 ff., 199, 202, 204, 211
• decorations, 53;
• Micmac, 67, 68;
• Malecite, 82 ff.;
• St. Francis, 90, 91;
• Têtes de Boule, 112;
• Algonkin, 122;
• fur-trade, 146, 150, 151;
• kayak-form, 163;
• kayak, 197, 199
• Dènè (Indian tribe), 162
• Denys, Nicolas, 57, 68, 69
• Dibble, Lt. Col. Herbert, 75
• dimensions, canoe (see under tribal type); old canoes, 7 ff.
• Dogrib Indians, 154, 155;
• canoe, 155-158
• drill (tool), 19
• dugout, 10, 213
• eastern canoe construction, 54
• Eastern Cree Indians, 99, 100, 101-106
• canoe, 101-106;
• dimensions, 106
• Eastport (Maine), 75
• Egede, Hans (missionary), 190
• elm bark, 8, 15, 212, 213, 214, 215
• Encyclopedia Arctica, 6
• ends (canoe), 31, 32, 55, 56, 70, 72, 76, 77, 155 ff., 168, 217
• engine, outboard gasoline, 175, 187
• Eskimo, 154, 159, 175, 176, 182, 190, 191, 195
• Eskimo roll, 194, 223-227
• Eskimo skin boat (see kayak, umiak)
• Espenberg, Cape, kayak, 200
• express canoe, 137, 141
• Fort Chimo, 99, 100
• Foxe Basin, 182, 204
• frames (ribs), 19, 32;
• number of, 51;
• making and bending, 51;
• fitting, 51, 52, 56;
• temporary, 51, 52;
• Micmac, 60, 62;
• Malecite, 73, 77;
• St. Francis, 90, 91, 92;
• Eastern Cree, 104, 105, 106;
• Têtes de Boule, 110, 112;
• Algonkin, 122;
• Ojibway, 130;
• Western Cree, 132;
• fur-trade, 148, 149;
• narrow-bottom, 158;
• kayak-form, 160, 162 ff.;
• sturgeon-nose, 168, 172;
• umiak, 184 ff., 189, 190;
• kayak, 192, 194 ff., 202, 204 ff., 211;
• rough construction of, 213;
• for temporary bark canoe, 218;
• for temporary skin canoe, 219
• Franquet, Colonel (French military engineer-in-chief), 13
• froe (steel tool), 20, 21
• "frog" (headboard support), 35, 61
• fur trade, canoe cargoes in, 142, 145, 147, 152, 153;
• handling furs, 142;
• pack loads, 142 ff.;
• bundles and boxes, 142, 143;
• brigades, 152, 153
• fur-trade canoe, 5, 10 ff., 36, 37, 99, 112, 113, 118, 119, 122, 130, 135-153, 156;
• described, 135, 153;
• names applied to, 135, 147, 150;
• forms and categories, 136;
• dimensions of, 138, 141, 142;
• construction methods, 146 ff.;
• gunwales, 136, 148, 150;
• sheathing, 149;
• stem-pieces, 150;
• headboards, 150;
• paint, 150, 151
• Fury Strait, 204
• Gay, John, 94, 96
• Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, 94
• gimlet (tool), 21
• Golden Lake Algonkin Reserve (Canada), 113
• gores (bark canoes), 30, 31, 41, 42, 48, 50;
• spacing, 57;
• Micmac, 60;
• Eastern Cree, 101;
• Têtes de Boule, 108;
• Algonkin, 117;
• fur-trade, 148;
• in umiak, skin cover, 186
• Grand Victoria Lake, 107, 146
• great canoe (see fur-trade canoe), 135
• Great Lakes, 5, 8, 10, 12
• Great Slave Lake, 155
• Greenland, 176, 181, 187, 191, 194
• Greenland kayak, 190 ff., 195, 202, 205;
• 206 (northern coast, Polar coast), 208 (southern coast), 211 (modern)
• Greenland roll, 223 ff.
• Greenland umiak, 182, 190
• Gulf of Boothia, 204
• gum, 17;
• spruce, 17, 24, 25;
• tempering, 24, 25;
• repairs with, 25, 26;
• paying seams with, 50, 53
• gunwale, making, 19, 38;
• profile of, 28, 29;
• plan view of, 29;
• forms of, 31;
• ends of, 31, 38;
• inner, 31;
• outer, 31, 47 ff., 55, 60, 72, 73, 118, 119, 150, 155, 156, 169;
• lashing, 31 ff., 44, 45, 48, 60, 108, 109, 120, 149, 155, 156, 159, 169 (see also under lashing);
• securing bark to, 31, 33;
• setting up, 37;
• use as building frame, 37, 38, 40, 41;
• size of, 38;
• variations in construction of, 55;
• Micmac, 60, 61;
• hogged, 55, 59, 62, 63;
• Malecite, 72 ff.;
• St. Francis, 89;
• Beothuk, 97, 98;
• Eastern Cree, 101;
• Têtes de Boule, 108, 112;
• spreading, 117, 118, 127, 148, 158;
• Algonkin, 116, 117, 118, 119;
• Ojibway, 127;
• Western Cree, 132;
• fur-trade, 136, 148, 150;
• narrow-bottom, 155, 156;
• kayak-form, 159, 160, 164 ff.;
• sturgeon-nose, 168, 169, 172;
• umiak, 182, 184 ff., 190;
• kayak, 192 ff., 202, 204, 205, 206, 208, 211;
• temporary canoe, 212, 213, 216, 219, 220
• gunwale cap, making and fitting, 52, 53;
• Micmac, 60, 61;
• Malecite, 73;
• Eastern Cree, 104;
• Têtes de Boule, 108, 109;
• Algonkin, 118, 119;
• fur-trade, 136, 150;
• narrow-bottom, 155;
• sturgeon-nose, 172
• handgrip, 197, 199, 200
• Hare (Indian tribe), 154
• Harper's Weekly, 4
• Harper's Young People Magazine, 4
• harpoon (hunting weapon), 194
• headboard, 35, 36;
• support, 35, 61;
• making and fitting, 52;
• Micmac, 61;
• Malecite, 74, 78, 79;
• St. Francis, 89;
• Eastern Cree, 101;
• Têtes de Boule, 109, 110;
• Algonkin, 113, 119;
• Ojibway, 123, 125, 127;
• fur-trade, 150;
• narrow-bottom, 155, 157;
• umiak, 182, 184, 186, 189, 190;
• post used as, 217
• Hearne, Samuel (explorer), 155, 164
• Heath, John, 174, 175, 194, 199, 223
• Hecla Strait, 204
• Henry, Jr., Alexander, 13
• hickory bark, 15, 213
• Hill, Frederick (Director, Mariners' Museum), 4
• hogged bottom (center upcurved lengthwise), 30, 161, 162, 164, 165, 168
• hogged gunwale, 55, 59, 62, 63
• hogging brace, umiak, 188
• hot water, use of in bending wood, 20, 117
• Howley, James Patrick, 95, 96
• Hudson Bay, 5, 181, 182, 189, 191
• Hudson Strait, 182, 191, 202, 205
• Hudson's Bay Company, 4, 13, 99, 107, 136, 144, 151
• hunting canoe, Micmac, 58, 65, 70;
• kayak-form, 165
• hunting screen, kayak, 195
• Huron Indians, 132
• Huron, Lake, 113
• Indian migrations, 5, 27 (see also under tribal names)
• ice, skin-boats in, 180
• Illinois Indians, 132
• Irish, 176;
• curragh, 176, 178
• "Iroquois canoe," in fur trade, 136 (see fur-trade canoe)
• Iroquois Indians, 7, 10, 99, 114
• canoe (temporary), 213-219
• jack pine roots (for canoe lashings), 16
• jacket, watertight, 199, 211
• James Bay, 99, 132
• Japanese sampan, 191, 192, 205, 211
• Jochelson, Waldemar, 182
• Joliet, Louis, 8
• kayak, 174, 176, 190-211;
• multi-chine hull, 175, 191, 199;
• cockpit, 175, 176, 192, 195 ff., 199, 200, 205, 208, 211;
• deck, 176, 192, 195 ff., 199, 204, 211;
• structure, 178, 180;
• keelson, 178, 192, 195, 200, 204, 206, 211;
• gunwales, 178, 192 ff., 202, 204, 205, 206, 208, 211;
• geographic distribution, 190, 191;
• v-bottom, 190 ff., 195, 202, 206, 208, 211;
• risers, 190;
• flat bottom, 190 ff., 204 ff.;
• Alaskan, 190 ff., 195, 196;
• distribution, 190, 191;
• design, 191, 192;
• handling and use, 191, 194, 195, 199;
• portaging, 191, 199;
• construction, 192-194;
• keel, 192;
• frames, 192, 194 ff., 202, 204 ff., 211;
• bone fittings, 193, 204, 208, 211;
• seat, 194;
• skin cover, 194;
• paddle, 194, 195, 197, 202, 204, 205;
• as catamaran, 194;
• righting, 194, 223-227;
• hunting screen, 195;
• thwarts, 195 ff., 199, 208;
• Koryak, 195;
• Kodiak Island, 195, 196;
• breakwater, 196;
• decorations, 197, 199;
• Aleutian, 196, 197;
• Unalaska, 196, 197;
• two-passenger, 197;
• three-passenger, 197;
• Nunivak Island, 197, 199;
• King Island, 199, 200;
• Cape Krusenstern, 200;
• Cape Espenberg, 200;
• Point Barrow, 200;
• Norton Sound, 200;
• Mackenzie Delta, 200, 202;
• Kotzebue Sound, 200;
• sheer, 200, 204 ff., 208, 211;
• Copper Eskimo, 204;
• Coronation Gulf, 204;
• Caribou, 204;
• Netsilik, 204;
• Baffin Island, 204, 205;
• Labrador, 205, 206;
• rocker (camber) of bottom, 205, 206, 211;
• Greenland, 206, 208, 211;
• flare, 206;
• rake of ends, 208
• kayak-form canoe, 154, 158-168;
• Sekani, 159;
• Nahane, 159;
• bateau-shaped, 159;
• rake of ends, 159, 164;
• Loucheux, 161, 166;
• bottom frame of, 160 ff.;
• paddler's seat, 163;
• hunting, 165;
• British Columbia, 165;
• family, 165, 166;
• keel, 166;
• Chipewyan, 166, 167
• keel, Beothuk canoe, 96, 97, 98;
• kayak-form canoe, 166;
• kayak, 192
• keelson, umiak, 184, 186, 188;
• kayak, 192, 195, 200, 202, 204, 206, 211
• keg (in fur trade), 142
• Kennebec Indians, 70
• King Island kayak, 194, 199, 200
• King Island umiak, 187
• Kipewa Post (Hudson's Bay Company), 151
• knife, stone, 19;
• crooked, 21, 23
• Kodiak Island, 181, 192
• Kodiak Island kayak, 195, 196, 197, 199
• Koryak umiak, 182, 189
• Koryak kayak, 192, 195
• Kotzebue Sound, 188, 200;
• kayak, 200
• Krusenstern, Cape, 200, 204
• Krusenstern kayak, 200, 204
• Kutenai (Kootenay) Indians, 168, 172
• Labrador, 99, 191, 192, 205, 206
• Labrador kayak, 205, 206
• Laet, Joann de, 94
• LaFiteau, 12, 215
• LaHontan, Baron de, 8, 10, 215
• larch, splitting qualities, 17
• La Salle, Robert Cavalier de, 8
• lashing, canoe gunwale, 31 ff., 44, 45, 48;
• Micmac, 60;
• Têtes de Boule, 108, 109;
• Algonkin, 120;
• fur-trade, 149;
• narrow-bottom, 155, 156;
• kayak-form, 159, 160-166;
• sturgeon-nose, 169
• lashing skin cover, 186, 188, 190 (see also sewing, stitching)
• lathing (see sheathing)
• light (express) canoe, 137, 141
• London Chronicle, 4
• long-nose canoe, 125, 130, 132
• longitudinal strength (see gunwale, keelson chine, keel, stringers, etc.)
• Loucheux Indians, 154;
• kayak-form canoe, 161, 166
• MacKenzie, Alexander, 13
• MacKenzie Basin canoe, 159, 161, 162
• Mackenzie River, 154, 181, 191
• Mackenzie River kayak, 202, 204
• maître canot (see fur-trade canoe), 99, 106, 122, 135, 138, 151, 153
• Malecite Indians, 4, 10;
• composition of tribe, 70;
• canoe, 114, 115;
• sheathing, 34;
• construction, 36-57;
• bark covers over gunwale ends, 48;
• described, 70-88;
• ends, 70, 76, 77;
• of spruce bark, 72;
• temporary (skin), 219, 221;
• dimensions of, 73 ff., 78, 79
• Manitoba, 99, 132
• maple, hard, splitting qualities, 17
• Marquette, Father Jacques, 8
• Mariners' Museum (Newport News, Va.), 4, 5, 187
• mast, Micmac, 65, 66, 67;
• tripod, 182
• Matachewan Post (Hudson's Bay Company), 151
• Matagama Post (Hudson's Bay Company), 151
• maul, 19, 23
• McGill University Museum, 4
• measurement, of canoes, early, 7, 8, 9;
• units of (French), 8, 36;
• Indian, 36, 37, 50, 51, 92, 93
• Melville Peninsula, 204
• Memphremagog, Lake, 88
• Menominee Indians, 122, 123
• Micmac Indians, 10, 12, 58
• canoe, 12, 27;
• sheathing, 34;
• described, 58-69;
• ends, 58, 59;
• form, 59;
• construction, 62, 63;
• range, 65
• migrations, Indian, 5;
• effect on canoes, 27
• Missinaibi River, 132
• Missinaibi Post (Hudson's Bay Company), 151
• Mohigan Indians, 88
• Montagnais Indian canoe, 34, 99, 100, 106
• Montreal, 8, 10, 13
• Moose Factory (Hudson's Bay Company Post), 132
• moosehide canoe, 72, 219
• multi-chine hull, kayak, 154, 175, 191, 199
• nabiska (rabeska; see fur-trade canoe), 122, 135
• nadowé chiman (see fur-trade canoe), 136
• Nahane Indian kayak-form canoe, 159
• nail, in canoe construction, 66, 69, 117
• narrow-bottom canoe, 113, 114, 135, 154-158;
• Northwest, 155, 157;
• spruce bark, 158
• Nascapee Indians, 99, 100
• National Maritime Museum (Greenwich, England), 12
• Netsilik kayak, 204
• New Bedford whaleboat, 187
• Nipigon, Lake, 123
• North Alaskan whaling umiak, 187, 188
• North Bay (Ontario), 125
• north canoe (see fur-trade canoe), 135
• North West Company, 136, 138, 143, 152
• North West narrow-bottom canoe (see narrow-bottom), 155-157
• Norton Sound kayak, 200
• Nunivak Island kayak, 192, 197, 199, 200
• Oar, umiak, 182, 183, 187 ff.
• Ojibway Indians, 122
• canoe, sheathing, 34;
• construction, 122-131, 171
• Oka, Lake, 113
• one-piece bark canoe, 212
• open-water canoe, 58;
• sails, 64;
• dimensions, 65
• Ossipee Indians, 88
• Ottawa River, 12, 113
• Outing Magazine, 4
• outwale (see gunwale)
• owner's mark, 83, 84, 85
• overhang, in ends of kayak-form canoe, 159
• paddle, material and manufacture, 53;
• Micmac, 66, 67, 69;
• Malecite, 80, 81, 82;
• Beothuk, 96;
• Eastern Cree, 116;
• Têtes de Boules, 112;
• Algonkin, 122;
• Ojibway, 130;
• Western Cree, 133;
• fur-trade, 152;
• kayak-form, 163;
• umiak, 182, 183, 187 ff.;
• kayak, 195
• paddle guard, Micmac, 64
• paddler's seat, kayak-form canoe, 163;
• kayak, 194
• paint (on canoes), Malecite, 77;
• fur-trade, 150, 151
• Passamaquoddy Indians, 70
• canoe, 74, 75, 82, 83
• Peabody Museum (Salem, Mass.), 5, 74, 168
• peg, outwale, 48, 117;
• keel, 96
• Peterborough canoe, 65
• Pennacook Indians, 88
• Penobscot Bay, 7
• Penobscot Indians, 70
• Pepysian Library, 176
• Pequawket Indians, 88
• Perrot, Nicholas, 215
• Pillagers (Indian tribe), 122
• pine, white, bark, 213
• plane, smoothing (tool), 21
• planking (see sheathing)
• Plains Indians, 220
• Point Barrow (village), 187
• Point Barrow kayak, 200, 204
• Point Hope (village), 188
• Pond Inlet, 206
• porpoise-hunting canoe, 74, 75
• portage canoe, 58, 65, 123 (Ojibway)
• portaging, canoe, 122, 151, 152;
• Umiak, 188;
• kayak, 191, 199
• Poterie, Bacqueville de la, 12, 215
• prah, Malay, 189
• Pribilof Islands, 196
• Prince William Sound, 196
• quill decoration, Micmac, 68
• rabeska (see fur-trade canoe), 122, 135
• rake of ends, kayak-form canoe, 159, 164;
• umiak, 182, 187, 190;
• kayak, 208
• ram-form, 34, 168
• Ramezay, chateau de, 78
• rawhide, sewing with, 132, 158 (see sewing; stitching; lashing)
• Red Paint People (Indian tribe), 94
• Repulse Bay, 204
• Restigouche canoe, 65
• ribs (see frames)
• risers, umiak, 182, 187 ff.,
• kayak, 190
• river canoe, Malecite, 70-79
• Rivière du Loup, 78
• rocker (camber; convex lengthwise curve of keel), 28, 37, 38, 41;
• effect of gores on, 57;
• Micmac, 59, 63:
• Labrador, 99, 100;
• Eastern Cree, 101;
• Algonkin, 113;
• Ojibway, 125;
• Western Cree, 132;
• fur-trade, 136;
• Northwest, 155;
• kayak-form, 159, 164;
• umiak, 182, 184, 188, 189;
• kayak, 205, 206, 211;
• elm-bark canoe, 214
• roots, for sewing, 15, 16;
• varieties used, 16;
• splitting and peeling, 20
• Ross, Sir James Clark, 208
• rudder, umiak, 187, 189
• Russian influence on skin boat design, 175, 189, 192, 197
• Saginaw (Michigan), 123
• Saguenay River, 99
• sails, canoe, Micmac, 65, 66, 67;
• Passamaquoddy, 75;
• Malecite, 75;
• Eastern Cree, 106;
• fur-trade, 152;
• narrow-bottom, 158;
• blanket (Iroquois), 219;
• umiak, 175, 182, 183, 187, 189
• kayak, 195
• umiak, 175, 182, 183, 187, 189, 190
• St. Croix River, 70
• St. Francis Abnaki Indians, 88
• canoe, 88-93;
• dimensions, 89, 114, 115
• St. John Lake, 99
• St. John River, 70
• St. Joseph Lake, 132
• St. Lawrence Island, 197
• St. Lawrence River, 5, 13, 70, 78
• St. Matthew (Alaska), 196
• St. Maurice River, 107
• St. Michaels kayak, 200
• Salish Indians, 168, 172
• Saltreaux (Indian tribe), 122
• sampan, 191, 192, 205, 211
• scale-model canoe, 4, 5
• Schenectady boat, 13
• scow, 13
• scraper (tool), 19
• sea otter hunting, 197
• seal, bearded, 188, 195
• Sekani Indians, kayak-form canoe, 159
• setting up canoe (on building bed), 37, 38, 40, 44, 45
• Seton, Ernest Thompson, 4
• sewing (stitching, lashing), 15, 29, 30;
• on building bed, 42, 43, 44, 45, 48, 49, 50;
• Micmac, 63;
• Malecite, 79;
• St. Francis Abnaki, 91;
• Eastern Cree, 101;
• Têtes de Boule, 108, 109;
• Algonkin, 120;
• rawhide, 132, 158;
• narrow-bottom, 158;
• kayak-form, 162;
• sturgeon-nose, 168;
• skin cover, 186, 188, 190;
• kayak, 193, 194, 196;
• temporary canoe, 220
• Sharp, Minnie Bell (Mrs. Edwin Tappan Adney), 4
• Sharpie (boat type), 191, 206, 208
• shaving horse (tool), 22
• sheathing, 19, 73, 77;
• fitting of, 32 ff., 51, 52;
• Malecite, 50, 51, 75;
• Micmac, 63, 64;
• St. Francis, 90;
• Eastern Cree, 105;
• Têtes de Boule, 110;
• Algonkin, 121, 122;
• fur-trade, 149;
• narrow-bottom, 158;
• sturgeon-nose, 168, 172;
• temporary canoe, 218, 220
• sheer (rise in lengthwise line of gunwale), 47, 52, 56;
• hogged, 55, 62, 63;
• Micmac, 59;
• Malecite, 70;
• Beothuk, 94, 96 ff.;
• Algonkin, 114, 117;
• fur-trade, 136, 148;
• Northwest, 155, 156;
• kayak-form, 159, 164, 165, 166, 167;
• umiak, 182, 183, 187, 189, 190;
• kayak, 200, 204 ff., 208, 211
• shelter, Malecite canoe as, 71, 72
• Sioux (Dakotas), 122, 130, 133
• skiff-canoe (3-board), 65
• skin boat arctic, 174-211;
• seagoing, 174, 175;
• voyages, 176;
• shape and size, 176;
• in ice, 180;
• loading, 180, 181;
• umiak, 181-189;
• kayak, 190-211;
• compared with bark canoe, 193, 221;
• temporary, 219, 221;
• caribou skin, 220
• skin cover, umiak, 176, 178, 186, 188;
• kayak, 192 ff., 197, 199, 200, 204;
• for temporary canoe, 219
• skin canoe, temporary, construction of, 219-221
• Siberia, 181
• Slave Indians, 154, 155;
• canoe, 155-158
• sledge, for transporting umiak, 188;
• for transporting Nunivak Island kayak, 199
• Sokoki Indians, 88
• Southampton Island, 191, 204
• Spars, Micmac, 65, 66, 67
• Spruce, black, bark, 15, 17, 24, 212, 213;
• roots for sewing, 15, 16;
• splitting qualities, 17, 19;
• in kayaks, 192
• red, 17
• spruce-bark canoe, Malecite, 72;
• Western Cree, 132;
• narrow-bottom, 158
• spruce gum, 17;
• preparation, 24;
• tempering, 24, 25
• stakes, building bed, 40, 41, 45 ff., 146, 148
• stanchion, 195
• Stefansson, Vilhjalmur, v, 174
• stem-piece, 34, 35, 36;
• construction, 48, 49;
• root as, 55, 132;
• Micmac, 60;
• Eastern Cree, 101, 104;
• Têtes de Boule, 109;
• Algonkin, 113, 114, 119
• Ojibway, 123, 125, 127;
• plank, 125, 155, 156, 160, 164;
• Western Cree, 132;
• fur-trade, 150;
• narrow-bottom, 156, 157;
• kayak-form, 164;
• sturgeon-nose, 168, 169;
• temporary skin canoe, 218
• stitching bark cover, 43, 44;
• temporary canoe, 220 (see also sewing, lashing)
• stone tools, 17-20;
• use of, 18;
• cutting edge, 18
• straight-bottom canoe, 100, 101, 106, 155
• Strut (headboard brace), 123, 150
• sturgeon-nose canoe, 154, 168-173;
• British Columbia, 168;
• ends, 168;
• size, 172, 173
• Superior, Lake, 113, 122, 123, 125
• Taconnet Indians, 88
• tamarack (hackmatack), in canoe construction, 16
• Tanana Indians, 154
• tapering wooden members, 19, 118
• tarpaulin (in fur trade), 142, 143
• Temiscaming, Lake, 147
• temporary canoe, 212-219
• Têtes de Boule Indians, 107
• canoe, 107-112, 116, 122;
• sheathing, 34;
• described, 107-112;
• dimensions, 107;
• construction, 108 ff., 112
• Teton Indians, 133
• thong braces, umiak, 186, 187, 190
• throwing stick, 194
• thwarts, 19, 38, 40;
• fitting of ends, 32, 56;
• location, 32, 37, 40;
• supporting on building bed, 46, 47;
• Micmac, 61, 62;
• St. Francis, 90;
• Eastern Cree, 101;
• Têtes de Boule, 110;
• Algonkin, 117, 121;
• Ojibway, 127;
• Western Cree, 132;
• fur-trade, 147, 150;
• narrow-bottom, 158;
• kayak-form, 160, 162, 166, 167;
• sturgeon-nose, 169;
• umiak, 182, 187;
• kayak, 195 ff., 199, 208;
• rough construction of, 213, 216;
• temporary skin canoe, 219
• Timagami (Ontario), Lake, 125, 131, 151
• tomahawk, 21
• tongs, wooden, 20
• topsail, umiak, 183
• Tonti, Chevalier Henri de, 8
• tools, primitive, 17-20;
• modern, 20-24
• tree felling, 18
• treenail, 190, 192
• Trois Rivières, 13
• tumble-home (incurving of upper sides of canoe), Micmac, 60;
• Malecite, 73, 75, 78
• tump line, 122, 143
• Two Mountains, Lake of, 113
• Umiak, Eskimo, 174, 181-190;
• qualities, 175, 176, 178;
• use, 175, 176;
• design, 176, 178, 182-183;
• compared with curragh, 176, 178;
• skin cover, 176, 178, 186, 188;
• construction, 176, 178, 180, 182, 183-187, 188;
• oars and paddles, 182, 183, 187 ff.;
• headboards, 182, 184, 186, 189, 190;
• flare of sides, 182, 183, 188;
• sheer, 182, 183, 187, 189, 190;
• rake of ends, 182, 187, 190;
• rocker of bottom (camber), 182, 184, 188, 189;
• thwarts, 182, 187;
• risers, 182, 187 ff.;
• v-bottom, 182, 184, 189;
• gunwales, 182, 184 ff., 190;
• Alaskan, 182, 183, 187 ff.;
• Chukchi (Asiatic), 182, 183, 188;
• Koryak, 182, 189;
• Greenland, 182, 189;
• frames (ribs), 184 ff., 189, 190;
• keelson, 184, 186, 188;
• thong brace, 186, 187, 190;
• rudder, 187, 189;
• whaling, 187, 188;
• King Island, 187;
• hogging brace, 188;
• portaging, 188;
• Baffin Island, 189, 190
• Unalaska kayak, 196
• United States Fish Commission, 202
• United States National Museum, 183, 188, 189, 197, 199, 204
• V-bottom canoe, Malecite, 74, 75, 76, 77;
• St. Francis, 89;
• Beothuk, 96, 98, 100;
• Têtes de Boule, 107;
• Algonkin, 113
• kayak, 190 ff., 195, 202, 206, 208, 211
• umiak, 182, 184, 189
• V-Form (see V-bottom)
• Viking boat, 187
• voyageur, 143;
• loads carried by, 143, 144;
• number required for a canoe, 145;
• paddle requirement, 152
• wabinaki chiman (Algonkin canoe), 114, 119, 131
• walrus skin, for umiak, 183;
• for kayak, 194
• war canoe, 10;
• Micmac, 58, 65;
• Malecite, 70
• war party, Malecite, 71;
• traveling, 212;
• Iroquois, 214
• Waswanipi, Lake, Post (Hudson's Bay Company), 151
• water, Indian methods of boiling, 20
• weapons, for kayaks, 194, 211
• weather cloth, 183
• wedge, 38, 156
• Western Cree Indians, 132, 155;
• canoe, 72, 132-134, 155
• Wewenoc Indians, 88
• Weymouth, Captain George, 7
• whaleboat, 187
• whaling umiak, 187, 188
• Whitbourne, Captain Richard, 94
• White Fish People (Indian tribe), 107
• wide-bottom canoe, 54
• willow, 17
• Winnipeg, Lake, 132
• wood (for kayaks), 192, 200, 204
• wood bending, by hot water, 20;
• over a fire, 69
• wood splitting, 17, 18, 19
• woods canoe, 58, 65
• Woodstock, New Brunswick, 4, 75
• wulegessis, 72, 73, 77, 82, 90, 120, 121
• York boat, 220
• Yukon Indians, 190
• Yukon River canoe, 159;
• kayak-form, 164, 165, 166, 190