The Cambridge natural history, Vol. 03 (of 10)

References to figures are printed in thick type (248, 197); to systematic position, in italics (391, 430)

• Abralia, 391
• Absorption of internal portions of shell, 259
• Abyssal Mollusca, 374
• Acanthinula, 441
• Acanthoceras, 399
• Acanthochiton, 403, 403
• Acanthodoris, 434
• Acanthopleura, 403;
• eyes, 188
• Acavus, 303, 304, 335, 441
• Acera, 245, 430
• Achatina, 278, 328–337, 333, 442, 443;
• jaw, 211;
• food, 33;
• size of egg, 124;
• A. fulica, 279
• Achatinella, 278, 326, 327, 443;
• radula, 234;
• musical sounds, 51
• Achatinelloides, 332
• Acicula, 287, 296, 414
• Acmaea, 405;
• radula, 227
• Acme, 414
• Acmella, 314, 415
• Acroptychia, 336, 414
• Acrotreta, 504, 508
• Actaeon, 250, 427, 428, 429;
• radula, 217, 230;
• streptoneurous, 203 n.
• Actaeonella, 430
• Actaeonia, 432
• Actaeonina, 250, 429
• Actinoceras, 394
• Actinodonta, 447
• Acusta, 306, 316, 318, 441
• Adacna, 12, 297, 455
• Adalaria, 434
• Adamsiella, 414
• Addisonia, 412
• Adelphoceras, 395
• Adeorbis, 416
• Admete, 426
• Aegires, 434
• Aegista, 305, 316, 441
• Aegoceras, 398
• Aeolis, 10, 152, 432;
• radula, 217, 229;
• stinging cells, 65;
• mimicked by Sagartia, 68;
• warning coloration, 72
• Aerope, 328, 333, 440;
• radula, 215;
• habits, 54
• Aestivation, 25
• Aetheria, 328–336, 452;
• variation, 92
• Africarion, 333, 440
• Agaronia, 426
• Age of snails, 39
• Aglossa, 7
• Agnatha, habits, 51
• Akiodoris, 434
• Alaba, 415
• Alaria, 418
• Alariopsis, 420
• Albersia, 320
• Albino varieties, 87
• Alcadia, 348–351, 410
• Alderia, 432
• Alexia, 439
• Alicia, 459
• Allognathus, 441
• Allopagus, 452
• Alloposidae, 384
• Alvania, 415
• Alycaeus, 266, 302 f., 309, 319, 414
• Amalia, 440
• Amalthea, 78
• Amaltheus, 398
• Amastra, 443
• Amaura, 411
• Amberleya, 409
• Ambonychia, 449
• Amicula, 404
• Ammonites, 247, 393, 398, 398;
• sutures, 396;
• aptychus, 397
• Ammonoidea, 396 f.
• Amnicola, 325, 415
• Amoria, radula, 222
• Ampelita, 335, 442
• Amphibola, 10, 18, 439;
• breathing, 151;
• radula, 236
• Amphibulimus, 352, 442;
• radula, 233
• Amphidoxa, 358
• Amphidromus, 301, 305, 317, 310, 359, 442;
• radula, 233
• Amphineura, 8, 400;
• breathing organs, 154, 168;
• nervous system, 203;
• genitalia, 145
• Amphipeplea, 439
• Amphiperas, 419
• Amphisphyra, 430
• Amphissa, 423
• Amphitretus, 383
• Ampullaria, 17, 416;
• self-burial, 42;
• spawn, 125;
• breathing organs, 151, 158;
• jaws, 212;
• shell, 249, 263;
• operculum, 268;
• distribution, 294, 320, 322, 343, 359
• Ampullarina, 302, 439
• Ampullina, 411
• Amussium, 450
• Amycla, 423
• Anabathron, 415
• Anachis, 423
• Anadenus, 24, 441
• Anal glands, 241
• Anal siphon, 164, 173
• Anastomopsis, 442
• Anatina, 274, 275, 459
• Anatinacea, 458;
• gills, 167
• Anaulus, 414
• Anchistoma, 293, 296
• Ancilla, 267, 426
• Ancillina, 426
• Ancistrochirus, 391
• Ancistromesus, 405
• Ancistroteuthis, 391
• Ancula, 434;
• radula, 229, 230;
• warning coloration, 72
• Anculotus, 417
• Ancyloceras, 247, 399
• Ancylus, 19, 439;
• breathing, 162;
• hibernating, 27;
• radula, 235
• Aneitea, 325, 443
• Angitrema, 340, 417
• Anisocardia, 451
• Anodonta, 259, 341, 452;
• shower of, 47;
• variation, 92;
• Glochidium, 147;
• gill, 167;
• otocyst, 197;
• nervous system, 206;
• hinge, 274;
• A. anatina, 24;
• distribution, 282
• Anodontopsis, 451
• Anoglypta, 325, 441
• Anomia, 257, 448, 464;
• intestine, 241;
• byssus hole, 262;
• hearing, 196
• Anomiacea, 448
• Anoplophora, 451
• Anostoma, 248, 266, 356, 358, 442;
• aperture, 63
• Anthracosia, 451
• Anura, 424
• Anus, 209, 241
• Apera, 334, 440
• Aperostoma, 344, 414
• Aphanotrochus, 408
• Aphelodoris, radula, 230
• Apicalia, 422
• Aplacophora, 9, 404;
• radula, 228
• Aplecta, 354, 439
• Aplustrum, 245, 428, 430;
• radula, 230
• Aplysia, 245, 428, 431;
• stomach, 239;
• purple fluid, 65
• Aplysioidea, 430
• Aporrhais, 418;
• radula, 215
• Apricardia, 455
• Aptychus, 397
• Aptyxiella, 417
• Aptyxis, 424
• Aral Sea, Limnaea from near, 84;
• Cardium from, 91
• Arca, 14, 171, 273, 448;
• eyes, 191
• Arcacea, 448
• Arcachon, oyster-parks at, 105
• Arcestes, 397
• Archidoris, 434, 434;
• protective coloration, 73
• Architeuthis, 378, 390, 390;
• sucker, 381
• Arcomya, 458
• Arconaia, 307, 452
• Arctic shells, colour of, 86
• Arcuella, 422
• Argiope, 470, 472, 479, 487;
• parasite of, 485;
• distribution, 486;
• fossil, 501, 506, 508
• Argiopidae, 506, 508
• Argobuccinum, 420
• Argonauta, 383, 383;
• egg-laying, 127;
• hectocotylised arm, 137;
• radula, 236
• Arinia, 413
• Ariolimax, 441, 341;
• radula, 233
• Arion, 440;
• shell, 175, 245, 246;
• hardier than Helix, 24;
• voracity, 30 f.;
• egg-laying, 42 f.;
• protective coloration, 70;
• pulmonary orifice, 160;
• food, 179;
• smell, 193 f.;
• radula, 233;
• distribution, 285
• Arionta, 341, 353, 441
• Ariophanta, 301, 308, 309, 316, 440;
• protective coloration, 70
• Aristotle, on modified arm of polypus, 138
• Artemis, 454
• Arthuria, 403
• Asaphis, 456
• Ascoceras, 394
• Ascoglossa, 11 n., 431
• Ashford, C., on pulsations of heart in Helix, 26;
• on homing of Helix, 35;
• on dart-sac, 143
• Asolene, 416
• Aspergillum, 262, 459
• Aspidelus, 329, 440
• Aspidoceras, 399
• Assiminea, 415
• Astarte, 451
• Asthenothaerus, 459
• Astralium, 409
• Athoracophorus, 443—see Janella
• Athyris, 499, 500, 505;
• stratigraphical distribution, 507, 508
• Atilia, 423
• Atlanta, 421, 422;
• foot, 200
• Atopocochlis, 330, 441
• Atremata, 511
• Atretia, distribution, 486, 487
• Atrypa, 501, 502, 505;
• stratigraphical distribution, 507, 508
• Atrypidae, 501, 505, 508
• Aturia, 393, 395
• Atys, 428, 430
• Aucapitaine, H., on tenacity of life, 38
• Aucella, 449
• Aulopoma, 157, 304, 414;
• operculum, 269
• Aulosteges, 504;
• stratigraphical distribution, 507
• Auricula, 439, 439
• Auriculella, 327, 443
• Auriculidae, 17, 18, 260, 439, 439;
• lung, 160;
• eyes, 186;
• radula, 235
• Austenia, 301, 304, 440
• Avellana, 430
• Avicula, 254, 258, 449, 449;
• eyes, 190;
• genital orifice, 242;
• A. margaritifera, 100
• Aviculopecten, 450
• Aviculopinna, 449
• Axinus, 452
• Azeca, 442
• Azygobranchiata, 155, 407

• Babinka, 447
• Bactrites, 395
• Baculites, 399
• Baikalia, 290, 415
• Baird, Mr., on the British Museum snail, 37
• Balea, 442;
• B. perversa, 24, 41
• Baltic, fauna of the, 12, 83, 366
• Bankivia, 408
• Barbatia, 448
• Barleeia, 415
• Barnacle, Rev. H. G., on musical sounds, produced by Mollusca, 51
• Barometers, snails as, 50
• Bartlettia, 452
• Basilissa, 376, 408
• Basommatophora, 11, 19, 181, 438
• Basterotia, 451
• Bateson, W., on variation in Cardium, 91;
• on hearing in Anomia, 196
• Bathmoceras, 395
• Bathydoris, 433
• Bathyteuthis, 390
• Batissa, 320, 453
• Beddomea, 304
• Beecher on phylogeny, 509
• Beetles, prey on Mollusca, 58
• Bela, 426;
• radula, 219
• Belemnites, 380
• Belemnitidae, 387
• Belemnosepia, 390
• Bellerophon, 266, 407
• Belopetra, 380
• Belopteridae, 388
• Belosepia, 386, 388
• Beloteuthis, 390
• Bembix, 376, 408
• Benedictia, 290, 415
• Benthobia, 377
• Benthodolium, 377
• Berendtia, 441
• Beudant, experiments on Mollusca, 12
• Bideford Bridge and mussels, 117
• Binney, Dr., on epiphragm, 28
• Binneya, 341, 441
• Biradiolites, 456
• Birds, devour Mollusca, 56 f.
• Bithynella, 289, 293, 415
• Bithynia, 336, 342, 415;
• stomach, 239;
• habitat, 25
• Bittium, 416
• Blaesospira, 346, 351
• Blandiella, 16, 414
• Blanfordia, 414
• Blind Mollusca, 185
• Blood, 171
• Bodö, land Mollusca, 24
• Boeuf and French oysters, 107
• Bolma, 409
• Boltenia, 346
• Boreofusus, radula, 221
• Bornella, 433;
• stomach, 239
• Borsonia, 426
• Borus, 356–358, 441
• Bourcieria, 357, 410
• Bourguetia, 417
• Bourguignatia, 332
• Bouvier—see Fischer
• Boysia, 302, 442
• Brachial apparatus, types of, 500
• Brachiopoda, fossil, limestone formed of, 492;
• shell, 493, 497;
• muscle scars on, 494, 501;
• platform, 495;
• synopsis of families, 503;
• stratigraphical distribution, 506;
• phylogeny and ontogeny, 509;
• Orders, 511
• Brachiopoda, recent, 463;
• historical account of, 464;
• shell, 465;
• body, 469;
• digestive system, 471;
• body cavity, 472;
• heart, 473;
• excretory organs, 474;
• muscles, 475;
• nervous system, 478;
• reproductive system, 478;
• embryology, 479;
• habits, 482;
• distribution, 484;
• classification, 487;
• affinities, 487
• Brachytrema, 417
• Brackish-water species, 14
• Branchiae, 151, 153, 164
• Branchial siphon, 155, 164, 173
• Braun, on self-impregnation, 44
• Breathing organs—see Respiration, Branchiae
• Brechites, 459
• Breeding, periodicity in, 129
• Broderipia, 408
• Brotia, 305
• Brownia, 133
• Buccinanops, 423
• Buccinopsis, 424;
• radula, 221, 222;
• egg-laying, 128
• Buccinum, 6, 424;
• radula, 217;
• monstrosity, 251;
• breeding, 129;
• osphradium, 195;
• spawn, 126
• Buliminus, 24, 278, 285, 295 f., 316, 331, 339, 442;
• protective habits, 70;
• B. pallidior, 38
• Bulimulus, 278, 334, 339–359, 442;
• jaw, 211, 233;
• radula, 233;
• variation, 87
• Bulimus, 278, 342–359, 355, 441;
• radula, 233;
• egg, 124
• Bulinus—see Isidora
• Bulla, 428, 430
• Bullia, 155, 423;
• habits, 192;
• foot, 198;
• radula, 221
• Bulloidea, 429
• Burrowing Mollusca, 446
• Burying propensities of Mollusca, 27, 41
• Busycon, 424;
• money made from, 97;
• egg-capsules, 125—see Fulgur
• Butterell, Mr., on habits of Testacella, 52
• Byssocardium, 455
• Byssus gland, 201

• Cadlina, 434
• Cadoceras, 393
• Cadulus, 376, 445
• Caecilianella, 442;
• habitat, 48;
• eyes, 186
• Calcarella, 133
• California, land Mollusca, 280
• Calliostoma, 408;
• jaws, 212
• Callistochiton, 403
• Callochiton, 403
• Callogaza, 408
• Callonia, 442
• Callopoma, 409
• Calma, protective coloration, 74
• Calybium, 410
• Calycia, 320, 442
• Calycidoris, 434
• Calyptraea, 248, 412
• Camaena, 305, 306, 315, 316, 441
• Cambrian, Mollusca of the, 2
• Camitia, 409
• Campaspe, 433
• Camptoceras, 302
• Camptonyx, 278, 302, 439
• Campylaea, 285, 289 f., 293, 441
• Canal, 155
• Cancellaria, 426
• Canidia, 16, 305, 423
• Cannibalism in snails and slugs, 32, 33
• Cantharidus, 408
• Cantharus, 275;
• radula, 222
• Caprina, 456
• Caprotina, 456
• Capulus, 412
• Caracolus, 347–351, 441
• Carbonicola, 451
• Cardiacea, 454
• Cardiapoda, 421
• Cardilia, 454
• Cardinal plate, 500
• Cardinal process, 497, 501
• Cardinalia, 408
• Cardinia, 451
• Cardita, 273, 451
• Carditella, 451
• Carditopsis, 451
• Cardium, 6, 273, 455, 455;
• C. edule, 12, 164;
• modifications, 12;
• variation, 84, 91;
• nervous system, 207;
• distribution, 292, 297
• Carelia, 327, 443
• Carinaria, 9, 422, 422;
• foot, 200
• Carinifex, 439
• Carolia, 448
• Cartusiana, 296
• Carychium, 18, 439
• Caryodes, 325, 359, 441
• Casella, radula, 230
• Caspia, 12, 297
• Caspian Sea, fauna, 12, 297
• Cassidaria, 420
• Cassidula, 18, 278, 439, 439
• Cassis, 255, 420;
• radula, 223
• Castalia, 344, 452
• Cataulus, 157, 266, 304, 414
• Caterpillars mimicking Clausilia, 68
• Cathaica, 316, 441
• Catinella, 443
• Cavolinia, 158, 436;
• eyes, 186
• Cecina, 414
• Cenia, 432;
• breathing, 152
• Centrodoris, 434;
• radula, 230
• Centronella, 499, 506, 508
• Cephalopoda, 378 f.;
• defined, 5;
• ink, 65;
• egg-laying, 127;
• embryo, 133;
• branchiae, 168;
• osphradium, 195;
• foot, 200;
• nervous system, 206;
• jaws, 213;
• radula, 236
• Cepolis, 349–351, 441
• Cerastoma, 423
• Cerastus, 331, 441
• Cerata of Nudibranchs, 71, 159
• Ceratites, 397, 398;
• suture, 396
• Ceratodes, 357, 416
• Ceres, 21, 354, 410
• Ceritella, 417
• Cerithidea, 260, 417;
• C. obtusa, breathing, 152
• Cerithiopsis, 417
• Cerithium, 16, 416
• Ceromya, 458
• Chaetoderma, 404, 404;
• breathing organs, 154;
• nervous system, 203;
• radula, 217, 228
• Chaetopleura, 403
• Chama, 257, 272, 446, 455
• Chamostrea, 458
• Changes in environment, effect of, 83 f.
• Chank-shell, fishery of, 100
• Charis, 324, 442
• Charopa, 319, 323–327, 441
• Chascax, 424
• Chelinodura, 430
• Chelotropis, 133
• Chenopus, 418
• Chilidium, 498
• Chilina, 19, 343, 358
• Chilinidae, 439;
• radula, 236
• Chilotrema, 441
• China, use of shells in, 101
• Chiropteron, 133
• Chiroteuthis, 385, 391
• Chiton, 8, 153, 403;
• egg-laying, 126;
• breathing organs, 153 f.;
• eyes, 188;
• osphradium, 195;
• radula, 228;
• nervous system, 203;
• valves, 401, 402;
• girdle, 403
• Chitonellus, 404, 404;
• valves, 401
• Chittya, 16, 348, 351, 414
• Chlamydephorus, 333, 440
• Chlamydoconcha, 175, 245, 453
• Chlamys, 450
• Chloritis, 306, 311, 319–324, 441
• Chlorostoma, 408
• Chlorostracia, 307
• Choanomphalus, 250, 290, 439
• Chondrophora, 389
• Chondropoma, 346–355, 348, 414
• Chondrula, 285, 295, 296, 442
• Choneplax, 404
• Chonetes, 504;
• stratigraphical distribution, 507, 508
• Choristes, 420
• Choristoceras, 398
• Chorus, 423
• Chromodoris, 434;
• jaws, 212;
• radula, 230
• Chrysallida, 422
• Chrysodomus, 423
• Chrysostoma, 409
• Cingula, 415
• Cingulina, 422
• Cionella, 442
• Circe, 454, 458
• Circulatory system, 169
• Circulus, 408
• Circumpolar species, 287
• Cirrhoteuthis, 381, 382
• Cistella, 467, 470, 472, 475, 476, 479, 480, 487;
• larvae, 481, 483;
• parasite of, 485;
• distribution, 486;
• fossil, 506, 508
• Cistopus, 385
• Cistula, 349, 351, 355, 414
• Cladohepatica, 432
• Clanculus, 408
• Classification, 5, 8;
• of Gasteropoda, 8, 11
• Clathurella, 426
• Clausilia, 442, 442;
• mimicked by caterpillars, 68;
• monstrosity, 251;
• distribution, 285 f., 294, 305–318, 332, 339–356;
• C. rugosa, 24;
• scalaris, 278
• Clavagella, 262, 459
• Clavator, 335, 359, 441
• Clavatula, 426
• Clavella, 424
• Claviger, 329, 417
• Clea, 16, 305, 423
• Clementia, 454
• Cleodora, 436, 436
• Cleopatra, 294, 328, 331, 336, 416
• Clessin, on duration of life, 39
• Clessinia, 12, 297
• Clio, 436, 436
• Cliona, enemy of oysters, 112
• Clione, 158, 438
• Clionopsis, 437
• Clitambonites, 498, 505;
• stratigraphical distribution, 507, 508, 511
• Clithon, 327, 410
• Clydonites, 398
• Clymenia, 397
• Clypidella, 406
• Cocculina, 408
• Cochlicella acuta, 278
• Cochliolepas, 77
• Cochloceras, 398
• Cochlodésma, 459
• Cochlostyla, 124, 278, 313, 315, 441
• Cockles, use of, 101, 118
• Coecum, 247, 260, 417, 418
• Coeliaxis, 334, 442;
• habitat, 49
• Coelocentrum, 353, 442
• Coelospira, 505, 508
• Cold winter, effect on oysters, 112;
• on mussels, 116
• Collinge, W. E., on growth and burial of shells, 41
• Collisella, 405
• Collisellina, 405;
• radula, 227
• Collonia, 409
• Colobocephalus, 430
• Colour of arctic shells, 86
• Colpodaspis, 430
• Columbarium, 426
• Columbella, 423;
• radula, 222
• Columbellaria, 420
• Columbellina, 420
• Columna, 328, 330, 443
• Cominella, 16, 424
• Composition of shell, 252
• Concha, 463
• Conchidium, 497, 498, 500, 505;
• stratigraphical distribution, 507, 508, 511
• Concholepas, 267, 423
• Conidea, 423
• Conocardium, 455
• Conorbis, 426
• Conus, 247, 275, 426;
• poisonous bite, 65;
• tooth, 66;
• shell, 69, 255, 260;
• mimicked by Strombus, 69;
• prices given for rare, 121;
• spawn, 125;
• radula, 218, 220;
• operculum, 269
• Cookia, 409
• Coptochilus, 314, 414
• Coralliophaga, 451
• Coralliophila, 75, 423
• Coralliophilidae, radula, 216
• Corambe, 434
• Corasia, 311, 319–321
• Corbicula, 15, 288, 292 f., 453
• Corbis, 452
• Corbula, 456
• Corilla, 303
• Corona, 27, 442
• Coronaria, 297
• Coryda, 346–351, 441
• Coryphella, 432
• Cosmoceras, 399
• Cowry used as money, 96
• Coyote trapped by Haliotis, 57
• Cranchia, 391
• Crania, 464, 467, 468, 469, 471, 472, 473, 475, 476, 477, 487;
• distribution, 485;
• fossil, 493, 494, 504;
• stratigraphical distribution, 506, 507, 508, 510
• Craniidae, 487, 496, 504, 508
• Cranopsis, 265, 406
• Craspedochiton, 403
• Craspedopoma, 298, 414
• Craspedostoma, 408
• Crassatella, 451
• Cratena, 432
• Crawling of Helix, 45
• Cremnoconchus, 16, 302, 413
• Crenatula, 75, 449
• Crenella, 449
• Crenipecten, 450
• Crepidula, 248, 257, 412, 412;
• parasitic, 78
• Crepipatella, 248, 412
• Creseis, 436, 436;
• eyes, 186
• Crimora, 434;
• radula, 229
• Crioceras, 247, 399, 399
• Cristigibba, 311, 319, 320, 441
• Crossostoma, 408
• Crucibulum, 248, 412
• Cryptochiton, 245, 371, 402, 404
• Cryptochorda, 425
• Cryptoconchus, 404
• Cryptophthalmus, 430
• Cryptostracon, 353, 441
• Ctenidia, 151—see Branchiae
• Ctenopoma, 346–351, 414
• Cucullaea, 274, 448
• Cultellus, 457
• Cuma, 423
• Cumingia, 453
• Cuspidaria, 459;
• branchiae, 168
• Cuvierina, 436, 436
• Cyane, 410
• Cyathopoma, 247, 268, 314, 338, 414
• Cyclas, 453;
• veliger, 132;
• ova, 146;
• otocyst, 197;
• C. cornea, thread-spinning, 29;
• distribution, 282
• Cyclina, 454
• Cyclobranchiata, 156
• Cyclocantha, 409
• Cyclomorpha, 414
• Cyclonassa, 423
• Cyclonema, 409
• Cyclophoridae, origin, 21
• Cyclophorus, 302, 306–319, 329–334, 344, 352–358, 414;
• jaws, 212;
• radula, 21
• Cyclostoma, 328, 331–338, 414, 414;
• stomach, 239;
• vision, 184;
• osphradium, 195;
• nervous system, 205;
• C. elegans, 287, 288
• Cyclostomatidae, origin, 21;
• radula, 224;
• gait, 199
• Cyclostrema, 408
• Cyclosurus, 247, 337, 414
• Cyclotopsis, 338, 414
• Cyclotus, 296, 319, 320, 414
• Cylichna, 428, 430;
• radula, 215
• Cylindrella, 247, 260, 278, 343–355, 348, 442;
• monstrosity, 251, 252
• Cylindrellidae, radula, 233, 234
• Cylindrites, 430
• Cylindrobulla, 430
• Cylindromitra, 425;
• radula, 222
• Cymbium, 255, 367, 425;
• radula, 221
• Cymbulia, 437
• Cymbuliopsis, 437
• Cynodonta, 424
• Cyphoma, 419
• Cypraea, 178, 419;
• prices given for rare, 122;
• mantle-lobes, 177, 178;
• radula, 224;
• shell, 255, 260, 261;
• C. moneta, 96
• Cypraecassis, 420
• Cypraedia, 419
• Cypraeovula, 419
• Cyprimeria, 454
• Cyprina, 451
• Cyrena, 15, 453;
• distribution, 285, 294
• Cyrenella, 453
• Cyrtia, 505;
• stratigraphical distribution, 507, 508
• Cyrtoceras, 394
• Cyrtodaria, 457
• Cyrtodonta, 452
• Cyrtolites, 407
• Cyrtonotus, 448
• Cyrtotoma, 414
• Cysticopsis, 346–351, 441
• Cystiscus, 425
• Cystopelta, 325, 326, 440
• Cytherea, 454, 454

• Dacrydium, 449
• Daedalochila, 441
• Dall, W. H., quoted, 35;
• on branchiae, 164
• Damayantia, 440
• Daphnella, 426
• Darbyshire, R. D., on tenacity of life, 39
• Dardania, 415
• Dart-sac, 142
• Daudebardia, 289, 292 f., 440
• Davidsonia, 505, 508
• Dawsonella, 410
• Dayia, 505, 508
• Decapoda, 385 f.
• Decollation, 260
• Deep-sea Mollusca, 374
• De Folin, experiment on Cyclostoma, 157
• Deianira, 410
• Delage, experiments on otocysts, 197
• Delphinula, 409
• Deltidium, 499
• Dendronotus, 433;
• protective coloration, 72;
• habits, 51
• Dentalium, 6, 444, 445;
• used as money, 97;
• veliger, 131;
• radula, 228
• Dentellaria, 350–355, 441;
• aperture, 63
• Desert species, 25, 85
• Deshayesia, 411
• Desmoulea, 423
• Development of fertilised ovum, 130 f.
• Dexiobranchaea, 437
• Diadema, 414
• Diala, 415
• Dialeuca, 441
• Diaphora, 314
• Diaphorostoma, 412
• Diastema, 418
• Diastoma, 417
• Diaulula, 434
• Dibaphus, 425
• Dibranchiata, 380;
• eye, 183;
• nervous system, 207
• Diceras, 269, 455
• Didaena, 12, 297, 455
• Differences of sex, 133
• Dignomia, 511
• Digonopora, 134, 144
• Diloma, 408
• Dimorphoptychia, 410
• Dimya, 450
• Dinobolus, 504, 508
• Dinoplax, 403
• Ditocardia, 9, 170, 405 f.
• Diplodonta, 452
• Diplommatina, 302–327, 413
• Diplomphalus, 322, 323, 440
• Diplopoma, 346, 351, 414
• Dipsaccus, 424
• Dipsas, 307
• Discina, 464, 468, 471, 475, 487;
• distribution, 485;
• fossil, 493, 504;
• stratigraphical distribution, 506, 508
• Discinidae, 487, 496, 504, 508, 511
• Discinisca, 487, 510;
• distribution, 485, 486
• Discites, 395
• Discodoris, 434
• Discosorus, 394
• Distortio, 255—see Persona
• Ditropis, 312, 314, 414
• Docoglossa, 227, 405
• Dolabella, 428, 431
• Dolabrifer, 431
• Dolium, 419;
• acid secretion, 237
• Donax, 269, 446, 453
• Dondersia, 404
• Dorcasia, 333, 441
• Doridium, 430
• Doridunculus, 434;
• radula, 229
• Doriopsis, 434
• Doris, breathing organs, 159;
• radula, 230
• Dorsanum, 423
• Dosidicus, 390
• Dosinia, 454
• Doto, 433;
• protective coloration, 71
• Dreissensia, 14, 123, 452;
• hibernation, 26;
• singular habitat, 48;
• veliger, 132, 146;
• eyes, 192
• Dreissensiomya, 452
• Drepania, 434
• Drillia, 426
• Drymaeus, 356, 442
• Dryptus, 356, 441
• Durgella, 301, 304, 440
• Dwarf varieties, 88
• Dybowskia, 290

• Eastonia, 454
• Eburna, 267, 424;
• radula, 220
• Ecardines, 466;
• muscles, 476;
• fossil, 493;
• families, 487, 503, 508
• Eccyliomphalus, 413
• Echinospira, 133
• Edentulina, 338
• Egg-laying of Arion, 42 f.;
• of Mollusca generally, 123
• Eglisia, 411
• Eider-duck, shells used by, 102
• Elaea, 322, 440
• Elasmoneura, 411
• Eledone, 385, 385;
• radula, 236
• Elizia, 456
• Elysia, 432;
• protective coloration, 73;
• breathing, 152;
• radula, 217, 230, 432
• Emarginula, 265, 406
• Embletonia, 429
• Emmericia, 415
• Ena, 296, 442
• Enaeta, 425
• Endoceras, 394
• Endodonta, 325, 334, 441
• Engina, 424
• Enida, 408
• Ennea, 298, 302, 306, 309, 314, 316, 328–337, 440, 440;
• habits, 54;
• E. bicolor, 279
• Enoplochiton, 403, 403
• Enoploteuthis, 391
• Ensis, 457
• Entocolax, 77, 79, 152
• Entoconcha, 77, 79, 152, 216
• Entovalva, 77, 82
• Ephippodonta, 453;
• commensal, 81
• Epidromus, 420
• Epiphragm, 26, 27 f.
• Epipodia, 427
• Erato, 419
• Eremophila, 294
• Ergaea, 248, 412
• Erinna, 327, 439
• Erosion, 276
• Ervilia, 454
• Erycina, 453
• Escargotières, 119
• Estria, 329, 440
• Estuarine species, 14
• Ethalia, 409
• Eucalodium, 260, 353, 442
• Euchelus, 408
• Euchrysallis, 420
• Eudioptus, 442
• Eudoxochiton, 403
• Euhadra, 316, 318, 441
• Eulamellibranchiata, 451;
• gill, 166, 167
• Eulima, 422;
• parasitic, 77, 79
• Eulimella, 250, 422
• Eulota, 296, 441
• Euomphalus, 247, 413
• Euplecta, 440
• Eupleura, 423
• Euplocamus, 434
• Eurybia, 438
• Eurycampta, 346–351
• Eurycratera, 349, 351, 441
• Eurystoma, 304
• Eurytus, 442
• Euthria, 424
• Euthyneura, 203
• Eutrochatella, 347–351, 348, 410
• Exploring expeditions, 362
• Eye in Mollusca, 181 f.

• Facelina, 432
• Fasciolaria, 424;
• radula, 221
• Fastigiella, 416
• Favorinus, 432
• Fenella, 415
• Fertilised ovum, development, 130 f.
• Ferussacia, 291, 293, 297 f., 442
• Fiji islanders, use of shells, 98
• Filibranchiata, 448;
• gill, 166
• Fiona, 432;
• radula, 217
• Firoloida, 421
• Fischer and Bouvier, on breathing of Ampullaria, 158
• Fischeria, 15, 328, 453
• Fish devour Mollusca, 59
• Fissurella, 265, 406;
• breathing organs, 153;
• apical hole, 156;
• nervous system, 204;
• radula, 227;
• growth, 261
• Fissurellidaea, 406
• Fissuridea, 406
• Fissurisepta, 406
• Fistulana, 262, 457
• Flabellina, 432
• Fluminicola, 415
• Folinia, 415
• Food of Mollusca, 30 f.;
• Mollusca as food, 102 f.
• Foot, 198;
• in classification, 5
• Forel, on deep-water Limnaea, 162
• Formation of shell, 255
• Fortisia, 429
• Fossarina, 413
• Fossarulus, 302, 415
• Fossarus, 413
• Fourth orifice in mantle, 174
• Fresh-water species living in sea, 12;
• frozen hard, 24
• Frogs and toads devour Mollusca, 58
• Fruticicola, 285, 290, 316, 318, 441
• Fruticocampylaea, 296
• Fryeria, 434
• Fulgur, 249, 424
• Fusispira, 420
• Fusus, 262, 424

• Gadinia, 152, 431;
• breathing, 18, 151;
• classification, 19;
• radula, 217, 230
• Gain, W. A., quoted, 32, 33, 39;
• on taste of Mollusca, 179
• Galatea, 15, 328, 336, 453
• Galeomma, 175, 453
• Galerus, 248, 412;
• egg-capsules, 125
• Garstang, W., on protective and warning coloration, 73
• Gaskoin, on tenacity of life, 38;
• on egg-laying, 42
• Gassies, on hybrid union in snails, 130
• Gasteropoda, on classification, 8, 11, 400 f.
• Gastrana, 453
• Gastrochaena, 457;
• habits, 64
• Gastrodonta, 440
• Gastropteron, 245, 430
• Gaza, 376, 408
• Gena, 246, 408
• Genea, 424
• Genotia, 426
• Geomalacus, 160, 288, 291, 441;
• protective coloration, 70
• Geomelania, 16, 348, 351, 414
• Georgia, 331, 414
• Georissa, 318, 410
• Geostilbia, 338, 442
• Gerontia, 441
• Gerstfeldtia, 290
• Gibbula, 408
• Gibbus, 328–338, 440, 440
• Gillia, 415
• Gills—see Branchiae
• Girasia, 301, 304, 440
• Glandina, 54, 178, 278, 292 f., 339–355, 440;
• radula, 231, 232;
• habits, 53
• Glands, germ, 134, 140;
• nidamental, 136
• Glassia, 501, 505
• Glaucomya, 320, 454
• Glaucus, 429, 432
• Gleba, 437
• Glessula, 301, 309, 310, 333, 442
• Glochidium, 147
• Glomus, 448
• Glossoceras, 394
• Glossophora, 7
• Glottidia, distribution, 485, 487
• Glycimeris, 457
• Glyphis, 406
• Glyptostoma, 341, 441
• Gomphoceras, 394, 395
• Gonatus, 391
• Goniatites, 397, 398
• Goniobasis, 341, 417
• Goniodoris, 434;
• protective coloration, 73;
• radula, 229
• Goniomya, 458
• Gonostoma, 291, 316, 441
• Goniostomus, 442
• Grammysia, 459
• Grateloupia, 454
• Great Eastern and mussels, 116
• Greenhouses, slugs in, 35
• Green oysters, 108
• Gresslya, 458
• Growth of shell, 40, 257
• Guesteria, 440
• Guildfordia, 409
• Guivillea, 186, 376, 425
• Gulls and Mollusca, 56
• Gundlachia, 19, 325, 345, 352, 359, 439
• Gymnoglossa, 216, 225, 422
• Gymnosomata, 437
• Gyroceras, 247, 395
• Gyrotoma, 417

• Hadra, 306, 315, 319–325, 322, 441
• Hadriania, 423
• Haemoglobin, 171
• Hainesia, 336, 414
• Halia, 366, 426
• Haliotinella, 431
• Haliotis, 266, 407;
• and coyote, 57;
• holes of, 156;
• osphradium, 195;
• epipodium, 199;
• nervous system, 204;
• radula, 215, 226
• Halopsyche, 159, 438, 438
• Haminea, 428, 430;
• protective coloration, 73
• Hamites, 399
• Hamulina, 399
• Hanleyia, 403
• Hapalus, 331, 442
• Harpa, radula, 425, 216, 221;
• self-mutilation, 45
• Harpagodes, 418
• Harpoceras, 399
• Harvella, 454
• Hatching of eggs, 43
• Hazay, on duration of life, 39;
• on variation in Limnaea, 93
• Hearing powers of Mollusca, 196
• Heart, in classification, 9;
• action during hibernation, 26;
• and branchiae, 169
• Hectocotylus arm, 137 f.
• Helcion, 405;
• protective coloration, 69
• Helcioniscus, 405
• Hele, F. M., on Hyalinia, 33;
• on Stenogyra, 34
• Helicarion, 309, 316, 325, 332, 440;
• radula, 232;
• habits, 45, 67
• Helicidae, radula, 232, 234
• Helicina, 305, 306, 316–327, 338–358, 410;
• origin, 21;
• exterminated by cold, 24
• Helicophanta, 335, 336, 441, 441
• Heligmus, 449
• Helix, 441;
• toothed aperture, 63;
• protective coloration, 70;
• variation, 87;
• carbonic acid, 163;
• eye, 181, 183;
• food, 179;
• smell, 194;
• jaw, 211;
• distribution, 285;
• tenacity of life, 37;
• breeding, 129
• Helix alternata, 340;
• angulata, 350;
• aperta, 38, 39, 51, 293;
• arbustorum, bathing, 23;
• caperata, variation, 89;
• cereolus, 340;
• cicatricosa, 316;
• crenilabris, 45;
• delphinuloides, 297;
• desertorum, 37, 38, 70, 294;
• fidelis, 341;
• haemastoma, habits, 70;
• harpa, 287;
• hortensis, 10, 279;
• pulsations, 26;
• epiphragm, 28;
• rock-boring, 49;
• dart, 143;
• imperator, 347;
• habits, 45;
• laciniosa, 297;
• lactea, 25, 38, 42, 279;
• lima, 350;
• muscarum, 347;
• nemoralis, 38, 180;
• niciensis, 292;
• nux denticulata, 350;
• palliata, 340;
• pisana, 25;
• habits, 33;
• pomatia, 25, 34, 40;
• eye, 181;
• pomum, 322;
• pulchella, 279;
• richmondiana, 322;
• rosacea, 259;
• rostrata, 347;
• rota, 314;
• rufescens, pulsations, 26;
• similaris, 279;
• souverbiana, 336, 441;
• strigata, 293;
• tristis, habits, 49;
• turricula, 297;
• Veatchii, 38;
• Waltoni, 304;
• Wollastoni, 297;
• zonata, 293
• Helix aspersa, homing, 35;
• smell, 36;
• duration of life, 39;
• growth, 40;
• strength, 45;
• boring rock, 50;
• variation, 87, 89;
• eaten, 119;
• hybrid union, 130;
• generative organs, 140 f., 141;
• dart-sac, 143;
• pulmonary chamber, 160;
• radula, 217;
• alimentary canal, 237;
• monstrosities, 251, 252;
• growth, 258;
• distribution, 279, 289
• Hemiarthrum, 403
• Hemicardium, 455
• Hemidonax, 453
• Hemifusus, 424
• Hemipecten, 450
• Hemiplecta, 310, 316, 319, 321, 440
• Hemisepius, 389
• Hemisinus, 357, 417
• Hemitoma, 265
• Hemitrichia, 314
• Hemitrochus, 346–351, 441
• Hemphillia, 245, 341, 441
• Hercoceras, 395
• Herdman, Prof. W. A., on cerata of Nudibranchs, 71 f.;
• experiments on taste of Nudibranchs, 72;
• on Littorina rudis, 151 n.
• Hermaea, 432;
• protective coloration, 73
• Hermaphrodite Mollusca, 134, 140, 145
• Hermit-crabs, shells used by, 102
• Hero, 432
• Heterocardia, 454
• Heterodiceras, 455
• Heteropoda, 9, 420 f.;
• radula, 228;
• foot, 200
• Heudeia, 316, 410
• Hexabranchus, 434
• Hibernation, 25, 163
• High altitudes, Mollusca living at, 24
• Himella, 15
• Hindsia, 424
• Hindsiella, 453
• Hinge area, 493, 498
• Hinge, in bivalves, 272
• Hinnites, 257, 450
• Hipponyx, 248, 412
• Hippopus, 455
• Hippurites, 455, 456
• Histiopsis, 391
• Histioteuthis, 391
• Holcostoma, 417
• Holohepatica, 433
• Holopella, 411
• Holospira, 339, 353, 442
• Holostomata, 156
• Homalogyra, 413;
• radula, 223
• Homalonyx, 245, 343-358, 443
• Homing powers of Mollusca, 34
• Homorus, 330–337, 443
• Hoplites, 399
• Hoplopteron, 422
• Horea, 332
• Horiostoma, 409
• Hot springs, Mollusca living in, 25
• Huronia, 394
• Hyalaea, 10, 436
• Hyalimax, 245, 305, 306, 338, 443
• Hyaline stylet, 240
• Hyalinia, 440;
• pulsations, 26;
• food, 33;
• smell, 194;
• dart, 143;
• radula, 232, 234;
• distribution, 287 f., 318, 340–357;
• H. alliaria, 279;
• smell, 194;
• cellaria, 279;
• Draparnaldi, 33
• Hyalocylix, 437
• Hyalosagda, 352
• Hybocystis, 305, 309, 414
• Hybridism, 129
• Hydatina, 430;
• radula, 231
• Hydrobia, 325, 332, 415;
• H. ulvae, egg-laying, 128
• Hydrocena, 298, 410;
• radula, 226
• Hymenoptera build in dead shells, 102
• Hypobranchaea, 434;
• radula, 230
• Hypotrema, 448
• Hypselostoma, 248, 302, 305, 314, 442
• Hyria, 344, 452
• Hystricella, 297

• Ianthina, 360, 126, 411;
• egg-capsules, 125;
• eyes, 186;
• radula, 224
• Iapetella, 385
• Iberus, 285–293, 297, 441
• Ichthyosarcolites, 456
• Idalia, 179, 429, 434;
• radula, 229, 230
• Idas, 449
• Idiosepion, 389
• Illex, 390
• Imbricaria, 425;
• radula, 221
• Imperator, 409
• Indians of America, use of shells, 100
• Infundibulum, 408
• Inioteuthis, 389
• Ink-sac, 241
• Inoceramus, 449
• Insects eaten by Mollusca, 32
• Insularia, 319, 320
• Intestine, 241
• Io, 16, 340, 417
• Iopas, 423
• Iphigenia, 15, 453
• Iravadia, 305, 415
• Iridina, 294
• Irus, 297
• Isanda, 409
• Ischnochiton, 403
• Isidora, 298, 320–327, 333, 336, 359, 439
• Ismenia, 404
• Isocardia, 269, 451, 451
• Isodonta, 453
• Isomeria, 343, 356, 441
• Issa, 434

• Jamaicia, 414
• Janella, 161, 443;
• pulmonary orifice, 161
• Janellidae, radula, 234;
• distribution, 321–326
• Janus, 432
• Japonia, 318
• Jaws, 210
• Jeanerettia, 346–351, 441
• Jeffreys, Dr., on Limnaea, 34;
• on Neptunea, 193
• Jeffreysia, 415;
• radula, 223
• Jorunna, protective coloration, 73
• Jouannettia, 457
• Jullienia, 307, 415
• Jumala, 424

• Kaliella, 301, 304, 310, 314–317, 335, 440
• Kalinga, 434
• Kashmir, land Mollusca, 280
• Katherina, 403
• Kelletia, 424
• Kellia, 453
• Kellyella, 452
• Kidneys, 242
• King, R. L., on smell in bivalves, 195
• Kingena, 506, 508
• Kitchen-middens, 104
• Koninckella, 505;
• stratigraphical distribution, 507, 508
• Koninckina, 505;
• stratigraphical distribution, 507, 508
• Koninckinidae, 501, 505, 508
• Kutorgina, 504;
• stratigraphical distribution, 506, 508;
• embryonic shell, 509

• Labial palps, 210
• Labyrinthus, 342, 353–357, 441;
• aperture, 63
• Lacaze-Duthiers on Testacella, 52 f.;
• on smell in Helix, 194
• Lacuna, 413
• Lacunopsis, 332
• Lagena, 424
• Lagochilus, 309, 316–319, 414
• Lamellaria, 245, 411;
• habits and protective coloration, 74;
• parasitic, 78;
• radula, 223
• Lamellidoris, 434;
• radula, 229, 230, 231
• Lampania, 417
• Land Mollusca, origin, 11 f.
• Lanistes, 249, 294, 328, 331, 416
• Lankester, Prof. E. Ray, on shell-gland, 132;
• on haemoglobin, 171
• Lantzia, 278, 338, 439
• Laoma, 441
• Larina, 302, 417
• Larvae of Pelecypoda, 7;
• of insects resembling Mollusca, 67 f.
• Lasaea, 453
• Latia, 19, 326, 439
• Latiaxis, 423
• Latirus, 424
• Latter, O. H., on Glochidium, 147
• Layard, E. L., on self-burying Mollusca, 41;
• on sudden appearance of Stenogyra, 47;
• on Coeliaxis, 49;
• on Rhytida and Aerope, 54
• Leda, 447
• Leia, 348–351, 442
• Leila, 344, 452
• Leonia, 414
• Lepeta, 405
• Lepetella, 405
• Lepetidae, radula, 227
• Lepidomenia, 404;
• radula, 229
• Leptachatina, 327
• Leptaena, 500, 501, 502, 503, 505;
• stratigraphical distribution, 507, 508
• Leptaxis, 441
• Leptinaria, 357, 358, 442
• Leptochiton, 403
• Leptoconchus, 75, 423
• Leptoloma, 348, 351
• Lepton, 453;
• parasitic, 77;
• commensal, 80;
• mantle-edge, 175, 178
• Leptoplax, 403
• Leptopoma, 316, 319, 338, 414
• Leptoteuthis, 390
• Leptothyra, 409
• Leroya, 331
• Leucochila, 442
• Leucochloridium, 61
• Leucochroa, 292, 295, 441
• Leuconia, 439
• Leucotaenia, 335, 359, 441
• Leucozonia, 64, 424, 424
• Levantina, 295
• Libania, 295
• Libera, 327, 441;
• egg-laying, 128
• Libitina, 451
• Licina, 414
• Life, duration of, in snails, 39
• Ligament, 271
• Liguus, 349, 351, 442
• Lima, 178, 179, 450;
• habits, 63
• Limacidae, radula, 232
• Limacina, 59, 249, 436, 436
• Limapontia, 429, 432;
• breathing, 152
• Limax, 245, 440;
• food, 31, 179;
• variation, 86;
• pulmonary orifice, 160;
• shell, 175;
• jaw, 211;
• radula, 217;
• distribution, 285, 324;
• L. agrestis, eats May flies, 31;
• arborum, slime, 30;
• food, 31;
• flavus, food, 33, 36;
• habits, 35, 36;
• gagates, 279, 358;
• maximus, 32, 161;
• eats raw beef, 32;
• cannibalism, 32;
• sexual union, 128;
• smell, 193 f.
• Limea, 450
• Limicolaria, 329–332, 443
• Limnaea, 439;
• self-impregnation, 44;
• development and variation, 84, 92, 93;
• size affected by volume of water, 94;
• eggs, 124;
• sexual union, 134;
• jaw, 211;
• radula, 217, 235;
• L. auricularia, 24;
• glutinosa, sudden appearance, 46;
• Hookeri, 25;
• involuta, 82, 278, 287;
• peregra, 10, 180;
• burial, 27;
• food, 34, 37;
• variation, 85;
• distribution, 282;
• palustris, distribution, 282;
• stagnalis, food, 34, 37;
• variation, 85, 95;
• circum-oral lobes, 131;
• generative organs, 414;
• breathing, 161;
• nervous system, 204;
• distribution, 282;
• truncatula, parasite, 61;
• distribution, 282
• Limnocardium, 455
• Limnotrochus, 332, 415
• Limopsis, 448
• Limpet-shaped shells, 244
• Limpets as food for birds, 56;
• rats, 57;
• birds and rats caught by, 57;
• as bait, 118
• Lingula, 464, 467, 468, 471, 472, 473, 475, 477, 478, 487;
• habits, 483, 484;
• distribution, 485;
• fossil, 493, 494, 503;
• stratigraphical distribution, 506, 508, 510, 511
• Lingulella, 493, 503;
• stratigraphical distribution, 506, 508, 511
• Lingulepis, 503, 511
• Lingulidae, 485, 487, 496, 503, 508
• Linnarssonia, 504;
• stratigraphical distribution, 506, 508
• Lintricula, 426
• Liobaikalia, 290
• Liomesus, 424
• Lioplax, 340, 416
• Liostoma, 424
• Liostracus, 442
• Liotia, 408
• Liparus, 324, 359, 441
• Lissoceras, 399
• Lithasia, 340, 417
• Lithidion, 414
• Lithocardium, 455
• Lithodomus, 449
• Lithoglyphus, 294, 296, 297, 415
• Lithopoma, 409
• Lithotis, 302, 443
• Litiopa, 30, 361, 415
• Littorina, 413;
• living out of water, 20;
• radula, 20, 215;
• habits, 50;
• protective coloration, 69;
• egg-laying, 126;
• hybrid union, 130;
• monstrosity, 251, 252;
• operculum, 269;
• erosion, 276;
• L. littorea, in America, 374;
• obtusata, generative organs, 135;
• rudis, 150;
• Prof. Herdman’s experiments on, 151 n.
• Littorinida, 415
• Lituites, 247, 395
• Liver, 239;
• liver-fluke, 61
• Livinhacea, 333, 359, 441
• Livona, 408;
• radula, 226;
• operculum, 268
• Lloyd, W. A., on Nassa, 193
• Lobiger, 432
• Lobites, 397
• Loligo, 378–389;
• glands, 136;
• modified arm, 139;
• eye, 183;
• radula, 236;
• club, 381;
• L. punctata, egg-laying, 127;
• vulgaris, larva, 133
• Loligopsis, 391
• Loliguncula, 390
• Loliolus, 390
• Lomanotus, 433
• Lophocercus, 432
• Lorica, 403
• Lowe, E. J., on growth of shell, 40
• Loxonema, 417
• Lucapina, 406
• Lucapinella, 406
• Lucerna, 441
• Lucidella, 348–351, 410
• Lucina, 270, 452
• Lucinopsis, 454
• Lung, 151, 160
• Lunulicardium, 455
• Lutetia, 452
• Lutraria, 446, 456
• Lychnus, 442
• Lyonsia, 458
• Lyonsiella, 458;
• branchiae, 168
• Lyra, stratigraphical distribution, 507
• Lyria, 425
• Lyrodesma, 447
• Lysinoe, 441
• Lytoceras, 398

• Maackia, 290
• Macgillivrayia, 133
• Machomya, 458
• Maclurea, 410
• Macroceramus, 343–353, 442
• Macroceras, 440
• Macrochilus, 417
• Macrochlamys, 296, 299, 301 f., 310, 316–322, 440
• Macrocyclis, 358, 359, 442
• Macron, 424
• Macroön, 441
• Macroscaphites, 247, 399, 399
• Macroschisma, 265, 406
• Mactra, 271, 446, 454
• Macularia, 285, 291, 292 f., 441
• Magas, 506;
• stratigraphical distribution, 507, 508
• Magellania, 500
• Magilus, 75, 423
• Mainwaringia, 302
• Malaptera, 418
• Malea, 419
• Malletia, 447
• Malleus, 449
• Mangilia, 426
• Mantle, 172 f., 173;
• lobes of, 177
• Margarita, 408;
• radula, 225
• Marginella, 425;
• radula, 221
• Mariaella, 314, 338, 440
• Marionia, 433
• Marmorostoma, 409
• Marrat, F. P., views on variation, 82
• Marsenia, 133
• Marsenina, 411
• Martesia, 305, 457
• Mastigoteuthis, 390
• Mastus, 296, 442
• Matheronia, 455
• Mathilda, 250, 417
• Maugeria, 403
• Mazzalina, 424
• Megalatractus, 424
• Megalodontidae, 451
• Megalomastoma, 344, 414
• Megalomphalus, 416
• Megaspira, 358, 442
• Megatebennus, 406
• Megerlia, distribution, 486, 487
• Meladomus, 249, 328, 331, 416
• Melampus, 18, 199, 250, 439, 439
• Melanatria, 336
• Melania, 276, 417, 417;
• distribution, 285, 292 f., 316 f., 324, 336
• Melaniella, 442
• Melaniidae, origin, 17
• Melanism in Mollusca, 85
• Melanopsis, 417;
• distribution, 285, 291, 292 f., 323, 326
• Melantho, 340, 416
• Melapium, 424
• Meleagrina, 449
• Melia, 348
• Melibe, 432
• Melongena, 424;
• radula, 220;
• stomach, 238
• Merica, 426
• Merista, 505, 508
• Meroe, 454
• Merope, 327
• Mesalia, 417
• Mesembrinus, 356, 442
• Mesodesma, 454
• Mesodon, 340, 441
• Mesomphix, 340, 440
• Mesorhytis, 377
• Meta, 423
• Metula, 424
• Meyeria, 424
• Miamira, 434
• Microcystis, 323, 324, 327, 338, 440
• Microgaza, 408
• Micromelania, 12, 297
• Microphysa, protective habits, 70
• Microplax, 403
• Micropyrgus, 415
• Microvoluta, 425
• Middendorffia, 403
• Milneria, 451
• Mimicry, 66
• Minolia, 408
• Mitra, 425;
• radula, 221
• Mitrella, 423
• Mitreola, 425
• Mitrularia, 248, 412
• Modiola, 446, 449;
• habits, 64;
• genital orifice, 242
• Modiolarca, 449
• Modiolaria, 449;
• habits, 78
• Modiolopsis, 452
• Modulus, 417
• Monilia, 408
• Monkey devouring oysters, 59
• Monoceros, 423
• Monocondylaea, 452
• Monodacna, 12, 297, 455
• Monodonta, 408, 408;
• tentaculae, 178
• Monogonopora, 134, 140
• Monomerella, 496, 504
• Monopleura, 456
• Monotis, 449
• Monotocardia, 9, 170, 411
• Monstrosities, 250
• Montacuta, 452;
• M. ferruginosa, commensal, 80;
• substriata, parasitic, 77
• Mopalia, 403
• Moquin-Tandon, on breathing of Limnaeidae, 162;
• on smell, 193 f.
• Moreletia, 440
• Morio, 420
• Mormus, 356, 442
• Moseley, H. N., on eyes of Chiton, 187 f.
• Moussonia, 327
• Mouth, 209
• Mucronalia, 422
• Mucus, use of, 63
• Mulinia, 272
• Mülleria, 344, 452
• Mumiola, 422
• Murchisonia, 265, 407
• Murchisoniella, 422
• Murex, 423;
• attacks Arca, 60;
• use of spines, 64;
• egg-capsules, 124;
• eye, 182;
• radula, 220;
• shell, 256
• Musical sounds, 50
• Mussels, cultivation of, 115;
• as bait, 116;
• poisonous, 117;
• on Great Eastern, 116
• Mutela, 294, 328, 331, 336, 452
• Mutyca, 425
• Mya, 271, 275, 446, 456;
• stylet, 240;
• M. arenaria, variation, 84
• Myacea, 456
• Myalina, 449
• Mycetopus, 307, 316, 344, 452
• Myochama, 458
• Myodora, 458
• Myophoria, 448
• Myopsidae, 389
• Myrina, 449
• Myristica, 424
• Mytilacea, 448
• Mytilimeria, 458
• Mytilops, 452
• Mytilopsis, 14
• Mytilus, 258, 449;
• gill filaments, 166, 285;
• M. edulis, 14, 165;
• attached to crabs, 48, 78;
• pierced by Purpura, 60;
• Bideford Bridge and, 117;
• rate of growth, 258;
• stylet, 240
• Myxostoma, 414

• Nacella, 405
• Naiadina, 449
• Nanina, 278, 300 f., 335, 440;
• radula, 217, 232
• Napaeus, 296–299, 316, 442
• Naranio, 454
• Narica, 412
• Nassa, 423;
• egg-capsules, 126;
• sense of smell, 193
• Nassodonta, 423
• Nassopsis, 332
• Natica, 246, 263, 411;
• spawn, 126;
• operculum, 268
• Naticopsis, 409
• ‘Native’ oysters, 106
• Nausitora, 15
• Nautiloidea, 393
• Nautilus, 254, 392, 395;
• modified arms, 140;
• eye, 183;
• nervous system, 206;
• radula, 236;
• kidneys, 242
• Navicella, 267, 268, 324, 327, 410;
• origin, 17
• Navicula, 358, 442
• Navicula (Diatom), cause of greening in oysters, 108
• Nectoteuthis, 389
• Neda, 431
• Nematurella, 12, 297
• Nembrotha, 434
• Neobolus, 504
• Neobuccinum, 424
• Neocyclotus, 357, 358
• Neomenia, 8, 133, 216, 228, 404, 404;
• breathing organs, 154;
• nervous system, 203
• Neothauma, 332
• Neotremata, 511
• Neptunea, 252, 262, 423;
• egg-capsules, 126;
• capture, 193;
• monstrosity, 251
• Nerinea, 417
• Nerita, 17, 410;
• N. polita used as money, 97
• Neritidae, 260, 410;
• radula, 226
• Neritina, 256, 410;
• origin, 16, 17, 21;
• egg-laying, 128;
• eye, 181;
• distribution, 285, 291 f., 324, 327;
• N. fluviatilis, habitat, 12, 25
• Neritoma, 410
• Neritopsis, 409;
• radula, 226;
• operculum, 269
• Nervous system, 201 f.
• Nesiotis, 357, 442
• New Zealanders, use of shells, 99
• Nicida, 413
• Ninella, 409
• Niphonia, 408
• Niso, 422
• Nitidella, 423
• Nodulus, 415
• Notarchus, 431
• Nothus, 358, 442
• Notobranchaea, 438
• Notodoris, 434
• Notoplax, 403
• Novaculina, 305
• Nucula, 254, 269, 273, 447
• Nuculidae, otocyst, 197;
• foot, 201
• Nuculina, 448
• Nudibranchiata, 432;
• defined, 10;
• protective and warning colours, 71 f.;
• breathing organs, 159
• Nummulina, 295
• Nuttallina, 403

• Obba, 311, 315, 441
• Obbina, 306, 311, 312, 314, 319
• Obeliscus, 442
• Obolella, 496, 504;
• stratigraphical distribution, 506, 508
• Obolidae, 496, 504, 508
• Obolus, 504, 508;
• embryonic shell, 509
• Ocinebra, 423
• Octopodidae, hectocotylised arm, 137, 139, 140
• Octopus, 379–386;
• egg-capsules, 127;
• vision, 184;
• radula, 236;
• crop, 238
• Ocythoe, 384;
• hectocotylus, 138
• Odontomaria, 407
• Odontostomus, 358, 442
• Odostomia, 250, 422;
• parasitic, 78
• Oesophagus, 237
• Ohola, 434
• Oigopsidae, 390
• Oldhamina, 506, 508
• Oleacina, habits, 55
• Oliva, 199, 255, 275, 425, 426
• Olivancillaria, 426
• Olivella, 260, 267, 426;
• O. biplicata as money, 97
• Olivia, 408
• Omalaxis, 413
• Omalonyx, habitat, 23
• Ommastrephes, 6, 378, 390
• Ommatophores, 180, 187
• Omphalotropis, 306, 309, 316, 324, 327, 338, 414
• Onchidiella, 443
• Onchidiidae, 245;
• radula, 234;
• anus, 241
• Onchidiopsis, 411
• Onchidium, 443;
• breathing, 163;
• eyes, 187
• Onchidoris, radula, 230
• Oniscia, 420
• Onoba, 415
• Onychia, 390
• Onychoteuthis, 390;
• club, 386
• Oocorys, 420
• Oopelta, 329, 440
• Opeas, 442
• Operculum, 267 f.
• Ophidioceras, 247, 395
• Ophileta, 413
• Opis, 451
• Opisthobranchiata, 427;
• defined, 9;
• warning, etc., colours, 71 f.;
• generative organs, 144;
• breathing organs, 158;
• organs of touch, 178;
• parapodia, 199;
• nervous system, 203;
• radula, 229
• Opisthoporus, 266, 300, 314–316, 414
• Opisthostoma, 248, 309, 413
• Oppelia, 399
• Orbicula, 464
• Orbiculoidea, 504, 510
• Orders of Mollusca, 5–7
• Organs of sense, 177
• Origin of land Mollusca, 11 f.
• Ornithochiton, 403
• Orphnus, 356, 441
• Orpiella, 440
• Orthalicus, 342–358, 355, 442;
• habits, 27;
• variation, 87;
• jaw, 211;
• radula, 233, 234
• Orthis, 505;
• stratigraphical distribution, 506, 507, 511
• Orthoceras, 394, 394
• Orthonota, 457
• Orthothetes, 505;
• stratigraphical distribution, 507, 508
• Orygoceras, 247
• Osphradium, 194 f.
• Ostodes, 327
• Ostracotheres, 62
• Ostrea, 252, 258, 446, 449;
• intestine, 241
• Otina, 18, 439
• Otoconcha, 326, 440
• Otocysts, 196 f., 197
• Otopleura, 422
• Otopoma, 331, 338, 414
• Otostomus, 353, 442
• Ovary, 135
• Ovoviviparous genera, 123
• Ovula, 419;
• protective coloration, 70, 75;
• radula, 80, 224;
• used as money, 97
• Ovum, development of fertilised, 130
• Oxychona, 358
• Oxygyrus, 422;
• foot, 200
• Oxynoe, 432;
• radula, 230
• Oyster-catchers, shells used by, 102
• Oyster, cultivation, 104–109;
• living out of water, 110;
• enemies, 110 f.;
• reproduction, 112 f.;
• growth, 114;
• cookery, 114;
• poisonous oysters, 114;
• vision, 190

• Pachnodus, 329–335, 441, 442
• Pachybathron, 425
• Pachychilus, 354
• Pachydesma crassatelloides, money made from, 97
• Pachydomidae, 451
• Pachydrobia, 307, 415
• Pachylabra, 416
• Pachyotus, 334, 336, 355, 358, 441
• Pachypoma, 409
• Pachystyla, 337, 440
• Pachytypus, 451
• Padollus, 407
• Palaearctic region, 284 f.
• Palaeoneilo, 447
• Palaeosolen, 457
• Palaina, 327, 413
• Palio, 434
• Pallial line and sinus, 270
• Pallifera, 340, 440
• Palliobranchiata, 464
• Paludina, 416;
• penis, 136;
• eye, 181;
• vision, 184;
• P. vivipara, 24—see also Vivipara
• Paludomus, 332, 336, 338, 417
• Panama, Mollusca of, 3
• Panda, 322, 325, 335
• Pandora, 458
• Papuans, use of shells, 99
• Papuina, 309, 319–324, 441
• Paramelania, 332
• Paramenia, 404
• Parasitic worms, 60 f.;
• Mollusca, 74 f.
• Parastarte, 451
• Parkinsonia, 398
• Parmacella, 245, 291, 294 f., 438 n., 440;
• radula, 232;
• shell, 175
• Parmacochlea, 322, 326, 440
• Parmarion, 309, 440
• Parmella, 326, 440
• Parmophorus, 406
• Parthena, 349–352, 350, 441
• Parts of univalve shell, 262;
• bivalve, 269
• Partula, 319–327, 326, 442;
• radula, 233
• Paryphanta, 321, 325, 440
• Paryphostoma, 415
• Passamaiella, 332
• Patella, 405, 464;
• as food, 56 f.;
• eye, 182;
• radula, 214, 215, 227;
• crop, 238;
• anus, 241;
• kidneys, 242;
• shell, 262;
• P. vulgata, veliger, 132;
• breathing organs, etc., 156, 157
• Patelliform shell in various genera, 19
• Paterina, 509, 510, 511
• Patinella, radula, 227
• Patula, 297, 298, 318–338, 340, 441
• Paxillus, 413
• Pearl oysters, 100
• Pecten, 446, 450, 450;
• organs of touch, 178;
• ocelli, 191;
• flight, 192;
• nervous system, 206;
• genital orifice, 242;
• ligament, 271
• Pectinodonta, 405;
• radula, 227
• Pectunculus, 448
• Pedicularia, 75, 419;
• radula, 224
• Pedinogyra, 319, 322, 442
• Pedipes, 18, 199, 439, 439
• Pedum, 450
• Pelagic Mollusca, 360
• Pelecypoda, 7, 445;
• development, 145;
• generative organs, 145;
• branchiae, 166–169;
• organs of touch, 178;
• eyes, 189 f.;
• foot, 201;
• nervous system, 205
• Pella, 333
• Pellicula, 352, 442
• Peltoceras, 399
• Pentadactylus, 423
• Peraclis, 436
• Pereiraea, 418
• Perideris, 328–330, 443
• Periodicity in breeding, 129
• Periophthalmus, 187
• Periostracum, 275
• Periploma, 459
• Perisphinctes, 399
• Perissodonta, 418
• Perissolax, 424
• Peristernia, 424
• Perna, 449;
• ligament, 271
• Pernostrea, 449
• Peronaeus, 358, 442
• Peronia, 443
• Perrieria, 319, 442
• Perrinia, 408
• Persicula, 425
• Persona (= Distortio), 420
• Petenia, 353, 440
• Petersia, 420
• Petraeus, 295, 331, 442
• Petricola, 454
• Phacellopleura, 403
• Phanerophthalmus, 430
• Phaneta, 408
• Phania, 312, 441
• Pharella, 457
• Pharus, 457
• Pharynx, 210
• Phasianella, 409
• Phasis, 333
• Phenomena of distribution, 362
• Philine, 245, 428, 430;
• protective coloration, 73;
• radula, 229, 230
• Philomycus, 245, 318, 440
• Philonexis, 138
• Philopotamis, 304, 417
• Phoenicobius, 315, 441
• Pholadacea, 457
• Pholadidea, 457
• Pholadomya, 459
• Pholas, 245, 274, 447, 457;
• in fresh water, 15
• Phos, 424
• Photinula, 408
• Phragmophora, 386
• Phyllidia, 434;
• breathing organs, 159
• Phyllirrhoe, 360, 428, 433
• Phyllobranchus, 432
• Phylloceras, 398, 398;
• suture, 396
• Phylloteuthis, 390
• Physa, 439;
• aestivating out of water, 27;
• spinning threads, 29;
• sudden appearance, 46;
• osphradium, 195;
• nervous system, 205;
• radula, 235;
• P. hypnorum, 23, 27
• Pileolus, 410
• Pileopsis, 76
• Piloceras, 394
• Pinaxia, 423
• Pineria, 442
• Pinna, 449;
• shell, 254
• Pinnoctopus, 385
• Pinnotheres, 62
• Pinoceras, 398
• Pirena, 417
• Pirenella, 416
• Piropsis, 424
• Pirula—see Pyrula
• Pisania, 424
• Pisidium, 453;
• smell, 195;
• ova, 146;
• P. pusillum, distribution, 282
• Pitys, 327
• Placobranchus, 432
• Placostylus, 322, 323–325, 359, 442;
• radula, 233
• Placuna, 448;
• P. placenta used for windows, 101
• Placunanomia, 448
• Placunopsis, 448
• Plagioptycha, 347–351, 441
• Plagioptychus, 456
• Planaxis, 417
• Planispira, 311, 312, 319, 441
• Planorbis, 27, 247, 439;
• monstrosity, 93;
• eye, 181;
• P. albus, distribution, 282
• Platyceras, 76, 412
• Platydoris, 434
• Platypoda, 411
• Platyschisma, 413
• Plaxiphora, 403
• Plecochilus, 442
• Plecotrema, 439
• Plectambonites, 505
• Plectomya, 459
• Plectopylis, 303, 305, 314, 316;
• aperture, 63
• Plectostylus, 358, 442
• Plectotropis, 305, 306, 310, 311, 314–318, 441
• Plectrophorus, 298
• Plesiastarte, 451
• Plesiotriton, 420
• Pleurobranchaea, 431;
• jaws, 212
• Pleurobranchoidea, 431
• Pleurobranchus, 245, 428, 431;
• warning coloration, 73;
• jaws, 212;
• radula, 230
• Pleurocera, 340, 417
• Pleuroceridae, origin, 17
• Pleurodonta, 348;
• aperture, 63
• Pleuroleura, 433
• Pleuromya, 458
• Pleurophorus, 451
• Pleurophyllidia, 433;
• breathing organs, 159;
• radula, 230
• Pleuropyrgus, 357
• Pleurotoma, 426, 426;
• slit, 263, 265
• Pleurotomaria, 266, 373, 376, 407, 407;
• prices given for recent, 122;
• slit, 156;
• radula, 226
• Plicatula, 450
• Pliny the elder, on use of snails, 118, 120
• Plocamopherus, 434
• Plochelaea, 425
• Plutonia, 298, 440
• Pneumoderma, 158, 437, 438
• Poecilozonites, 352, 440
• Poisonous bite of Conus, 65;
• poisonous oysters, 114;
• mussels, 117
• Polycera, 434;
• radula, 230
• Polycerella, 434
• Polyconites, 456
• Polydontes, 346–351, 347, 441
• Polygona, 424
• Polygyra, 340, 345–353, 441;
• aperture, 63
• Polygyratia, 246, 263, 357, 442
• Polymita, 346–351, 347, 441
• Polyplacophora, 9, 401 f.;
• radula, 228
• Polytremaria, 266, 407
• Pomatia, 285, 293, 295, 441
• Pomatias, 288, 289, 292 f., 302, 413
• Pomatiopsis, 415
• Pomaulax, 409
• Pompholyx, 250, 341, 439
• Ponsonbya, 332
• Poromya, 459;
• branchiae, 168
• Porphyrobaphe, 27, 356, 442
• Position of Mollusca in Animal Kingdom, 4
• Potamides, 16, 416
• Potamomya, 15
• Potamopyrgus, 325, 326, 415
• Poterioceratidae, 394
• Praecardium, 459
• Prasina, 449
• Prices given for rare shells, 121
• Primitive mollusc, form of, 245;
• types of, 7
• Prisogaster, 409
• Pristiloma, 341, 440
• Proboscidella, 497, 504
• Productidae, 497, 500, 504, 508
• Productus, 492, 501, 502, 504;
• stratigraphical distribution, 508
• Promachoteuthis, 389
• Proneomenia, 404;
• breathing organs, 154;
• nervous system, 203;
• radula, 229
• Prophysaon, 341, 441;
• habits, 44
• Propilidium, 405
• Proserpina, 21, 355, 410
• Proserpinella, 354, 410
• Proserpinidae, relationships, 21
• Prosobranchiata, 9, 404 f.;
• breathing organs, 154
• Prosocoelus, 451
• Protective coloration, 69 f.;
• in snails, 70;
• in Nudibranchs, 71 f.;
• in other Mollusca, 74
• Protegulum, 509
• Protobranchiata, 447;
• branchiae, 166
• Protoma, 417
• Protremata, 511
• Provocator, 376, 425
• Psammobia, 456
• Pseudachatina, 328–330, 443
• Pseudedmondia, 452
• Pseudobalea, 350
• Pseudo-deltidium, 498, 511
• Pseudodon, 295, 307, 452
• Pseudolamellibranchiata, 167, 449
• Pseudoliva, 424
• Pseudomelania, 417
• Pseudomilax, 296, 440
• Pseudomurex, 423
• Pseudopartula, 323
• Pseudosubulina, 440
• Ptenoglossa, 224, 411
• Pterinaea, 449
• Pteroceras, 256, 262, 418
• Pteroctopus, 384
• Pterocyclus, 266, 267, 300, 316, 414;
• tube, 157
• Pterodonta, 418
• Pteropoda, 7, 434;
• breathing organs, 158;
• foot, 200;
• radula, 230
• Pterotrachaea, 421;
• foot, 200;
• radula, 227
• Ptychatractus, 424
• Ptychoceras, 399
• Ptychodesma, 452
• Pugilina, 424
• Pulmonata, 10, 22, 151, 185, 438;
• origin, 17, 19;
• breathing organs, 160;
• nervous system, 203
• Pulsellum, 444
• Punctum, 441
• Puncturella, 265, 406
• Pupa, 289, 296, 325–357, 442;
• P. cinerea, hybrid union, 129
• Pupidae, radula, 233
• Pupilla, 442
• Pupillaea, 406
• Pupina, 157, 266, 309, 318–327, 414
• Pupinella, 318, 414
• Purpura, 423;
• operculum, 269;
• erosion, 276;
• P. coronata, 367;
• lapillus, feeding on Mytilus, 60;
• on oysters, 111;
• protective coloration, 69;
• variation, 90;
• egg-capsules, 124;
• time of breeding, 129;
• distribution, 363 n.
• Purpuroidea, 423
• Pusionella, 426
• Pygocardia, 451
• Pygope, 497
• Pyramidella, 422
• Pyramidellidae, 262
• Pyrazus, 50, 416
• Pyrgina, 330
• Pyrgula, 415
• Pyrochilus, 441
• Pyrolofusus, 423
• Pyrula (= Pirula), 419, 420;
• spawn, 125;
• operculum, 269
• Pythina, 453