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The land of the Hittites

Chapter 30: GENERAL INDEX
By John Garstang
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Archaeology & AnthropologyHistory - Ancient

About This Book

A survey of recent archaeological exploration in Asia Minor and northern Syria that traces the emergence of Hittite civilization from scattered monuments and excavations. It combines an overview of the region and a chronological sketch of Hittite history with detailed descriptions of temples, reliefs, inscriptions, and other monuments, and includes accounts of fieldwork and discoveries. The text discusses Hittite art, religious practice, and material culture, and provides maps, plans, photographs, and a bibliography to support further investigation and interpretation.

GENERAL INDEX

For works of reference cited in the footnotes, see Author Index and App. A.

  • Abîna, 331.
  • Aboriginal people of southern Syria, 321.
  • Abusimbel, rock-temple of, 351, 379.
  • Abu-Tessub, 338.
  • Abydos, Hittite warrior in a relief at, 281 n.
  • —— royal tombs of, 313.
  • Adana, 15.
  • Ædicula, 184.
  • Ægean Archipelago, 3.
  • —— coast, 17.
  • —— Islands, 368.
  • —— pottery, 312.
  • Aeriae, temple of the mother of the gods at, 170.
  • Afrîn River, 8, 12, 15, 86, 71, 98.
  • Agron, king of Lydia, 63.
  • Agusi, 387.
  • Aintab, 4-7, 11, 14, 86, 97 n., 106, 106 n., 184.
  • Aitakama, 331, 333, 334.
  • Ak Dagh, 29, 35.
  • Ak Geul (White Lake), 40.
  • Akhenaten, 336.
  • Akia, king of Arakhti, 333.
  • Akizzi, story of, 332, 334.
  • Akkar-tchai, 37.
  • Akserai, 39, 154.
  • Ak Su, 41, 42 n.
  • Ala Dagh, 42.
  • Alakshandu, vassal of Tarkundaraus, 327.
  • Albistan, 5, 145.
  • —— monuments near, 143.
  • Aleppo, 4, 7, 8, 15, 16, 53, 67, 85, 97, 106, 319.
  • —— description of, 7.
  • Alexander in Asia Minor, 56, 67.
  • Alexandretta, 14, 15, 49.
  • Algeria, 71 n.
  • Ali Hodje, near Bulghar-Madên, 189.
  • Alliance between Hattusil and the Pharaoh, 347.
  • Alshe, 332.
  • Altar, 150.
  • —— of stone, 146, 183.
  • Altars on sculptures of Fraktin, 165.
  • Am, 331.
  • Amanus, 14, 49, 99, 213, 370, 383.
  • Amasîa, 34, 35, 106 n.
  • Amazon figure at Boghaz-Keui, 205, 357, 373.
  • Amazons, 213, 357, 373.
  • —— on the Thermodon River, 35.
  • Amenhetep III., 327.
  • —— IV., 337.
  • Amk, statue at, 98.
  • Amon, 336.
  • Amorite face-type, 12 n., 34.
  • —— vassalage and tribute, 336.
  • Amorites, an Aramæan (Semitic) people, 318, 324.
  • Amraphel of the Old Testament, 325 n.
  • Andaval, 41, 42, 80 n., 185.
  • —— inscription of, 25 n.
  • Angora, 21, 24, 28, 34-36, 66, 89, 106.
  • Annals of Tiglath-Pileser, 386.
  • —— of Thothmes III., 327.
  • Antaraki, 332.
  • Anti-Lebanon, 16.
  • Anti-Taurus, 2, 4, 17, 19, 21, 24, 44, 87.
  • Antioch, 8, 15.
  • —— taken from Saracens, 72.
  • Apis, worship in Egypt, 256.
  • Arabli, 42.
  • Arabs in Asia Minor, 72.
  • Aramæan district of Am (or Amma), 331.
  • —— monuments at Sinjerli, 277 ff.
  • —— peoples, 55.
  • Aramaic influence in Hittite art, 311, 312.
  • —— period at Sinjerli, 122.
  • Arandas, son of Subbi-luliuma, 341.
  • Ararat, Mt., 3.
  • Arched gateways decorated with sculpture, 372.
  • Architectural remains of Boghaz-Keui, 367.
  • Archives of the Babylonian and Assyrian kings, 315.
  • —— of the kings of Hatti, 315.
  • —— recently discovered at Boghaz-Keui, 3.
  • Ardistama, 39, 80 n., 90-92, 154.
  • Argæus, Mt., 5, 17, 18, 23, 28, 42, 88, 146, 152.
  • Argistis of Ararat, Urartian king, 385.
  • Ariarthes, 68.
  • Arinna, the home of the sun-god, 344, 346, 353.
  • Arissama, 39, 90.
  • —— Dagh, 183.
  • Arles, 71 n.
  • Armed priestesses, 213, 357.
  • Armenia, 66.
  • —— Greater, 3.
  • —— southern, 62.
  • Armenian hills, 17, 26.
  • Arnuanta, son of Dudkhalia, 329, 351, 352.
  • Arpad, downfall of, 387.
  • Arslan Boghaz, 99.
  • —— Tash, sculptures at, 87, 141, 144.
  • —— Tepe, mound of, 132 ff.
  • Artemis, 65.
  • —— at Ephesus, rites of, 355.
  • Aryan immigration, 57.
  • Arzawa, great Hittite state, 326.
  • Arzawia, king of Rukhizi, 334.
  • Asarjik, 23, 88, 152.
  • Askhir, goddess of the mountains, 348.
  • Asia, Roman province, 70.
  • Asia Minor, geography of, 17 ff.
  • Asia Minor, tableland of, 17, 18.
  • Ass with panniers for transport, 365.
  • Assur-ballit II., Assyrian king, 333.
  • Assurbanipal, 65.
  • Assur-belkala, 371.
  • Assurirba, 371.
  • Assur-nazir-pal, 57 n., 295, 381.
  • Assyria, 271.
  • —— revival of power of, 55.
  • Assyrian influence in Hittite art, 299.
  • —— invasions, 371.
  • Assyrians invade Mitanni, 337.
  • Assyro-Babylonian language used in earliest international correspondence, 31, 325.
  • Astarte, 128.
  • Astrology, great Babylonian work on, 323.
  • Attis, 151, 238.
  • Atyadae, 63.
  • Authors. See App. A.
  • Axe with double head, 223.
  • Ayazîn, sculptures of, 60.
  • Ay-mi-ny-a-s of the land of Tyana, 188.
  • Azriyahu, 387.
  • Baal, 237, 238.
  • Ba’albec, 71.
  • Babylon, 3 n., 53, 209.
  • —— archives, 323.
  • —— sacked by Hittites, 52.
  • Baghdad, 39.
  • —— railway, 15 n.
  • Bakshish, 38.
  • Banti Shinni, 329, 345.
  • Barbarian northern hordes, 209.
  • Bargylus mts., 15.
  • Barkhu-izawa, 341.
  • Barrekub, king of Samaal, 271.
  • Bayal, 43.
  • Bedouins in Syria, 6.
  • Beilan Pass, 15.
  • Bell, Miss, 339.
  • Birejik, monument at, 129.
  • Bereketli, 383.
  • Berlin Expedition at Sinjerli, 196.
  • Beuyuk Kaleh, 200, 205, 300.
  • —— —— walls at, 245, 249.
  • —— Kayanin, 200.
  • —— —— Daresi, 32.
  • Bey-Keui, inscription at, 25, 37, 38, 84, 89, 93, 167.
  • Beyrout, 15, 370.
  • Beyshehr, lake and village of, 40, 174.
  • Bin Bir Kilisse, ‘the thousand and one churches,’ 177.
  • Bird, 151.
  • —— offering on altar, 165.
  • —— -sign, 166.
  • Birejik, ford of Euphrates at, 7.
  • Bir-Geuz, 24, 27.
  • —— Bridge, 153.
  • Bishopric of Kiskissos, 149.
  • Bit Adini, 378, 382, 383.
  • Bithynia, Pontus, Roman province, 68, 69.
  • Biyassili (? Kasyas-sil), 371.
  • Black Basalt, altar of, 183.
  • —— Sea coast, 28, 34, 37, 195.
  • Bogche, 49, 80 n., 88, 155, 199.
  • —— pass near, 14, 15 n., 373.
  • —— Su, 14.
  • Boghaz-Keui, 7 n., 24, 25, 27, 28, 32, 33, 64 n., 65, 67, 79, 84, 88, 89, 93, 96 n., 100, 107, 158, 277, 292 n., 297, 300, 306 n., 244-256, 269, 273, 275.
  • —— priest-king in sculptures of, 256.
  • Book of Omens, 323.
  • Bor, 41, 42, 80 n., 91, 305.
  • —— aqueducts of, 70.
  • —— inscribed sculptures of, 373.
  • —— inscription from, 25 n., 185.
  • Bosphorus, 37, 62.
  • Boss of Tarkudimme, 352.
  • Boundary stone, 155.
  • Bow, triangular, 150, 171.
  • Bozanti Han, 46.
  • —— Su, 42 n.
  • Bracelets on wrists of peasant-god, 193.
  • Brigandage of the Amorites, 350.
  • Bronze axe and trappings of Boghaz-Keui, 322.
  • Building blocks, cubical, 159.
  • Bulghar Dagh, 41, 46, 90.
  • Bulghar-Madên, 43, 44, 54, 91, 185, 188, 373, 383.
  • Bull, shrine of Eyuk, 256.
  • —— identified with father-god, 359.
  • Buttresses of extra-mural towers, 202.
  • Byzantine church at Mahalich, 177.
  • —— period, 70, 72.
  • Cadastral survey, 352.
  • Caduceus, 166, 167.
  • Cæsarea, 5, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 28, 29, 34, 39, 42, 88, 366.
  • Calvary, 148.
  • Campaigns of Subbi-luliuma, 330.
  • Canaanites, 324.
  • Cappadocia, 36.
  • —— Phrygian influence in, 61, 69, 106 n., 110 n.
  • Carchemish, Kybele represented at, 53, 61, 80 n., 85, 262.
  • —— early Hittites at, 52.
  • —— monuments at, 122 ff., 305, 318, 327, 330.
  • —— stele at, 113, 117.
  • Carvings of Sakje-Geuzi, 380.
  • —— in ivory, 382.
  • Caspian Sea, 3.
  • Caucasus, 3, 62, etc.
  • Cavalry, Hittite, 320.
  • Cayster River, 37, 39.
  • Ceremonial Feast, 164.
  • Chair, square shaped, 166.
  • Chakia Su, 42, 43.
  • Chalybes, 60 n.
  • Chariot with panelled sides, 364.
  • Chekerek, 32, 35.
  • Cheshme Keupru, 24, 28, 34, 36, 38, 38 n., 89, 162, etc.
  • Chok-Geuz, 26.
  • —— Keupru, 24, 25, 27, 155.
  • Chorum, 34, 35.
  • —— road to, 88.
  • Christian churches, 148.
  • Christianity, spread of, 70.
  • Cilicia, 14, 21, 67, 68, 72.
  • —— Roman province, 69.
  • —— under the Hittites, 53.
  • —— western plain of, 48-50.
  • Cilician face-type, 48.
  • Cilician gates, 24, 25, 39, 42, 383, 388.
  • —— description of, 45-48.
  • —— horses, 39 n.
  • —— pirates, 69.
  • —— plain, 4, 6, 14.
  • —— —— aqueducts of, 70.
  • Cimmerians in Asia Minor, 55, 58, 62, 64, 378, 381.
  • Classical writings cited. See App. A.
  • Cloak with fringed border, 187.
  • Club, 363.
  • Colophon, 65.
  • Comana (Komana), 87, 110 n., 146, 366.
  • Combine of land and sea powers against Egypt, 368.
  • Confederacy, 318.
  • Conical Hittite hat, 171, 215, 223, 362.
  • Constantinople, 36, 72.
  • Constitution of the Hittite power, 234.
  • Contemporary rulers and royal alliances, 329.
  • Convention in art, 145.
  • Crescent, 217, 238, 303 n.
  • Crete, early Minoan pottery of, 31.
  • —— neolithic pottery of, 313, 320.
  • Crœsus, 22, 33 n., 38, 38 n., 55, 65, 66, 92, 197, 199.
  • Crosses carved on Hittite monument, 148.
  • Crusaders, 45.
  • Cubical building blocks decorated with sculptures, 367.
  • Cult of the Nature-goddess, 235.
  • Cuneiform system of writing, 317.
  • —— documents found recently at Boghaz-Keui, 325.
  • Curtius, Dr., 208.
  • Curved dagger, 363.
  • Cybele. See Kybele.
  • Cybistra, 90.
  • Cydnus, 46.
  • Cyprus, copper sources in, 322.
  • —— terra-cotta statuette from, 142.
  • Cyrus, 66, 67, 68.
  • —— annexes Hittite country, 56.
  • Dagger, curved, 363.
  • —— with crescental hilt, 163.
  • Dagger with semicircular handle, 223.
  • Damascus, 16, 377, 383, 384.
  • —— fall of, 388.
  • Dardanians, 344.
  • Daskylos, Lydian prince, 60 n.
  • Dastarkon, 149, 366.
  • Delije Irmak, 29, 30.
  • Deli Su, 153.
  • Delta of Egypt, 2, 255.
  • Denek Maden, 160.
  • —— —— mines at, 34.
  • Derendeh, 5, 80 n., 87, 141 ff.
  • Develi Karahissar, 42.
  • Diocletian, 70.
  • Dirk, the sacred, 118.
  • —— with crescent-shaped handle, 214.
  • —— with midrib, 228.
  • —— deity, 239.
  • —— —— cult of, 360.
  • Dimerli, ‘lion tomb’ at, 60.
  • Disintegration of the Hittite Empire, 368.
  • Disk suggestive of mirror, 217.
  • Doghanlu, 25, 84, 166.
  • —— Daresi, 37, 38, 89, 93.
  • —— ‘tomb of Midas,’ at, 60.
  • Double-axe, 363.
  • —— god of the, 64 n.
  • Double Eagle, 235.
  • —— —— at Eyuk, priest of the, 236.
  • Downfall of the Hittite rulers, 368.
  • Dress of Hittite warrior, 362.
  • Dromos, decoration at Eyuk, 184.
  • Dudkhalia, successor of Hattusil, 351, 352.
  • Dud-khaliya, 324.
  • Eagle, double-headed, 223.
  • —— gigantic stone, 156.
  • —— monument at Yamoola, 236.
  • Eagles in Hittite religious art, 158.
  • Earring, 215, 227.
  • Ebed-Asherah, Amorite patriarch, 328, 334, 335.
  • Edict of Dudkhalia, 326, 352, 353.
  • Eflatoun-Bunar, 40, 90, 174.
  • Egypt, Delta, 2, 255.
  • —— early Hittite settlements on frontiers of, 52.
  • Egypt, war of Esarhaddon with, 271.
  • Egyptian artists, 318.
  • —— face-type in Syria, 12, 16.
  • —— influence in the sphinxes of Eyuk, 254.
  • Ekrek, 5, 24, 54, 148.
  • —— inscribed stone at, 87.
  • Emblems in form of a shrine under outspread wings, 84, 217, 225.
  • Emir-Ghazi, 39, 40, 41, 80 n., 91, 169, 183.
  • —— round altar at, 256.
  • Eni-Tessub, 352.
  • Ephesus, 37, 65, 66, 71.
  • Eregli, 24, 29, 40, 41, 43, 90, 185, 191.
  • Erzerum, 3 n.
  • Esarhaddon, 78, 271, 273, 278, 297, 390.
  • Eshuk Tash, 203, 204.
  • Eski Andaval, sculpture at, 91.
  • —— Kishla (old winter quarters), 183.
  • Eski-Yapân, stone lion at, 88.
  • Eunuch-priest, 361.
  • Euphrates, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7 n., 15, 21, 39, 85, 106, 318.
  • —— valley, 317.
  • Eyuk, 35, 80 n., 84, 102, 107, 277, 282 n., 296 n., 297, 301 n., 303 n., 306 n., 339.
  • —— Hittite site at, 33.
  • —— mound and palace at, 88, 93.
  • —— palace and sculptures of, 242 ff.
  • —— Phrygian inscriptions at, 56, 60 n.
  • —— sphinx at, 298, 309.
  • Ezekiel, 45, 390.
  • Fassiler, 40, 90, 175.
  • Father-god, 237, 359, 360.
  • —— of the Phrygians, 59.
  • Faustinopolis, 388.
  • Feather-like emblem, 238.
  • Female warrior, 372.
  • Ferak-Din. See Fraktin, 149.
  • Fish hieroglyph, 153.
  • Flexible hats, 215.
  • Footgear of the Hittites, 320.
  • Fortress, ancient, 154.
  • —— at Arissama Dagh, ancient, 183.
  • —— at Giaour-Kalesi, 162.
  • —— on Kizil Dagh, 178.
  • Fortress of Arinni, 370.
  • —— of Shapalulme, burnt, 383.
  • Fraktin, 5, 24, 54, 87, 149, 256, 262, 339.
  • Fringed skirt, 215.
  • Galatia, Roman province, 69.
  • Garparunda, 377, 380, 383.
  • Gashuliawi, a Hittite princess married to Put-akhi, 347.
  • Gauraina. See Gurun, 143.
  • Genealogical table, 329.
  • Gerdschein, statue at, 311.
  • Gerger, 4.
  • Gerger Kalesi, 85.
  • Gerger Kalesi, monument at, 131.
  • Giaour Dagh, 2, 13, 27.
  • Giaour-Kalesi, 36, 38, 84, 89, 90, 93, 338.
  • —— sculptures at, 162.
  • Gindarus, 98, 378.
  • Girdle, 214, 215.
  • Goat, 215.
  • —— with conical cap on head, 222.
  • God of Arms, 173.
  • God of the Mountain, 147.
  • Gordius, 61.
  • Goyyim, 324 n.
  • Graffiti, 153.
  • Greek colonies in Asia Minor, history of, 58, 65 ff.
  • —— face-type, 31.
  • —— influence in Asia Minor, 68, 70.
  • Gurgum, 376, 377, etc.
  • Guriania. See Gurun, 143, 376.
  • Gurun, 4, 51, 87, 143, 371.
  • Gyges of Lydia, 65.
  • Hadad, statue of, 142.
  • —— the Syrian god, 59 n., 138 n.
  • Haifa, seal from, 16 n.
  • Halys Basin, monuments of the, 152.
  • —— description of, 18, 22, 26 ff.
  • —— River, 2, 4, 5, 18, 21, 26, 28, 29, 34, 35, 36, 38, 54, 56, 64, 65, 66, 84, 88, 89, 92, 318, 338.
  • Hamath, 53.
  • —— inscriptions of, 75.
  • —— kingdom of the Hattina, 331.
  • —— remains at, 93 ff.
  • Hammurabi, 334.
  • Harpoon cult object, 160.
  • Hat with flutings, 214.
  • Hathor head-dress, 217.
  • Hatti, the dominant tribe, 318, 319.
  • Hattina, feudal state of, 271, 377, etc., 382.
  • Hattusil, 136 n.
  • Hattusil I., 326.
  • —— II., 338.
  • Havanda, tomb of, 73.
  • Heliopolis, 71 n.
  • Helmet decorated with horns, 193.
  • Hera of Samos, the, 142.
  • Heraclidae of Lydia, 63.
  • Herakleia, 195.
  • Heraldic figure, 228.
  • Hercules, 63, 64, 64 n., 195, 240.
  • Hermes, 167.
  • Hermus, 2, 37.
  • Hermus valley, 199.
  • Herodotus, 22, 170, 197.
  • Hilâni, 99, 273.
  • Hilt of sword, flat, 215.
  • Hittite routes, 154, 365.
  • —— sites and monuments. See Appendix B.
  • Hogarth, D. G., 145, 339.
  • Homer, 169.
  • Homs, 16, 85, 85 n., 106 n.
  • —— bronze figure from, 16 n.
  • Horned altar, 178.
  • Horse, early use by the Hittites of the, 39 n., 320.
  • Horses and chariots employed by Aitakama, 320.
  • Horus, the, title of the Pharaohs, 340.
  • Huda Verdi, spring, 41.
  • Human-headed bird, 157, 230.
  • Huru Pegamber, 71.
  • Hyksos period, 255 n., 324.
  • Iasily Kaya, sculptures at, 59 n.
  • —— —— carved walls at, 124, 126.
  • —— —— reliefs at, 196, 205, 255, 257, 262, 268, 269, 303 n.
  • —— —— sanctuary at, 88, 110.
  • Iaudi, 271, 367, 376.
  • Iconium, 20, 38, 67, 90, 106 n.
  • —— inscription from near, 173.
  • —— traces of ancient site near, 173.
  • Ilgîn, 3, 67, 90.
  • Imperial Ottoman Museum, 185.
  • Incursions of the Assyrians, 384.
  • Indo-Germanic element, 324.
  • Injesu, 24, 25, 42, 199, 366.
  • Inscribed Rock (Iasily Kaya), 211.
  • Inscriptions, Hittite. See App. B.
  • —— on walls of Byzantine church, 178.
  • Ionia, 65.
  • Ionic volutes, 225.
  • Iris River, 35.
  • Istar, 236, 355.
  • Isuwa, land of, 332.
  • Ivory object, 160.
  • Ivrîz, monument of, 41, 43, 187, 191, 281 n.
  • —— sculpture at, 90, 373.
  • Izgîn, 5, 80 n., 87, 146.
  • Jebel Ansarîa, 15.
  • Jensen, 19.
  • Jerabis, reliefs at, 113.
  • Jerablus, 80 n., 84, 85.
  • —— monuments at, 122 ff.
  • Jewish face-type, 34.
  • Jobba Eyuk, relief at, 102.
  • ‘Joggle,’ 164, 208.
  • Kadesh, 16.
  • —— site of, 85.
  • —— the battle of, 343, 344, 345, 364.
  • Kalaba, 161.
  • Kara-Bel, 2 n., 37, 63, 66, 75, 84, 89, 93, 233.
  • —— pass of, 170, 338.
  • Karaburna, 28, 54, 153, 154, 373.
  • —— inscription at, 88, 100.
  • Kara-burshlu, 80 n., 111, 86, 108.
  • Kara Dagh, 41, 54, 84, 90, 176, 373.
  • —— —— pottery of, 313 n.
  • Karadinek, 10 n.
  • Kara Eyuk, pottery of, 313 n.
  • Karaja Dagh, 41, 183.
  • Karakul, 9.
  • Karanji Keupru, 164.
  • Karashehr, 106 n.
  • Kara Su, 12, 13, 16, 85, 99, 153, 171, 321, 330, 376.
  • Karduniash, 337.
  • Karmalas, 149.
  • Kartal, 11, 23, 34, 106.
  • Kas, 110.
  • Kataonians, 344.
  • Katashman-turgu identified with Katashman-buriash, 350.
  • Kati, king of Quë, dethroned, 384.
  • Katna, 33.
  • Kedabeg, 3 n.
  • Khaiani, king of Samalla, 383.
  • Khaleis ‘the Khalian,’ 325.
  • Khali-rabbat (the Milid of late Assyrian records), 326, 339.
  • Khalpa (Aleppo), 333, etc.
  • Khammu-rabi, 323.
  • Khanigalbat. See Khali-rabbat.
  • Kharusa, range of, 370.
  • Kheta, 77 n., 344.
  • Khetasar (Hattusil II.), 337, 346.
  • Khilakku, kingdom of, 54, 373, 375.
  • Khite-ruadas, 376, 386.
  • ‘Khopesh,’ 228.
  • Kiakku of Shinukhta, 388.
  • Kibshuna, 370.
  • Kibshuna, treble-walled city, 370.
  • Kilisse Hissar (Tyana), 39, 41, 90.
  • —— —— site of the ancient Tyana, 185.
  • Killiz, 7, 8, 86, 106, 330, 388.
  • Kinalua, 376, 387.
  • King-priest, 192.
  • Kinza, 331.
  • Kirchuk Yapalak, inscribed stone at, 87.
  • Kirri, king of Quë, 384.
  • Kiskeui, 149.
  • Kizil Dagh, 90, 178.
  • —— Irmak, 26.
  • Kizilja Su, 41.
  • Kizlar Daresi, 201.
  • Kodja Su, 41, 43, 191.
  • Kölit-oghlu Yaila, 90.
  • —— —— inscription found at, 173.
  • Komana (Comana), 5, 24, 54, 64 n., 70.
  • —— (identified with modern Shahr), 376.
  • Konia, 18, 21, 24, 38, 40, 66, 174.
  • Korkun, 42 n.
  • Kuchuk Kizil-Hissar, 12.
  • Kulakly, 33.
  • Kullani, 388.
  • Kammanu, 376.
  • Kummukh, 342, 368.
  • Kundashpi, 376.
  • Kurds in Syria, 6, 8.
  • Kurman Su, 146.
  • Kurts-oghlu, 76, 80 n., 86, 98, 112.
  • Kuru-Bel, 24, 45, 80 n., 87, 146.
  • Kuru Chai, 148.
  • Kû-sar (Sû-sar), 326.
  • Kush Dagh, 28.
  • Kushtashpi, 376.
  • Kybele, 128, 151, 238, 268.
  • —— in Hittite mythology, 262.
  • —— in Phrygia, rites of, 355.
  • Kyrrhus, ruins of, 71.
  • Lake Beyshehr, monuments reflecting Hittite influence, found near, 173.
  • —— Van, 378.
  • Lalle, 376.
  • Lamas, monument probably not Hittite, 49 n.
  • Lance, 263.
  • Language of the Hittites, 319.
  • Latakia, seal and bronze figure from, 16 n.
  • Lebanon, 2.
  • Lepsius, 351.
  • Leuco-Syrians of Strabo, 22, 245 n.
  • Lightning emblem, 357.
  • —— trident, 361.
  • Lion, 146.
  • —— at Cheshme Keupru, 162.
  • —— seated, 156.
  • —— -base, columnar figure upon, 176.
  • —— -gate, 203.
  • —— -tank, 210, 372.
  • —— of Eyuk, 211.
  • —— corner-stone of Eyuk, 372, 380.
  • —— -goddess and son, 235.
  • Lions at Amaksiz and Yalanjak, 162.
  • —— at Boghaz-Keui, 380.
  • —— at Sinjerli, 380.
  • —— on monuments at Fassiler, 175.
  • Lituus, 217, 229.
  • Lubarna king of the Hattina, 376, 377, 383.
  • Lycaonia, 69.
  • —— local sculptures in, 76.
  • —— Western, 93.
  • Lycaonian structure, 40.
  • Lycians, 344.
  • Lycus, 35.
  • Lydia, coast of, 2 n.
  • —— empire, 21 n.
  • —— history of, 56, 58, 60, 63 ff.
  • —— under the Hittites, 53, 66.
  • Lyre, the, in Egypt, 118 n.
  • Ma, Mother-goddess, prototype of Kybele, 170, 235.
  • —— at Comana, rites of, 355.
  • —— the Mother-goddess, 151.
  • Mace, 214.
  • Maden-Shehr marks the classical site of Barata, or Bin Bir Kilisse, 177.
  • Mæander, 37.
  • —— route by, 67.
  • Magic hammer, 361.
  • Magnesia, 69.
  • Mahalich, Hittite site, 40, 41, 90.
  • —— marked by a Byzantine church, 177.
  • Maiden’s Rock, 206.
  • Malatia, 4, 5, 53, 54, 57, 80 n., 84, 86, 87 n., 88, 107, 339.
  • —— monuments at, 132 ff.
  • —— sculptures of, 279.
  • Manapa-Sanda, 341.
  • —— -Tessub, 341.
  • Marash, 4, 5, 6, 14, 24, 25, 53, 54, 80 n., 86, 87, 99 n., 101 n., 102 n., 105 n., 106, 184, 205, 276 n., 279, 282 n., 292 n., 296 n., 301 n., 308 n., 330, 333.
  • Marash, inscribed objects at, 118 ff.
  • —— royal stela at, 113, 114-118.
  • —— sculptured fragments, 121.
  • —— statue at, 113.
  • Marcus Aurelius, 46.
  • Marghasi, 80 n.
  • Markhasi, 111.
  • Masonry, pentagonal in shape, 163.
  • Matîlu of Agusi, 387.
  • Matriarchal system in Asia Minor, 59.
  • Matti, 61 n.
  • Matti of Atuna or Tuna, 388.
  • Mattiuaza, 325, 338.
  • Mazaca (Old Cæsarea), 22 ff., 54, 366, 375, etc.
  • Mazarima, Hittite prince, 345.
  • Medes, appearance in Asia Minor, 56, 64.
  • Median empire, 21 n.
  • Medinet Habu, temple of, 368.
  • Menuas drives back the Assyrians, 385.
  • Merenptah, 2.
  • Mermnad dynasty, 65.
  • Mersina, 49.
  • Meshech, 390.
  • Midas, in history, 55, 61, 62.
  • —— monument of, 38.
  • —— Phrygian inscription of, 42, 91, 185.
  • —— so-called tomb of, 60, 166.
  • Mikhri, bordering on the Pyramus, 376.
  • Milid (Miliddu), 376.
  • ‘Mita of Muski,’ the Phrygian Midas, 62, 389.
  • Mitanni, 7 n., 58 n., 328.
  • —— created a special protectorate, 338.
  • Mithraic type of face at Jerablus, 128.
  • Mithridates, 69.
  • Mohammed, flight of, 57.
  • Mongol invasions, 57.
  • —— type of face, 307.
  • Mongoloid Hittite allies, 318.
  • Monstrous figures, pair of, 218.
  • Monstrous winged figures, 226.
  • Mother-goddess, 164, 322, 353, 354.
  • —— ‘Queen of the Rock,’ 169.
  • Mouldings in Roman style, 189.
  • Mount Amanus, 371, etc.
  • —— Bishri, 369.
  • —— Tala, 370.
  • Mountain cult, 321, 327.
  • Mugallu, 376.
  • Mujelibeh, 100 n.
  • Mural crown, 222.
  • Mursil replaced his brother Arandas, 341, 366.
  • Muski, 53, 54, 57, 368.
  • —— -Phrygians, 377.
  • Muzri, 342, 370, 383.
  • Mutallu, 326, 341, 343, 345, 376.
  • Mutiny of the Amorites, 345.
  • Myrsos, Lydian king, 60 n.
  • Mysians, 344.
  • Nabonidus, stele of, 100 n.
  • Nahr-el-Kelb, 370.
  • Naram-Sin, 313, 323.
  • National deity (Sutekh), 235.
  • Nature-cults, 322.
  • —— -goddess, cult of the, 152.
  • Nefez-Keui, description of, 30-32.
  • Nefret, queen of Egypt, 255, 309.
  • Nerab, stele of, 102 n.
  • Nî, 333.
  • Nigdeh, altar at, 91.
  • —— Hittite inscriptions at, 41, 80 n., 185.
  • —— monuments at, 189.
  • —— Seljûk sculptures at, 73.
  • Nineveh, 3 n.
  • —— fall of, 64.
  • Niobe, 89.
  • —— confused with figure on Mount Sipylus, 169.
  • Nishan Tash, inscription at, 88, 158, 206.
  • Nukhasse, 330, 340.
  • Obelisk, 145.
  • Oblation vases, 339.
  • Olba, priest-kings of, 69, 70.
  • Old Malatia, Hittite site at, 132 ff.
  • Ordasu, mound near, 132.
  • Orontes, 8, 14, 15, 16, 93, 321, 370, 377.
  • Osmaniyeh, 14.
  • Osmanli Turks, 57, 72, 319.
  • Oval, the emblem of sanctity, 150.
  • Ovid, 169.
  • Painted pottery of Sakje-Geuzi, 320.
  • Palace at Beuyuk Kaleh, 206, 207.
  • Palanga, 80 n., 87, 311.
  • —— monuments at, 141 ff.
  • Palmyra, 16.
  • Panammu, king of Samaal, 271, 311.
  • —— II., a Semitic ruler, 388.
  • Pantheon, Hittite, 317.
  • Panther and eagle, probably cult objects, 230.
  • Paul of Tarsus, 45.
  • Pausanias, 168, 170.
  • Peasant-god, 192.
  • —— the patron of agriculture, 379.
  • Pentaur, poem of, 345.
  • Pergamum, kingdom of, 57.
  • Persian Empire, under Cyrus, 56.
  • —— Gulf, 3.
  • —— posts, 199.
  • Perspective convention, 214.
  • Pessinus, 110 n., 164.
  • Pharaoh, 323.
  • Phœnician monuments at Sinjerli, 270 ff.
  • Phrygia, 24, 39, 93.
  • —— boundaries of, 36, 37.
  • —— local sculptures in, 76.
  • —— monuments, 37.
  • —— pine-woods of, 19, 20.
  • —— Seljûks in, 72.
  • —— under Hittites, 53.
  • Phrygian conquerors, 317.
  • —— history of the, 57.
  • —— power at its height, 56.
  • Pig’s Head, cape, 15.
  • Pigtail, 216, 218, 222, 229, 318, 379.
  • Pisidia, 343.
  • Pisiris, 61, 371, 389.
  • Plan of the Rock Sanctuary called Iasily Kaya, 221.
  • Plato’s Spring, 40, 174.
  • Pontus, kingdom of, 57, 69.
  • —— Roman province, 69.
  • Pottery, coloured, 210.
  • Priest, 100.
  • —— -king, 186, 237, 340, 378.
  • —— -kings of Lydia, 64.
  • Proto-Greek type of Hittite allies, 318.
  • Psamtek of Egypt, 65.
  • Pteria, 9, 25, 32, 60, 60 n., 66, 196, 197.
  • —— destruction of, 55.
  • —— overthrow by Crœsus, 38.
  • Ptolemy, 388.
  • Put-akhi, chief of the Amorites, 345, 346.
  • Putukhipa, Princess of Qizwadna, 340, 346.
  • Putu-khipa, mentioned as co-ruler, 353.
  • Pylæ Syriæ et Ciliciæ, 15 n.
  • Pyramus, 4, 5, 6, 13, 14, 49.
  • —— River, 86.
  • —— valley of the, 145, 365.
  • —— ——, route via, 143.
  • Pyrenees, 321.
  • Qarqar, battle of, 384.
  • Qizwadna, 346, 348.
  • Quë, 375, 382, etc.
  • Qurt Dagh, 7, 13, 14, 106.
  • Qurts-oghlu. See Kurts-oghlu.
  • Racial character, wide difference of, 318.
  • Rafts of skin, 381.
  • Rameses, 77 n.
  • Rameses the Great, 209, 351.
  • Rameses, Hittite ambassador, 348.
  • Rameses II., 2, 12 n., 136, 281 n., 343.
  • —— III., 77 n.
  • Ramesseum, 319.
  • Ras El Khanzîr, 15.
  • Renaissance of the Hittite kingdoms, 373.
  • Records of the Assyrians, 375.
  • Restan, 16, 85.
  • Rites of Comana, 239.
  • —— of Istar at Babylon, 236.
  • Rock carving of Fraktin, 184.
  • —— carvings, 148.
  • —— —— of Ivrîz, 378.
  • —— image of the Mother-goddess, 168.
  • —— sculptures called Iasily Kaya, 211.
  • Roman province of Asia, 69.
  • —— provinces in Asia Minor, 69, 70.
  • Romans in Asia Minor, 57, 69 ff.
  • Romanus Diogenes, 72.
  • Rosette device on stela at Bor, 188.
  • —— surrounded by horseshoe-shaped device, 217.
  • Rosettes, 148.
  • Rowanduz, 9.
  • Royal insignia, 233.
  • —— Road, 24, 25, 89, 199, 366.
  • Rum Kale, monument at, 130.
  • Sayce, 190, 194.
  • Sacred dirk, 240.
  • Sakaria (Sangarius), 35.
  • Sakje-Geuzi, 13, 14, 77, 80 n., 86, 100, 101 n., 102, 103, 106, 109, 264, 276 n., 282 n., 286 n., 289 n., 290 n., 297.
  • —— column bases of, 142 n.
  • —— mounds and palace-portico at, 298 ff.
  • —— sphinx at, 275.
  • —— technique of walls, 251.
  • —— the Berlin relief, 103 ff.
  • Salamis, terra-cotta figures from, 142.
  • Samalla (Samaal), identified with Sinjerli, 270, 367, 376, 377.
  • Samosata (Samsat), 366.
  • Samsat, 4, 84, 85, 100 n., 333, 342, 369.
  • —— monument at, 130-131.
  • Samsun, 28, 34.
  • Sanctuary of Iasily Kaya, 226, 234.
  • Sandes, or Sandan, 160, 322, 339, 348, 358.
  • Sandon of Tarsus, the prototype of Attis, 173, 235, 238.
  • Sangarius, 21, 35, 36, 37, 38, 59.
  • Saracens, 72.
  • —— besiege Constantinople, 57.
  • Sardis, 2, 38, 64, 67, 84, 89, 199.
  • Sargon, 60, 61, 62, 77 n., 273 n., 323, 388.
  • —— conquers Hittite country, 55.
  • Sarisu, possibly the classical Sareisa, 348.
  • Sarrupsi, king of Nukhasse, 330.
  • Sarus, 5, 42.
  • Satraps of Persia, 66, 67.
  • Sculpture on Mount Sipylus, 168.
  • —— of non-Phrygian character, 166.
  • Sculptures of Iasily Kaya, 357.
  • —— of Boghaz-Keui, 319.
  • —— of Sinjerli, 319.
  • Scythians, invasion of, 62.
  • Seal of the Hittite god of the skies, 349.
  • —— of Sutekh, Prince of Heaven, 349.
  • Seals inscribed in Hittite hieroglyph and cuneiform, 352.
  • —— of treaty, 349.
  • Seated figure on throne near Kizil Dagh, 179.
  • Seleucid kings, 57, 68, 69.
  • Seljûk Turks, 50, 57, 72 ff., 319.
  • Sesostris, images of, described by Herodotus, 172.
  • Sety I., 342.
  • Shahr, 5, 146.
  • Shalmaneser I., 77 n., 342, 382.
  • —— II., 381, 384.
  • Shahr, Comana, 370.
  • Shangara (or Sangar), 371.
  • —— king of Carchemish, 381, 382.
  • Shapalulme, 377.
  • —— king of the Hattina, 382.
  • Sharduris, 386, 387.
  • Shinukhta, 376.
  • Shoe with upturned toe, 320.
  • Shugab, 378.
  • Sickle, or scimitar, 218.
  • Silver mines near Bulghar-Madên, 190.
  • Silver and salt recorded as tribute in Assyrian records, 383.
  • Sinjerli, site of, 13, 80 n., 86, 88, 99 ff., 100, 101, 102, 106, 108, 109, 122.
  • —— column bases of, 142 n.
  • —— gateways of, 246 n., 252 n.
  • —— god-figure at, 117.
  • —— technique of walls, 251.
  • —— town and sculptures of, 270 ff., 300, 301 n., 309, 310 n., 311.
  • Sinope, 199, 365.
  • Sipa-zar, 345.
  • Sipylene Mother, 65.
  • Sipylus, Mount, 2 n., 37, 63, 66, 84, 89, 93, 167, 262, 366.
  • —— —— sculpture on, 168.
  • Sites, Hittite. See App. B.
  • Sivas, 5, 26, 29, 34, 36, 66, 365.
  • —— road to, 23.
  • Skull-cap surrounded by three decorated fillets, 193.
  • Smyrna, 37, 65, 66, 84.
  • Socket-hole in granite blocks, 159.
  • Soghan Dagh, 147.
  • Solinus, 373.
  • Son-god, 105, 235, 210, 241, 360.
  • Sophocles, 169.
  • Sphinx, 230.
  • Sphinxes of Eyuk, 204, 253 ff.
  • Square shield, 318, 364.
  • Staff with crescental knob, 179.
  • Stela, C. 1, Musée du Louvre, 323.
  • —— at Bor, 185.
  • —— at Fassiler, 175.
  • Stool with straight legs, 165.
  • Storm-god, the Hittite, 138 n.
  • Strabo, 23, 185, 231, 239.
  • —— ritual of Mother-goddess described by, 170.
  • Suasa, inscriptions at, 88, 153.
  • Subbi-luliuma of Hatti, 315, 325, 326, 330, 331, 334, 367.
  • Subbi-sil (Sipa-zar), 345.
  • Sultan Han, 24, 39.
  • Sumur, 335.
  • Sun-god, 322.
  • —— invoked on Hittite treaty, 348.
  • Sungurlu, 34.
  • —— road to, 88.
  • Susa, 67.
  • —— excavations at, 313.
  • Sutatarra, king of Kinza, 331.
  • Sutekh, 359.
  • —— national deity of the Hittites, 237.
  • Sutekh cycle of the nine states in the Egyptian treaty, 358.
  • Svastika, 187.
  • Sword, long, 215.
  • Syria, 4, 14, 19, 55, 67, 68.
  • —— Assyrian influence in, 79.
  • —— desert, 6.
  • —— early Hittite settlements in, 52.
  • —— geography of, 6 ff.
  • Syrian villages, 10, 11.
  • —— wars, 336.
  • Syrians, 66.
  • Syro-Cappadocians, 22.
  • Tabal, 375, 390.
  • —— kingdom of, invaded in 858 B.C., 384.
  • Tablets of brick, 198.
  • —— inscribed in cuneiform script, 208.
  • Taharqa, 390.
  • Tal-tisebu, 348.
  • Targâs-nâli, 341.
  • Tarkhunazi of Malatia, 376, 389.
  • Tarku, a Hittite form of Sandes, 358.
  • Tarkhulara, 380, 389.
  • Tarkundaraus writes to Amenhetep III., 326.
  • Tarqu or Tarkhu, tutelary deity of Arzawa, 326 n.
  • Tarsus, 46, 48.
  • —— falls into Assyrian hands, 384.
  • —— taken from Saracens, 72.
  • Tartar peoples, 320.
  • Tashji, 5, 148.
  • —— figures and inscription on rock, 87.
  • Taurus Mountains, 2, 3, 13, 14, 17, 18, 19, 21, 41, 42, 44, 49, 68, 78, 84, 86, 92, 262, 330.
  • —— —— copper sources in, 322.
  • Tavium, 30.
  • Teiria, 245 n.
  • Tell-Ahmar, 7 n., 85, 129-130, 378.
  • Tell el Amarna letters, 315, 316, 330.
  • Tell-Halaf, 7 n.
  • Temple of the eagle, 236.
  • Ten Thousand, march of, 67.
  • Tessup, Hittite storm-god, 291.
  • Texier, 206.
  • Thebes, 53, 209, 328.
  • Thermodon River, 35.
  • Thothmes I., 327.
  • —— III., 77 n., 327.
  • Thracian immigrants, 369.
  • Throne hewn out of the rock near Kizil Dagh, 179.
  • Throw-stick, 363.
  • Tiglath-Pileser I., 77 n., 273, 369, 371.
  • —— III., 78, 271, 386, 388.
  • Tigris, 3, 332.
  • Timber used for building, 159.
  • Tynne, capital of Shinukhta, 376.
  • —— identified by Ramsay with Faustinopolis, 376.
  • Tmolus, mountain, 167.
  • Tochma Su, 4, 5, 25, 45, 86, 143, 146, 327, 365, 371.
  • —— route by the, 199.
  • Toga, 160, 217, 232.
  • Tope Nefezi, 152.
  • Track connecting Ephesus with Sardis or Smyrna, 171.
  • Transport wagon, 365.
  • Treaties with internal states in Syria, 325.
  • Treaty between Hattusil and Rameses the Great, 234.
  • Treaty, Hittite copy of, presented to the Pharaoh, 348.
  • —— with Mitanni, 338.
  • Triangular bow, 318.
  • Tribal totems, 356.
  • Tripolis, 16.
  • Triumph of Assyrian conqueror, 383.
  • Troad, white incised pottery of, 313, 316.
  • Tubal, kingdom of, 54, 61.
  • Tul Barsip, chief stronghold of the Bit Adini, 381.
  • Tuna, 61 n.
  • Tunip, 343.
  • Turkestan, mounds of, 320.
  • Turkey in Asia, 319.
  • Turkomans at Kartal, 11.
  • —— in Halys Valley, 29.
  • —— at Nefez-Keui, 31.
  • Tushratta, 328, 337, 351.
  • —— of Mitanni, 315.
  • Tutammu, 376.
  • Tuz Geul, 24, 28, 40.
  • Twin goddesses of the Double Eagle, 236.
  • Two-headed eagle, 230.
  • Tyana, 19, 21, 24, 39, 40, 42, 45 n., 54, 60, 61, 62 n., 80 n., 90, 91, 155, 221, 366, 373.
  • —— centre of second Hittite kingdom, 25.
  • —— Phrygian inscription from, 25, 56.
  • —— stele at, 113.
  • Types of faces, various, 33 n.
  • —— of Hittites, 318.
  • Tyre, war of Esarhaddon with, 271.
  • Tyriaion, 173, 174.
  • Uassarmi, chief of Tabal, 389.
  • Umman Manda or Nations of the North, 324.
  • Underground passage, 154.
  • Unki, 271, 376, 386, 387.
  • Urartians exact tribute from Malatia, 385.
  • Urartu, 62, 378, 382, 390.
  • Urfa, seal from, 7 n.
  • Van, Lake, 54.
  • Vannic inscriptions, 62, 381, 385, 388.
  • —— monuments, 3 n.
  • Vassalage of the Amorite to the Hittite, 324.
  • —— granted to non-Hittite tribes, 326.
  • Venasa, 70.
  • Vine-culture, 177.
  • Walled townships, 367.
  • Wan, monuments at, 98.
  • War-chariot, 363.
  • Warrior deities of Giaour-Kalesi, 340.
  • —— statue of, 171.
  • Weapon resembling a sickle, 228.
  • White Syrians, 60.
  • Winged animal, 153.
  • —— deity, 339.
  • —— disk on inscription found at Kizil Dagh, 187.
  • —— rosette, 233.
  • Worship of mountains and streams, 322.
  • Xenophon, 67.
  • Yamoola, 27, 236.
  • —— sculptures at, 88, 155.
  • Yapalak, 145.
  • Yarre, 36, 38, 84, 89, 100.
  • Yazîr Daresi, 32, 200.
  • Yeni Keui, monuments near, 144.
  • Yenije Kala, 205.
  • Yeshil Irmak, 35.
  • Yuzgat, road to, 23, 24, 30, 34, 35, 36, 106 n.
  • Zamanti Su, 5, 87, 148.
  • Zeus, 237.