The lands of silence

INDEX

Abernethy, Thomas, 233, 251, 265, 413
Abruzzi, Duke of, attempts to reach the Pole, 351
Active, 431
Adam of Bremen, chronicles visit of Norsemen to Greenland, 38
Adams, Lieut. J. B., 478, 479
— William, 390
Adelaide Island, 432, 442
Adélie Land, 407, 409, 477, 487
Admiralty Range, 415
Advance, 252, 298 et seq.
Adventure, 394
Aid, 86
Akbar, 223
Akuli Gulf, 230 et seq., 235
Alabama, 376;
loss of, 378
Aldrich, Admiral Pelham, 258 et seq., 304, 307, 428, 446
Alert, 303 et seq., 312, 313
Aleutian Islands discovered, 178
Alexander, 198, 201, 202
Alexander Island, 434
— Land, 397, 442
Alfland, 33
Alfred, King, translates Orosius, 33
Alten Fjord, 317
Altitudes, Antarctic, 473, 480, 484, 485, 500, 501
— in Greenland, 332, 333, 335, 336, 338, 381
Ambassador, Russian, visits England, 62
Amdrup, Lieut. G., 367, 368
Ameralik Fjord, 336
America, North, coast line of, surveyed by Franklin, 222;
by Back, 228;
by Dease and Simpson, 228
American Antarctic expeditions, 400, 408
— Arctic Coast, 18;
birds of, 18;
fauna and flora of, 18
Amsterdam Island, 360
Amundsen, Roald, undertakes N.W. Passage, 314 et seq.;
winters in King William Land, 314;
serves in the Belgian Expedition, 434;
his Antarctic expedition, 482 et seq.;
meets Scott’s party, 493;
reaches the South Pole, 485
Andersson, Gunnar, 436, 439
Andrée, 344
Andromache, 398, 400
Angekoks, 23;
Greenland, 366
Angmagsalik, 365 et seq., 381
Angrim stones, 53
Anian, Strait of, 82
Anjou, Admiral, surveys Liakhovs, 180
Ann Frances, 86
Anne Royal, 146
Annula, 124
Anoatok, 353, 355
Antarctic, 368, 436;
founders, 437
Antarctic Circle first crossed, 395
— exploration, story of, 430 et seq.
— explorations, Amundsen’s, 482 et seq.;
Balleny’s, 405, 414; Belgian, 433 et seq.;
Bellingshausen’s, 396, 397;
Biscoe’s, 403 et seq.;
Borchgrevink’s, 433;
Bruce’s, 439, 440;
Charcot’s, 441;
Capt. Cook’s, 394 et seq.;
D’Urville’s, 407, 408;
Drygalski’s, 440;
Filchner’s, 442;
Foster’s, 400 et seq.;
French, 407, 441;
Gerlache’s, 433 et seq.;
German, 440, 442;
Kempe’s, 405;
Mawson’s, 486 et seq.;
Nordenskiöld’s, 435 et seq.;
Norwegian, 433, 482 et seq.;
Ross’s, 410, 418, 422 et seq.;
Russian, 396;
Scott’s first expedition, 447 et seq.;
Scott’s last expedition, 489 et seq.;
Shackleton’s, 478 et seq.;
Swedish, 435 et seq., 506;
The Societies’, 444 et seq., 455 et seq., 466 et seq., 471 et seq.;
Weddell’s, 401, 402;
Wilkes’s, 408, 409
— ice, 11;
icebergs, 11;
regions, 389 et seq.
Antarctic Manual, 453
Araucaria, 438
Archer, 503
— Colin, 347;
constructs the Fram, 340
Arctic, 302, 303
Arctic currents, 23
— discoveries, by Norsemen, 32 et seq., 38 et seq., 49 et seq.;
under Elizabeth, 157
“Arctic Highlanders,” 24, 203, 253, 299, 301, 313, 338, 339, 352 et seq., 379;
dress of, 24;
physical characteristics of, 24
Arctic quadrants, 4, 6, 13
Arctic regions, geology of, 384 et seq.
Arçtowski, Henryk, 434, 435, 453
Ardencaple Inlet surveyed, 375
Area of Greenland, 9
Areas, Polar, 3
Arenaria sulcata, 295
Arethusa, 223
Arias, Juan Luis, his memorial, 392
Armitage, Lieut. Albert, 292, 448, 463 et seq., 480
Arnold, Bishop, 48
Art, Tchuktche, 17
Arte de Navegar, 151;
translated by Eden, 65
Assistance, 251 et seq., 261, 264 et seq., 349
Astrolabe, 407
Astrolabe, 53;
description of, 56, 57;
Drake’s, 57
Astrup, Eivind, 337, 338
Atalayas, 125
Atkinson, Dr, 490, 491, 498, 499, 503, 504
Atlantic current, 30
Auks, Little, 199
Aurora, 486 et seq.
Austin, Capt. H. T., 216, 252, 255, 273, 401;
death of, 262
Axel Heiberg Island, 348, 349, 354
Back, Sir George, 223 et seq., 276;
serves with Buchan, 199;
reaches Repulse Bay, 230
Baffin, 196
Baffin, William, 124, 125, 138;
patronised by Wolstenholme, 108;
sails with Hall, 113;
magnetic observations by, 115;
visits Spitsbergen, 116;
enters service of the East India Co., 146;
his Arctic voyages, 146;
his letter to Wolstenholme, 145;
his magnetic observations, 126;
explores Spitsbergen, 127;
his map of Hudson Strait, 139;
lunar observations of, 140;
visits Eskimo settlement, 140;
his third voyage, 142;
map of his discoveries, 144;
surveys Persian coast, 147;
captain of the London, 147;
death of, 147;
qualities of, 148
Baffin’s Bay, 145, 305;
birds of, 99;
currents of, 6;
entered by the Norsemen, 50;
its existence doubted, 145;
lost, 146;
existence reestablished, 201
Baffin Island, 141
Baidor, 171
Balaclava helmets, 462
Balaena, 296, 431, 439
— Biscayensis, 125
Balleny, Capt. John, his Antarctic expedition, 405, 414
— Islands, 406, 408, 417, 477
Ballestilla, 89
Balloon, captive, 450, 457
Bardsen, Ivar, report on Greenland, 51;
his sailing directions translated by Barentsz, 70
Barentsz, Willem, 69;
his voyage to Novaya Zemlya, 70;
discovers Spitsbergen, 74;
crews attacked by scurvy, 75;
winters in Novaya Zemlya, 75;
dies, 76;
discoveries of, 77;
character of, 78;
winter quarters revisited, 78;
hut of, 79;
relics of, 79
— Sea, 297, 360
Barker, Andrew, 114, 115, 116
Barne, Michael, 449, 463, 471, 475
“Barren lands,” 18
Barrier, The Great, 11, 416, 419, 433, 453, 456;
altered limit of, 457, 475;
height of, 457
Barrington, Hon. Daines, 172
Basaltic pillars, 324;
rocks, 295
Basques, the first whalers, 125
Bathurst Island explored, 268
Battye, A. Trevor, 361
Bay ice, 7
— of Whales, 483
Beach Province, 391
Beagle Channel, 436
Bear, 86
Bear, Nelson’s adventure with, 173;
Bears, 296
Bear Island (or Cherrie Island), 73, 121
— Islands, 324
Beardmore Glacier, 498
Beaufort Island, 416
— Sea unexplored, 383
Beaufoy, 402
Beaumont, Lieut., 308
Bedford, 223
Beechey, Capt. F. W., 226 et seq.;
serves with Buchan, 198;
sails with Parry, 206
— Island, 241, 265, 311, 314, 349
Behaim, Martin, figures polar islands, 54
Belcher, Sir Edward, 264, 269, 349
Belgian Antarctic expedition, 433 et seq.
Belgica, 368, 434
Bertelsen, 370 et seq.
Bell, Richard, 108, 113
— Sound, 119, 187, 188, 285 et seq.
Bellerophon, 223
Bellingshausen, Capt., his Antarctic expedition, 396, 397
Bellot, Lieut., 262;
death of, 268
— Strait, 262
Bennet, Stephen, visits Bear Island, 73
Bennett, Gordon, 327
— Island, 179, 180, 329
Bering, Vitus, his voyages, 177;
death of, 178
— Island, 324
— Strait, 170
Bernacchi, Louis C., 433, 449, 475
Bernier, Capt., 362
Berry, Lieut., 329
Best, George, writes narrative of Frobisher’s second expedition, 90
Bethell, Lieut., 428
Beynen, Koolemans, 311, 358;
death of, 360
Bird, Capt., 213, 216, 218, 411, 420, 424;
death of, 251
Birds, 314;
Antarctic, 423, 437, 455;
of American Arctic coast, 18;
of Baffin’s Bay, 99;
of Cape Digges, 141;
of Cape York, 24;
of Davis Strait, 97;
of Franz Josef Land, 296;
of Fury Beach, 236;
of Novaya Zemlya, 185;
of Spitsbergen, 121;
of Waigatz Island, 64
Biscoe, Capt. John, his Antarctic expedition, 403 et seq.
Bishop Arnold, 48
— Eric, 48
— Olaf, 49
Bishops of Greenland, 47 et seq., 51
Bjaaland, 484
Björling, 325
Black Dog, 101
Blake, Admiral, 398
Blessing, Dr, 341
Blijde Boodschap, 390
Blink Ice, 163
Blossom, 216, 226, 227, 234
Blubber, 193
Boats of Chukchis, 17;
of Eskimos, 20, 115
— used on Franklin’s land expedition, 222;
used by Back on Great Fish River, 228;
used by Dease on the Mackenzie, 229;
of Franklin’s retreat, 245
Bona Confidentia, 60
— Esperanza, 60
Book of the Knowledge of all the Kingdoms, 389
Booth, Sir Felix, 233, 237, 251
Boothia Felix, 234
Borchgrevink, Carstens, his Antarctic expedition, 433
Bourne’s Inventions or Devices, 152
Bouvet, Capt. L., 393
— Island, 393
Bowers, Lieut., 490, 492, 495 et seq., 500, 502;
death of, 503
Bransfield, Mr, 398, 400
Brattahlid, 41, 44
Breadalbane, 268
Briefe and True Relation, Purchas’s, 145
Briggs, Henry, 151
“Briggs-his-Mathematics,” 154
Briseis, 201
Britain, discovery of, by Pytheas, 27
British expeditions to Spitsbergen, 287
Brocklehurst, Sir Philip, 478, 480
Bromley, Lieut., 428
Brönlund, 370;
death of, 373, 374;
diary of, 373
Brooke Place, 105
Brooke’s sounding apparatus, 426
Bruce, Mr, his Antarctic expedition, 439, 440
— Commander Wilfrid, 489, 491, 494
— Miss Kathleen, 489
Brunel, Oliver, 130;
reaches the Obi, 68
Buchan, 198;
death of, 200
Buchanan, J. Y., 428
Bulldog, 427
Burney, Capt. James, 169, 394
Burrough, Stephen, 63, 83;
dies, 65
— William, 63;
commands fleet, 65;
his Discourse of the Compass and Magnetic Needle, 65, 100;
dies, 65
Burrough’s Strait, 64, 184
Bushnan, J., 201, 212
— Cove, 260
— Island, Meteoric boulders at, 24
Button, Sir Thomas, 136;
reaches Hudson’s Bay, 136;
winters, 136, 137;
dies, 137
Bygd, East, v. East Bygd;
West, v. West Bygd
Bylot, Robert, 131, 134, 138, 142
Byron, Commodore, 394
Cagni, Capt., 293;
attempts to reach Pole, 352
“Calving” of icebergs, 10
California, 166
Campbell, Lieut., 490, 492;
his party winters in ice cave, 49
Canada, Arctic lands transferred to, 362
Canadian Arctic expeditions, 362 et seq.
Canynge, William, sends ships to the Arctic, 58
Capes
Adare, 415, 417, 433, 456, 470, 477
Armitage, 458, 496
Bernacchi, 480
Bird, 470
Bismarck, 370
Bridgman, 371
Chelagskoi, 182, 183
Chelyuskin, 15, 323, 341
Chidley, 100
Colombia, 355 et seq.
Crozier, 456, 470, 471, 476, 492, 496
Elizabeth, 390
Evans, 492 et seq.
Farewell, named by Davis, 96;
sighted by Baffin, 114;
sighted by Munk, 150
Fligely, 290, 294
Horn, 390, 420
Jakan, 183, 324
North, 417, 477, 493
Riley, relics at, 253, 254
Royds, 479
Sparbo, 355
Taimyr, 323
York, 202;
birds of, 24
Carcass, 172 et seq.
Cardamine bellidifolia, 295
Cardigan Strait, 349
Carex arenaria, 342
— vesicaria, 334
Carlsbergfondet expedition, 367
Carlsen, Capt., circumnavigates Spitsbergen, 286
Carpenter, Dr, 427
Cary, Allwyn, 138, 142, 144
— Islands, 144, 261, 312, 313, 325
Castor, 431 et seq.
Cathay, passage to, 105, 106, 118
— Company, 85
Cavendish expedition, 101
Cerastium alpinum, 295
Challenger, 428
Challenger Expedition, 428
“Challenger Gap,” 508
Chancellor, Nicholas, sails with Pet, 66
— Richard, sails with Willoughby, 60;
visits Moscow, 62;
narrative of his voyage, 63
Chanticleer, 401, 423
Charcot, his Antarctic expedition, 441
— Land, 442
Charles, 152 et seq.
Charles Darwin Island, 422
Chatham Island, 418
Chelyuskin, 176, 177
— Cape, 15, 323, 341
Cherrie Island v. Cherry Island
Cherry Island (Bear Island), 73, 121
Chesterfield Inlet, 166
Chidley Cape, 100
Chilham, 107, 108
Christian IV sends expedition to Greenland, 112;
claims Spitsbergen, 124
Christianity reaches Iceland, 42;
introduced into Greenland, 43
Christianshaab, 162, 164
Chukchis, v. Tchuktches
Churches, at East Bygd, 47, 48;
in Greenland, 51;
ruins of Greenland, 52
Churchill, 167
Churchward, John, 98, 99
Circum-polar coast, 18;
trees, 13;
tribes, 13
Clavering, Douglas, 279;
death of, 281
Clavus, Claudius, maps of, 54
Clements Markham Glacier, 380
Clerke, Capt., 171, 394
Clio, 238, 240
Clothing, Arctic, 292, 352;
M’Clintock’s, 257;
Nansen’s, 334, 342;
Peary’s, 337
— Antarctic, Amundsen’s, 482;
Scott’s, 462;
Shackleton’s, 478
Coal at Kudlisit, 312;
in Ellesmere Island, 350;
in Finmarken, 73;
in Spitsbergen, 361;
near Lady Franklin Bay, 309
Coats Land, 440
Cochlearia fenestrata, 295
Cockayne, Sir William, 106, 108, 113, 135
Cockburn Island, 423
Cod, 98
Codex Flateyensis, 38
Colbeck, Capt. William, 433, 467 et seq., 476
Cole, Humphrey, inventor of the Log, 152
Collins, Grenville, 156
Collinson, Capt., 263
Collision of Erebus and Terror, 419
Commonwealth Bay, 487
Continental shelf, 340, 356;
Antarctic, 397, 435
Conway, Sir Martin, crosses Spitsbergen, 361 et seq.;
his books on Spitsbergen, 362
Cook, Capt. James, 169 et seq.;
explores neighbourhood of Bering Strait, 170;
his Antarctic expedition, 394 et seq.
— Dr Frederick, 337, 338, 434;
attempts to reach Pole, 353 et seq.;
winters in Jones Sound, 355
Copper, 167, 169
Coppermine River, 168, 169, 229
Cornwallis, 238, 240
Côte Clarie, 408, 487
Cove, 237
Crab-eating seal, 483
Creak, Capt. Ettrick, 446, 451
Crean, 490, 495, 498, 499, 503
Cresswell, Lieut., 263, 268
Crevasse, Scott falls into, 474
Crevasses, Antarctic, 474, 475, 479, 480, 481, 494, 498
Cross-staff, 56, 89, 102
Crow’s nest, 189
Crozier, Commander, 213, 216, 239, 410, 414, 420, 424
Crozon, Frobisher besieges, 92
Cryolite, 164, 311
Cumberland Gulf, 95, 96, 98, 100
Cunningham, John, 112
Currents, Atlantic, 30;
Arctic, 23;
Baffin’s Bay, 6;
Greenland, 5, 41;
Oceanic, in arctic, 5
Dailey, Mr, 471
Dalager, Lars, 331
Dalbyo, 325
Dame Europa’s School, author of, 306
Dance, Commodore, 222
Danes Island, 344
Danish Arctic expeditions, 364 et seq., 376 et seq.
Danmark, 369
Danmark Fjord, 372, 378;
Havn, 370
Dannebrog Islands, 365
David, Professor T. W. E., 478
Davidson, Dr, 468
Davis, John, 93;
sails on his first voyage, 94;
his provisions, 96;
his second expedition, 96;
names Cape Farewell, 96;
re-enters his strait, 96;
meets Eskimos, 95, 96, 97;
compiles Eskimo vocabulary, 97;
map of voyages of, 97;
his third expedition, 98;
magnetic observations of, 99;
commands Black Dog, 101;
commands Desire, 101;
commands Drake, 101;
joins Cavendish expedition, 101;
visits the Azores, 101;
death of, 102;
life of, 100, 102;
character of, 101;
narrative of his voyages, 100;
his quadrant, 102;
his Seaman’s Secrets, 102;
his World’s Hydrographical Description, 102;
place-names given by, 103
Davis, Capt. J. E. (Master of the Terror), 412, 425, 430
Davis Strait, 97
Day, Mr, 491
Dayman, Lieut., 426, 427
Dease, Peter Warren, 228
Debenham, F., 491
de Bruyne, Lieut. A., 359 et seq.
Deception Island, 400, 401
Dee, Dr, 83, 94
De Hozes, Francisco, 389
Del Cano, Sebastian, 389
Dellbridge, J. H., 464 et seq.
De Long, Lieut., his expedition, 327 et seq.;
retreat of, 329;
fate of, 329;
character of, 329, 330
Demetri, 495, 503
Dennis, 86;
founders, 88
Den Röd Löve, 112
d’Orléans, Duc, 368, 435
Deshneff, Simon, 175
Desire, 101
Des Voeux, 240
D’Urville, Dumont, 440;
his Antarctic expedition, 407, 408
Diana, 287, 288, 326, 431
Diary of Brönland, 373
Dickson, Baron Oscar, 322, 332, 431
— Dr, 425
Digges, Sir Dudley, 106, 107, 108, 135, 142
— Leonard, 106, 107
— Thomas, 107
Dinner to Scott’s expedition, 453
Dirk Gerritsz Archipelago, 390
“Discharging glaciers,” 9
Disco Bay, 48, 161, 162, 163, 164, 333
Disco Island, fossils in, 350
Discourse of the Compass and Magnetic Needle, 100
Discovery, Baffin’s, 138 et seq., 142 et seq.
— Button’s, 236
— Clerke’s, 169 et seq.
— Hudson’s, 129, 131
— Moore’s, 165
— Nares’s, 304, 312
— Scott’s, 451 et seq.;
plans of, 446, 447;
flag of, 447;
relieved by Morning, 470;
freed from the ice, 476;
ashore, 476;
damage to rudder, 477;
returns home, 477
Divers Voyages (Hakluyt), 110
Dobbs, 166
Dogs, 17, 337, 338, 354, 355;
in Antarctic, 462, 472, 482, 483;
Greenland, 23
Dorothea, 198 et seq.
Draba alpina, 295
Drake, 101
Drake, Sir Thomas, 389;
his astrolabe, 57
— R. N., Mr, 489
Dress of Arctic Highlanders, 24;
of Eskimos, 19
Drift, Antarctic, 435
— westerly polar, 5, 297, 310, 340, 342, 343;
Jeannette’s, 328
Driftwood, 23
Dronning Luisa Land, 373, 378, 381
Drygalski, Erik von, his Antarctic expedition, 440
— Glacier, 481
Duse, Lieut., 436
Dutch, the, open trade with Russia, 68;
renew voyages to the North, 72, 73;
first visit to Spitsbergen by, 124;
despatch second fleet to Spitsbergen, 126
Dutch Arctic explorations, 358 et seq.
Dysentery attacks Shackleton’s party, 480
Earl Camden, 222
East Bygd, 51, 159, 160;
settlement of, 40;
Augustinian monastery at, 47;
churches at, 47;
fate of, 51
East India Company, founded, 105;
undertake North-West Passage, 129;
Baffin enters service of, 146
Easter Island, visited by Cook, 396
Edward VI encourages Frobisher, 81;
patronises Arctic exploration, 59, 60
Edward Bonaventure, 60
Eendracht, 390
Eenhiörningen, 150
Egede, Hans, 158 et seq.;
discovers Kakortak ruins, 47;
history of his mission, 160 et seq.;
on Eskimo words, 160;
his family, 162;
dies, 163;
his books, 163
— Paul, 161 et seq.
Egedesminde, 163
Egerton, Admiral Sir George, 304, 306 et seq., 446, 448
Eira, 290;
founders, 291
Eira Harbour, 294
Eis blink, 163
Eliza Scott, 405, 406
Elizabeth, 98, 99, 100
Elizabeth, Queen, encourages Arctic discovery, 79;
supports Frobisher, 82, 85;
decorates Frobisher, 86
Elizabethan Arctic discoveries, 157
Ellen, 98, 99, 100
Ellesmere Island, 265, 298, 299, 308, 325, 347 et seq., 354, 362;
coal in, 350
Emanuel, 86
— (busse), 86, 91
Emperor penguins, 472, 476, 496, 497
Empetrum nigrum, 116
Enderby, Charles, 403 et seq.
— Land, 404
— Quadrant, 505
England, Lieut., R.N. 478
Engroneland, 118
Enterprise, 248, 250 et seq., 263
Epitaph, Franklin’s, 243
Equipment, sledging, Hearne’s, 168;
Nansen’s, 334;
Ross’s, 256;
Scott’s 450, 460;
Sverdrup’s, 348;
Wrangell’s, 182
Erebus (under Ross), 410 et seq., 418 et seq.;
collision of, 419
— (under Franklin), 237 et seq., 240 et seq., 246 et seq., 251;
sinks, 247
Erebus and Terror Bay, 422
Erichsen, Mylius, 369 et seq.;
death of, 374, 375
Erik, Bishop, 48
— the Red, 39;
Saga of, 38;
voyage of, 41
Eriksfjord, 113
Esk, 195
Eskimos, 17, 18, 84, 112, 113, 115, 142, 143, 229, 234;
boats of, 20, 115;
dress of, 19;
East Greenland, 365, 366;
harpoons of, 23;
iglus, 234;
physical characteristics of, 19, 20, 22;
priests of, 23;
snow-huts of, 20;
their folk-lore, 366;
vocabulary of, compiled by Davis, 97;
vocabulary of, Egede’s, 160;
at Igloolik, 214;
of Boothia, 235;
in Greenland, 22, 335;
massacred by Indians, 168;
met by Amundsen, 314, 315;
met by Baffin, 140;
met by Davis, 95, 96, 97;
met by Egede, 159;
met by Hudson’s mutineers, 134;
met by M’Clintock, 275;
met by Sabine, 280 et seq.;
visit Parry’s vessels, 214
Evans, Commander, 489, 490, 492, 498, 499
— Edgar, 471 et seq., 490, 495, 498, 500 et seq.;
death of, 502
Excellent, 238, 240
Faddiev, 179
Falkland Islands, 405, 420, 436
Farewell, Cape, sighted by Baffin, 114
Faroes, 121
Fauna, of American Arctic Coast, 18;
of Cape Sabine, 320;
of Franz
Josef Land, 296;
of Greenland, 96;
of Melville Island, 209;
of Spitsbergen, 119, 121, 128
Feather, T. A., 472
Feilden, Capt., 304
Felix, 251, 253, 254
Felspar crystals, 479
Fenton, Edward, 90
Ferrar, Hartley T., 449, 464 et seq., 472
Ferrar Glacier, 465, 471
Fiala, Capt., 293
Field, Capt., 446
“Field ice,” 7
Filchner, his Antarctic expedition, 442
Finmarken, 73;
coast explored by Ohthere, 34;
geology of, 73
Finneskos, 334, 342, 462, 478
Fish, abundance of, 98
Fisher, Dr, 209 et seq.
— Rev. George, 213
Fitzjames, James, 238 et seq.;
death of, 247
Fjords, Greenland, 9, 41
Flag of the Discovery, 447
Flags, sledge, Nares’s expedition, 304;
Scott’s, 450
Flatey Book, 38, 47;
account of voyage of Leif Erik, 43
Flensing, 192
Flinders, Capt., 222
Floe, Tyson’s party adrift on, 301
“Floe-bergs,” 7
Flora Antarctica, 418
Flora of American Arctic Coast, 18;
of Baffin’s Bay, 116;
of Cockburn Island, 423;
of Franz Josef Land, 295;
of Greenland, 41, 96;
of Melville Island, 211;
of Novaya Zemlya, 185, 186;
of Waigatz, 64
Forster, Johann Reinhold, 394
Fort Enterprise, 224;
Providence, 224 et seq.
Fortune, 177
Fossils, Antarctic, 423, 431, 432, 436, 437, 440, 501, 506;
penguins, 438;
tertiary, 350
Foster, Capt. Henry, 216, 423;
his Antarctic expedition, 400 et seq.;
death of, 401
Fotherby family, 124, 126
Fox, 273, 311;
winters in Bellot’s Strait, 274
Fox Channel, 154
Fox, Luke, 137, 151;
sails north, 152;
discovers relics of Button and Munk, 154;
meets Capt. James, 154;
his Narrative, 156;
map of, 145, 146, 155
Foyn, Svend, 433, 467
Fram (Nansen’s), 340 et seq.;
dimensions of, 340;
drift of, 344;
arrives home, 344;
under Sverdrup, 347;
winters in Smith Channel, 347;
winters in Havnfjord, 348;
winters in Jones Sound, 349
— (Amundsen’s), 482 et seq.
Français, 442
Francis, 86
Francke, Rudolf, 353 et seq.
Franklin, Lady, 251
— Sir John, 222, 238 et seq., 413, 414;
serves with Buchan, 198;
at Trafalgar, 223;
his land journey, 223 et seq.;
marries Miss Porden, 226;
his second land journey, 226;
marries Miss Griffin, 227;
last expedition sails, 241;
death of, 243;
Tennyson’s epitaph on, 243;
his record, 243, 244;
retreat of his party, 245 et seq.;
search for, 248 et seq.;
his winter quarters discovered, 254;
his relics found, 272, 275, 276, 314
Franklin Island, 415
Franz Josef Land, 289 et seq., 345, 360;
explorers of, 293;
described, 293, 294;
flora of, 295;
fauna of, 296;
birds of, 296;
part of Spitsbergen, 340;
Nansen reaches, 343
Frederikshaab, 163, 331
Freeman, Ralph, 106
French Antarctic expeditions, 407, 441
Freuchen, Herr, 370, 380
Friesland (or Frieslanda), 55, 56, 83, 85, 88, 95, 160
Frisland v. Friesland
Frobisher, Martin, 81;
starts his Arctic voyage, 83;
meets Eskimos, 84;
supposed discovery of gold by, 85;
his second expedition, 85;
his provisions, 90;
authorities for his voyage, 91;
life of, 91;
character of, 91;
dies, 92;
place-names given by, 92
Frobisher Strait, 152, 159
Frozen soil, depth of, 16
Fulford, Faith, 93
Furious Overfall, The, 100, 123, 131
Furnace, 165
Furs, 482
Fury, 212, 216;
wrecked, 234
Fury Beach, 234, 236, 249, 303
Fury and Hecla Strait, 214, 216
Gabriel, 83, 86
— (Bering’s), 177
Gabrielsen, Tobias, 370 et seq.
Gael Hamke Bay, 279 et seq.
Gamaliel, 124
Ganges, 240
Garrard, Mr Cherry, 491, 494, 496, 498, 503, 504
Garwood, Mr, 361
Gatonby, John, 114
Gauss, 362, 440, 441, 451
Gauss, Prof., 417
Gaussberg, 508
Geology, of Antarctic regions, 429, 434, 435, 438, 480, 501, 505;
of Arctic regions, 384 et seq.;
of Finmarken, 73
George, 65
Gerlache, M. de, 368, 390; his Antarctic expedition, 433 et seq.
Gerlache Channel, 434
German Antarctic expeditions, 440, 442
Germania, 282
Gerritsz, Dirk, 390
Giffard, 304
Gilbert, Adrian, 94, 96, 98
— Sir Humphrey, his Discourse on a North-west Passage to Cathay, 82, 94
Gilbert Sound, 95, 109, 114;
Egede reaches, 159
Gilliflower, 113
Gjoa, 314, 315
Glaciers, Antarctic, 471;
Greenland, 9;
discharging, 9;
in Novaya Zemlya, 186;
movement of, 331, 332
Globes, Molyneux, 55, 104
Godenoff, Boris, 105
Godspeed, 129
Godthaab, 95, 114, 116, 160, 316, 336
Goggles, 462
Gold, supposed discovery by Frobisher of, 85
Goodsir, Dr, 240
Goose Land, 185
Gore, Graham, 240, 243, 245
Gore-Booth, Sir Henry, 360
Graah, Capt., 217;
explores East Greenland, 281
Graham Land, 405, 406, 431, 432, 434, 442, 506
Granite, 456
Grant, W. J. A., 359
Gray, Capt., 283
Great Bear Lake, 226
Great Fish River, 228, 275
Great Slave Lake, 224, 228, 316
Greely, Lieut., 316; work of, 320
Greely expedition, 317 et seq.
Greenland, altitudes in, 332, 333, 335, 336, 338, 381;
area of, 9;
attempt to re-discover Norse colony in, 112;
Bardsen’s report on, 51;
Bishop Arnold of, 48;
Bishop Erik of, visits Vinland, 48;
bishops of, 47 et seq., 51;
churches of, 51;
first bishop of, consecrated, 47;
Christian IV sends expedition to, 112;
Christianity introduced into, 43;
coast explored by Nares’s expedition, 308;
current of East coast of, 41;
Danish expeditions to, 364 et seq., 376 et seq.;
devastated by smallpox, 162;
East coast mapped, 368;
Egede’s map of, 161;
explorations in, 279 et seq.;
later explorations in, 376 et seq.;
fauna of, 96;
first attempt to approach East coast of, 98;
first governor of, 160;
fjords of, 9, 41;
flora of, 41, 96;
glaciers of, 9;
ice-cap of, 9;
inland ice of, 9, 331, 332, 336;
map of, 377;
Moravian missions to, 162, 163, 164;
crossed by Nansen, 334;
by Rasmussen, 379;
by Quervain, 381;
by Koch, 381;
Nordenskiöld attempts crossing, 325;
Norsemen in, 38;
name of, applied to Spitsbergen, 118, 124;
Peary’s journeys in, 338, 368, 369;
products of, 163, 164;
ruins of churches in, 52;
runic inscriptions, 52;
stations of, 163;
ship visits Iceland, 51;
sighted by Davis, 95;
colonies, population of, 51;
colonies, their fate, 51;
Current, 5;
Eskimos, physical characteristics of, 22
Greyhound, 72
Griffin, 72
Grinnell, 252
Grinnell Land, 269
Griper, 206 et seq., 212, 215, 233, 280
Gron, Tryggve, 491, 503
Groneland, 118
Guillemard, Jeanne, 227
Gull, Ivory, 296;
Ross’s, 296, 343;
Sabine’s, 203
Haarfager, Harold, 35, 36
Hadley’s Quadrant, 102
Hagen, Lieut. H., 370 et seq.;
death of, 374
Hakluyt, Richard, 109 et seq., 135;
his Divers Voyages touching the Discoveries of America, 110;
his Principall Navigations, 110
Halgoland, 61
Hall, 300
— Christopher, 88, 90;
master of Gabriel, 83;
island named after, 84;
quarrels with Frobisher, 89
— James, 112, 113, 114, 116;
is killed, 115;
place-names given by, 112, 114, 116
Hamilton, Admiral Sir R. Vesey, 446
Handsley, 471, 472
Hansa, 282
Hansen, B. H., 345
— S. Scott, 341
Hanson, 433
Hanssen, 484
Hare (boy), accident to, 459
Harpoon, 190;
Eskimo, 23
Hartz, Herr, 367, 368
Hassel, 484
Hauksbok, 38, 39, 47;
account of voyage of Leif Erik, 43;
author of, 46
Hayes, Dr, 299
Hearne, Samuel, his first journey, 167;
explores the Coppermine River, 168;
taken prisoner by the French, 169
Heartsease (Greenland voyage), 113 et seq.
— Marmaduke’s, 126
Hecla, 206 et seq., 212;
under Parry, 216 et seq., 233
— Ryder’s, 367
Hedenström surveys the Liakhovs, 180
Heemskerk, Jacob van, 72
Heiberg, Axel, 347
Hendrik, Hans, 305
Henrietta, 192
Henrietta Maria, 154
Henson, 337, 357
Herald Island, 183, 328
Hertha, 431, 432
Highlanders, Arctic, 24;
Ross’s, 202, 253, 299, 301, 313, 338, 352 et seq., 379;
dress, 24;
physical characteristics of, 24
Hinlopen Strait, 127, 285, 288
Hodgson, Thomas V., 449
Hoidtenland Islands, 343
Hold-with-Hope, 118
Holm, Lieut. G., 364 et seq.
Holsteinborg, 112, 115, 163
Hondius’s map of 1611, 77
Hood, Robert, murder of, 225
— Dr, 106
Hooker, Sir Joseph, 412, 415, 418, 420, 423, 445
Hooper, 503
“Hoosh,” 461
Hope, 72
— Adams’s, 390
— Egede’s, 158 et seq.
— Young’s, 291
Hope Bay, 436, 437
Hopewell, 86
— Knight’s, 117 et seq., 130
Hoskins, Admiral Sir Anthony, 446
Hudson, Henry, 117;
his first voyage, 118;
his second voyage, 122;
names of crew of his second voyage, 122;
visits Novaya Zemlya, 122;
results of his voyages, 123;
his last voyage, 131;
names of crew of his last voyage, 131;
sights Iceland, 131;
winters in his Bay, 132;
mutiny of his crew, 132 et seq.;
his character, 135
— Thomas, 117
Hudson’s Bay, first so-called, 131;
map of, 167;
voyages to, 129
Hudson’s Bay Company, 228;
founding of, 165;
early voyages of, 165
Hudson Strait, 152;
discovery of, 89
Hudson’s Touches, 121
Hull Trinity House, 116
Huntriss, William, 113
Ibis, 326
Ice, Antarctic, 11;
thickness of drift, 5
“Ice blink,” 8, 163
Ice-cap, Antarctic, 473, 474, 477, 506, 507
“Ice-foot,” 8, 298
Ice, nomenclature, 7;
phenomena, 326;
thickness of, in Arctic, 5
Icebergs, 9, 10;
Antarctic, 11, 12;
colour of, 10
Iceland, Christianity introduced into, 42;
physical features of, 36;
reached by the Vikings, 36;
settlement of, 37;
sighted by Hudson, 131;
visit of Greenland ship to, 51;
voyages to, 58
Icy Cape, 170, 171
Igloolik, Parry winters at, 214
Iglus, 21, 22
— Eskimo, 234
Independence Bay, 339, 373
Independence Sound, 372, 373
Inglefield, Admiral, 265, 268, 270, 298, 348
Ingulf, 364
“Inland Ice” of Greenland, 9, 331, 332, 336
In Northern Mists, Nansen’s, 346
Instruments nautical etc., 56, 89, 102, 110, 115;
Cook’s, 354, 355, 394;
invented by Leigh-Smith, 287;
Nansen’s, for crossing Greenland, 335;
James’s, 154;
Scott’s, 452, 489
Intrepid, 251, 253, 254, 261, 264 et seq., 347
Inventions or Devices, Bourne’s, 152
Investigator, 222, 248, 251, 263 et seq.;
loss of, 270
Irizar, Capt. Julio, 437
Iron, meteoric, 202
— (meteoric) weapons, 24
Isabella, 198 et seq., 233, 237
Isachsen, G. I., 347 et seq.
Isbjörn, 289, 360
Iversen, Iver, 376 et seq.
Ivory Gull, 296
Jackson, F. G., 291;
rescues Nansen, 293
Jacobshavn, 381
James, Thomas, 152;
portrait of, 153;
instruments taken by, 154;
meets Foxe, 154;
winters in Hudson’s Bay, 154
Jane, 402
Janes, John, 94, 95, 98, 100
Jansen, Commodore, 285, 358
Jáshak, naval battle of, 147
Jason, 431
Jeannette, 328;
drift of relics of, 340
Jeffreys, Gwyn, 427
Jenkinson, Antony, on N.E. Passage, 82
Jensen, Lieut., explores Greenland, 333
Johansen, 370 et seq.
— F. H., 342 et seq.
John and Francis, 124
Joinville Island, 421, 431
Jonah in the Whale, 188
Jones, Sir Francis, 106, 108, 135, 124
Jones Sound, 347, 348, 355;
Fram winters in, 349
Jorgensen, Capt., 376 et seq., 442, 443
Joseph, Benjamin, 124 et seq.
Juan Fernandez, 392
Judith, 86
Julianshaab, 164
Jurassic flora in Antarctic, 438
— life, first in Arctic, 4
Kaiser Wilhelm II Land, 487, 488
Kakortak, ruins of, 47, 52, 160
Kallstenius, 325
Kamschatka, 171
Kane, Dr, 255, 298, 353
Kara Sea, 72, 327, 360;
expeditions, 346
Karlsefni, Thorfin, descendants of, 46;
reaches Labrador, 45;
Saga of, 39
Katten, 112, 129
Kayaks, 20, 22, 95, 113, 115, 342 et seq., 353, 365
Kellett, Capt., 264, 268
Kempe, Capt., his Antarctic expedition, 405
Kempe Land, 405, 508
Kendall, 401
Kennedy, William, 262
Keohane, 495, 498, 503
Khabarova, 15, 341
King Edward VII visits the Discovery, 454
King Edward VII Land, 477, 492, 506
King George IV Sea, 402
King William Island, 230, 274 et seq.
King William Land, 235, 242, 314
Kingiktorsuak, 49
Kingoa-dal, ruins in, 48
Kishim, 147
Kites in sledge travel, 258
Knight, John, 112;
his expedition and death, 129, 130
Koch, Johan Peter, 370 et seq., 381 et seq.
Koettlitz, Dr, 292, 295, 449, 464 et seq.
Koettlitz Glacier, 476
Kola Peninsula, 13
Koldewey, Karl, visits Greenland, 282;
visits Spitsbergen, 282
Koldewey Island, 370
Kolguev Island, 14, 361;
discovered, 64;
visited by Munk, 150
Kolyma River, 324
Kostin Shar, 185
Kotelnoi Island, 179, 341
Kroksfjord, 49
Kruuse, H. C., his Greenland botanical work, 366, 367
Labrador, 98;
discovered by Karlsefni, 45
Lady Franklin, 251
Lady Franklin Bay, 317
Lambert Land, 371, 373
Lamont, Mr, 287
Lamprenen v. Lamprey
Lamprey, 150, 151
Lamps, cooking, 342, 461
Lancaster, Sir James, 106, 108, 113, 135, 142
Lancaster Sound, 144, 207, 234, 241, 253, 311, 312
“Land of Busse,” 91
“Land of Desolation,” 95
Landnamabók, 37
Lane, Henry, 104
Lapps, 13;
in Greenland, 332, 335
Laptef, Cheriton, 177
La Roche, Anthony, 393
Larsen, Capt., 431, 432, 440
Lashly, 471 et seq., 490, 495, 498, 499, 503
Laub, Lieut., 376 et seq.
Ledyard, John, 171
Leif Erik, Flatey book account of voyage to Vinland (Newfoundland), 43;
marries Thorgunna, 42;
reaches Vinland, 42
Leigh-Smith, Benjamin, 287, 288;
visits Franz Josef Land, 290;
revisits it, 291;
winters in it, 291, 294
Le Maire, Jacob, 390
Lena, 323
Lena River, 316, 324, 329;
discovered, 175;
descended, 177
Levick, Dr, 490, 493
Liakhov Islands (New Siberian Islands), 177, 179, 328, 329, 341, 384
Lichtenfels, 163
Lievely, 217, 347
Lightning, 427
Lillie, Mr, 491, 494
Lindenow, Goolske, 113
Linschoten, J. H. van, 70 et seq.;
dies, 72;
his narrative, 72
Lion, 91
— Pickersgill’s, 171
Lively, 403 et seq.
Loads for sledges, 23, 176, 265, 472, 479
Loaysa, Garcia Jofre de, 389
Lock, Michael, 82 et seq.
Lock’s Island, 88
Lockwood, Lieut. James, 317 et seq.;
death of, 320
Lodias, 63
Log, use of the, 152
Logarithms, introduced by Briggs, 151
London, 147
London Coast, 99
Londonderry, founded by Cockayne, 108
Longhurst, Cyril, 450, 453, 467
Longstaff, Mr, 466;
supports The Societies’ Expedition, 445
Lowther Island, 259
Lumley, Lord, 152
Lutke Land, 186
Lyall, Dr, 412
Lyon, Capt. G. F., 212 et seq.;
voyage of, 215;
death of, 216
Lyons, Israel, 173
Lyttelton, New Zealand, 455, 469, 470, 477, 478, 491
M’Clintock, Admiral Sir Leopold, 249 et seq., 264 et seq., 303, 427, 446, 453;
his sledges, 256;
his sledge crew, 259;
his sledge journey, 356;
commissions the Fox, 273;
knighted, 278;
death of, 278
M’Clure, Capt., 248;
winters in Prince of Wales Strait, 264;
his record found by Mecham, 265
McCormick, Dr R., 412, 425
Mackenzie, Alexander, explores Mackenzie River, 169
Mackenzie River, 169, 226;
exploration of, 169, 384
Maclear, Lieut., 428
M’Murdo, Archibald, 411, 420
M’Murdo Bay, 416
— Sound, 456, 457, 492, 493
Macquarie Island, 455, 486
Magallanica, 391
Magellan, 389
Magnetic force, irregular, 455
— observations, 99, 115;
Antarctic, 475, 476
— Pole, Sir James Ross discovers, 236;
South, 417, 475, 480, 481;
position of, 415
— storms, 417
Magpie, 405
Mahu, Jacob, 390
Maigaard, Lieut., 333
Maldonado on Strait of Anian, 82
Mammoth ivory, 179, 180, 184
Maps, Baffin’s discoveries, 144;
Barentsz’s discoveries, by Hondius, 77;
Claudius Clavus’s, 54;
Davis’s voyages, 97;
Egede’s, of Greenland, 161;
Foxe’s, 155;
Frobisher’s discoveries, 87;
Graham Land, 399;
Greenland, 377;
Hudson Bay, 167;
Hudson Strait, by Baffin, 139;
medieval, 55;
by Mercator, 55, 95, 391;
North-eastern Siberia, 181;
North-western Siberia, 181;
Olaus Magnus and Zamoiski, 55;
Ortelius’s (1570), 55, 391;
Parry Islands, 210;
Settlement of East Bygd, 40;
South Shetlands, 399;
Spitsbergen, 120;
Zeni, 54
Markham, Admiral Sir A. H., 301, 313, 360, 446, 447;
sails on whaler, 302
— Sir Clements, 446;
serves on the Assistance, 252;
his Threshold of the Unknown Region, 302
— Lady (Clements), 447
— Lieut. John, 400
Markland (Labrador), discovered by Karlsefni, 45
Marmaduke, Capt., 124;
his explorations in Spitsbergen, 127
Marshall, 479
— Captain, 197
Maryner’s Book, 151
Massacre of Eskimos, 168
Matonabi, 167 et seq.
Matthew, 124
Matyushin Strait, 184, 185, 360
Maury, 358
Mawson, Sir Douglas, 478, 480;
his Antarctic expedition, 486 et seq.
May, Lieut., 304
Meares, Mr, 489, 491, 498
Mecham, Frederick, 259, 261, 264 et seq.;
finds M’Clure’s record, 265;
his great sledge journey, 270, 356;
character of, 271;
death of, 271
Meddelelser om Grönland, 364, 366
Melampyrum sylvaticum, 64
Melville Bay, 143, 202, 273, 303, 314, 338
Melville Island, 208 et seq., 259, 260, 265 et seq.;
fauna of, 209;
flora of, 211;
interior explored, 209
Melville Peninsula, 214;
explored by Rae, 231
Mercator, his maps, 55, 95, 391;
Atlas, 391
Merchant Adventurers, 104, 113;
Company, 59
“Merchants of London, Governor and Company of,” 135
Mercury, 69
Mermaid, 96, 97
Mertz, Dr, 486;
death of, 487
Meteoric iron, 202, 339;
weapons, 24
Michael, 83, 86
Micmac Indians, 98
Middendorf, 184
Middle Pack, 100, 142
Middleton, Capt. Christopher, winters in Hudson’s Bay, 166
Mikkelsen, Einar, 368, 376 et seq., 384
Milton, history of Muscovia, 62
Miocene, Antarctic, 438
Molyneux globes, 55, 104
Monastery (Augustinian) in East Bygd, 47
Montreal Island, 272, 275
Monument to Vince, 476
Moon, 86
Moonshine, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98
Moore, Admiral, 411, 425
Moravian missions, 162, 163, 164;
in Greenland, 162, 163
Morning, 466 et seq., 476
Moseley, 428
Mosquitos, 15
Motor-car, Shackleton’s, 478
Motor Sledges, 490, 497
Mount Erebus, 416, 458;
ascended, 479, 504
— Haddington, 422
— Jason, 431
— Longstaff, 464
— Markham, 464
— Melbourne, 493
— Moberly, 404
— Sabine, 415
— St Elias discovered, 178
— Terror, 416
— William, 404
Mountain sickness, 480
Mourier, Commander, 364
Müller, Baron, 431
Mulock, Lieut. G. F. A., 470 et seq.
Munk, Jens Eriksen, 149;
visits Iceland, 150;
visits Kolguev, 150;
his narrative, 151;
death of, 151
Murman Coast, 13, 63
Murray, Mr J., 478
— Sir John, 428, 446;
on Antarctic exploration, 444
Muscovy Company, 105, 123, 124;
receives charter, 62;
discourages Frobisher, 82;
protests against Dutch encroachments, 121;
despatches fleet to Spitsbergen, 124;
despatches N.W. expedition, 130
Musk ox, 22, 267, 281, 318, 338, 339, 347, 349, 371, 372, 374, 380
Mutineers, Hudson’s, sail with Button, 136
Nai, Cornelis, 69, 70
Nanortalik, 364, 365
Nansen, Fridtjof, 340 et seq., 386;
rescued by Jackson, 293;
crosses Greenland, 334 et seq.;
his instruments for crossing Greenland, 335;
scientific papers of, 345;
his In Northern Mists, 346
Nares, Admiral Sir George, 267, 304 et seq., 446;
his expedition sails, 304;
arrives at Lievely, 305;
his winter quarters, 305;
results of his expedition, 309;
commands the Challenger, 428
Narwhals, 143
Nathorst, Professor, 368
Natives, Polar, 13
Nelson, Horatio, 173
— Mr, 490, 503
Nemtinoff, Lieut., 285
Neumeyer, Prof., 440, 441
New Attractive, 100
New Guinea, 391
New Siberian Islands, v. Liakhov Islands
Newfoundland, 98;
(Vinland), discovered by Leif Erik, 42;
re-discovered, 58
Newland, 118, 119
Newton, Professor Alfred, 287
Nias, Sir Joseph, 201, 212
Nicholas of Lynn, 53
Nimrod, 478 et seq.
Ninnis, Lieut., 486;
death of, 487
Nodal, the brothers, 390
Nonsuch, 165
Nordenskiöld, Erland, 325
— Nils Adolf Erik, Baron, 322 et seq., 386;
on Omoki, 16;
visits Spitsbergen, 286 et seq.;
explores Greenland, 325;
results of his voyage, 324;
character of, 325;
his explorations in Greenland, 322
— Otto, 368;
his Antarctic expedition, 435 et seq.;
results, 438, 439
Nordsetur, 49
Norman, Robert, his New Attractive, 100
Norse colony in Greenland, attempt to re-discover, 112
— methods of reckoning time, 45
— Settlement of East Bygd founded, 41
Norsemen, the, 30, 32;
Arctic discoveries by, 32 et seq., 38 et seq., 49 et seq.;
in Greenland, 38
North Cape, rounded by Ohthere, 34;
named by Burrough, 63
North East Passage, 322;
attempted by Wood, 156
North Georgian Gazette, 208
North Pole, attempts to reach, 351 et seq.
North Somerset, 251
North Star, Davis’s, 96;
Saunders’s, 250, 265
North West Passage, 155, 268, 275, 314;
attempted by Frobisher, 81;
attempted by Ross, 233;
rewards for discovery of, 172
Norwegian expeditions, Antarctic, 433, 482 et seq.;
Novaya Zemlya, 288;
Spitsbergen, 286
Novaya Zemlya, 157, 289, 316, 360;
description of, 184 et seq.;
discovered by Willoughby, 61;
visited by Hudson, 122
Nunataks, 331, 333, 335, 372, 373, 378, 381
Oates, Capt., 490, 491, 498, 500 et seq.;
death of, 502;
cairn to his memory, 503
Obi River, 323, 326
Observations, lunar, by Baffin, 140;
magnetic, 99, 115;
magnetic, Antarctic, 475, 476;
Peary’s, 357;
pendulum, Antarctic, 400;
stations for synchronous, 316, 414;
synchronous, Antarctic, 420, 451
Observatory, Rossbank, 414
Ocean, depth of, 296, 297, 344, 345
Oceanic currents in Arctic, 5
Oceanography, Antarctic, 426 et seq.
Odin’s horse (Sleipner), 31
Odometer, 372
Officers of Nares’s expedition, 304
Ohthere, 33;
voyage of, 34
Olaf, Bishop, 49
Olaf Tryggvason, Saga of, 38
Ommanney, Erasmus, 237, 251, 252;
death of, 262
Omoki, 16, 20
“One-ton Depôt,” 494, 498
Onkilon, 16, 20;
relics of the, 21
Origanus, David, 141
Orleans Channel, 434, 436
Ormuz, siege of, 147
Ornen, 113
Orosius, 33
Ortelius, map of world (1570), 55, 391
Osborn, Sherard, 251, 261, 264 et seq., 268, 301, 302
Ostiaks, 16
Otter, Sea, 178
Ox, Musk, 22
Paar, Major, first governor of Greenland, 160
Pack ice, 8;
Antarctic, 12
Pagoda, 425
Palander, Lieut. Louis, 287, 323
Pancake ice, 7
Pandora, 311 et seq., 327, 359;
name changed to Jeannette, 328
Papaver alpinum, 96
— nudicaule, 295
Parr, Lieut., 304
Parry, Sir Edward, 201, 205, 206;
discoveries by, 207;
winters in Melville Island, 208 et seq.;
his second voyage, 212;
winters on Melville Peninsula, 214;
winters at Igloolik, 214;
results of his second voyage, 215;
winters in Port Bowen, 217;
marries, 218;
his fourth voyage, 218;
his later work and death, 220
Parry Archipelago, 347 et seq., 362;
currents of, 5
Patience, 113, 114, 116
Paulet Island, 437
Payer, Julius, 288, 289, 316;
visits Greenland, 282
Peary, Robert, his explorations in Greenland, 333;
his second expedition to Greenland, 337;
his third expedition to Greenland, 338;
attempts to reach the Pole, 352 et seq.;
further attempt on Pole, 355;
his sledge journey, 356;
his observations, 357;
Greenland journeys, 368, 369;
his record found, 380
Pemmican, 256, 450, 461, 469, 479, 483
Pendulum Island, 280, 282
Pendulum observations, Antarctic, 400
Penguins, Emperor, 472, 476, 496, 497;
fossil, 438
Pennell, Lieut., 490, 493, 494
Penny, Capt., 251 et seq.
Pepys, Samuel, approves Wood’s voyage, 156
Pet, Arthur, 63;
commands Arctic voyage, 65;
discovers Waigatz, 66
Pet Strait, 72, 323
Petchora River, 14
Peter Island, 397, 442
Petermann Island, 442
Petersen, Carl, 258, 273
— Johan, 365, 366
Philip and Mary, 62
Philomel, 420
Phipps, Hon. Constantine, 173;
narrative of his voyage, 174;
death of, 174
Phoenix, 255, 268
Physical characteristics of Arctic Highlanders, 24;
of Eskimos, 19;
of Greenland Eskimos, 22
— features of Iceland, 36
Pickersgill, Lieut., 171, 394
Pike, Arnold, 344
Pillars, basaltic, 324
Pioneer, 251, 253, 254, 261, 264 et seq., 347
Place-names given by John Davis, 103;
by Frobisher, 92;
by Hall, 112, 114, 116
Plankton, 426
Playse, John, his journal, 118
Pleuropogon Sabinii, 186, 295
Plover, 251, 263
Point Victory, 235
Polar areas, 3
— conference, 316
Polaris, 300, 301
Pole, South magnetic, 417
Polyphemus, 222
Ponies, in Arctic travel, 292, 293;
in Greenland travel, 381;
in Antarctic travel, 478, 490, 494 et seq., 497, 498
Ponting, Mr, 491
Poole, Jonas, visits Spitsbergen, 105;
completes Hudson’s survey, 123;
death of, 123
Population (Norse) in Greenland, 51
Porcupine, 427
Porpoise, 222
Possession Island, 415
Pourquoi Pas, 442
Priestley, Raymond, 478, 480, 491, 493, 504
Priests of the Eskimos, 23
“Primus” lamp, 342, 461
Prince Albert, 252 et seq., 262
Prince Albert Mountains, 417
Prince of Wales, 241
Prince of Wales Island, 274, 277
— Land, 259
— Strait, M’Clure explores and winters in, 264
Prince Patrick Island, 266, 267
Prince Regent Inlet, 207, 217
Principall Navigations (Hakluyt), 110
Prontchishcheff, 176
Prosperous, 156
Proteus, 317 et seq.;
founders, 319
Provisions, Davis’s, 94, 96;
Dease and Simpson’s, 229;
Frobisher’s, 90;
Lockwood’s, 318;
Nansen’s, 334, 342;
Parry’s, first voyage, 207;
Parry’s, second voyage, 213;
Parry’s, land journey, 209;
Parry’s, Spitsbergen boat voyage, 219;
Rae’s, 231;
Scott’s first expedition, 450, 461;
Shackleton’s, 479;
Sverdrup’s, 348;
for sledge journeys, M’Clintock’s party, 256, 257, 259;
Ross’s, 249;
Scott’s, 462, 494
Pullen, Mr, 306
Purchas, Samuel, 111
Purchas hys Pilgrimes, 111
Purchas’s Briefe and True Relation, 145
Pyrites found by Frobisher, 85, 90
Pytheas, voyage of, 26, 27
Quadrant, Davis’s, 102;
Hadley’s, 102;
Weddell’s, 442;
Ross’s, 507
Quadrants, Arctic, 4, 6, 13, 57
Queen Adelaide Island, 404
Quervain, Dr de, 381
Quiros, Pedro Fernandez de, 392
Racehorse, 172 et seq.
Rae, Dr John, winters in Repulse Bay, 231;
reports news of Franklin’s expedition, 272
Rainbow, 227, 230
Raised terraces, 186
Raleigh, Sir Walter, supports Davis’s projects, 94;
drafts instructions for Arctic voyage, 135
Ranunculus glacialis, 96
Rasmussen, Knud, 379 et seq.
Rate of sledge travel, 23, 356;
Aldrich’s, 308;
Amundsen’s, 484, 485;
Hamilton’s, 265;
M’Clintock’s, 260, 266, 269;
Mecham’s, 265;
Payer’s, 283;
Peary’s, 338;
Rasmussen’s, 380;
Scott’s first expedition, 464, 472, 475
Ravens, 332
Ravenscraig, 301
Rawson, Lieut., 304, 306, 307;
death of, 307
Record, Peary’s, found, 380
Records of Alert and Discovery, 312, 313
Regiment of Medina, 57
Reindeer, 14, 267;
introduced into Spitsbergen, 287
Reliance, 227
Relics, of the Onkilon, 21;
of Erichsens’ party, 378;
of Franklin found, 272, 275, 276, 314;
of Parry’s expedition, 260
Rennick, Lieut., 490, 493, 494
Repulse Bay, 166, 213, 230, 231
Rescue, 252, 255
Resolute, 251, 253 et seq., 264 et seq.
Resolution, Button’s, 136
— Cook’s, 169 et seq., 394 et seq.
— Scoresby’s, 192, 194, 195
Revenge, the, action described by Linschoten, 71
Rhodostethia rosea, 343
Rhytina Stelleri, 179
Richard and Barnard, 124
Richardson, Dr, 223 et seq., 226;
shoots Michel, 225
Rijp, Jan Cornelis, 72, 73, 78
Ringnes, Herrn, 347
Ringnes Islands, 348, 349, 355
Rink, Dr, 332
Rivers of Siberia, 15
Robertson, Dr, 412
Robertson Bay, 433, 456, 493
Rodgers, 329
Roe, Sir Thomas, 152
Roosevelt, 355, 356
Ross, Sir James, 201, 212, 216, 218, 233 et seq., 410;
character of, 424;
his first Antarctic voyage, 410;
second Antarctic voyage, 418;
third Antarctic voyage, 422 et seq.;
bibliography of third Antarctic voyage, 425;
discovers magnetic pole, 236;
winters at Fury Beach, 236;
goes in search of Franklin, 248;
death of, 251
— Sir John, 201, 233, 349;
discovers Arctic Highlanders, 24, 203;
his first voyage, 202;
knighted, 237
Ross Island, 494;
Quadrant, 507;
Sea, 12
Ross’s Barrier, v. Barrier, Great
Ross’s Gull, 296, 343
Rossbank Observatory, 414
Royal George, 102
Royds, Lieut. Charles, 448, 452, 475
Ruins of Greenland churches, 52;
of Kakortak, 47, 52, 160;
in Kingoa-dal, 48
Runic inscriptions in Greenland, 49, 52
Rupert, Prince, founds Hudson’s Bay Company, 165
Russia, Dutch open trade with, 68
Russian Ambassador, first, visits England, 62
— expeditions, Antarctic, 396;
Arctic, 175;
Spitsbergen, 187, 285
Russians with Scott, 489, 490, 495
Ryder, Lieut. C., 367
Sabine, Colonel, 201;
sails with Parry, 206;
visits Greenland, 280;
on terrestrial magnetism, 410
Sabine Peninsula, 267
Sabine’s Gull, 203
Sabrina, 405, 406
Sabrina Land, 406, 430
Saga, of Erik the Red, 38;
of Olaf Tryggvason, 38;
of Thorfin Karlsefni, 39
St Lesmes, 389
St Paul, 177
St Peter, 177, 178
“Sallying,” 8, 195
Salomon, 86, 88
Samoyeds, 14, 16, 184, 185;
described by Digges, 107
Sanderson, William, 94, 96, 98, 104;
supports Davis’s expeditions, 104
“Sanderson his Hope,” 99, 142, 202, 207
Sandridge, Davis’s birthplace, 93
Sandwich Land, 403
Sartorius, Sir George, 401
Sastrugi, 182, 501
Saxifraga oppositifolia, 295
Schouten, Willem Cornelisz, 390
— William, Junior, 191, 194 et seq.;
takes holy orders, 196;
his life, 197;
visits Greenland, 279
— William, Senior, 188, 191, 194, 195;
describes Spitsbergen, 119, 121
Scoresby Sound, 367
Scotia, 439
Scott, Capt. Robert Falcon, his first expedition, 447 et seq.;
made Commander, 448;
his staff on Discovery, 449;
objects of, 452;
crosses Antarctic Circle, 456;
falls down crevasse, 474;
his last expedition, 489 et seq.;
marries, 489;
his staff on last expedition, 490 et seq.;
meets with heavy gale, 491, 492;
meets Amundsen’s party, 493;
his winter quarters at Cape Evans, 495;
starts for the S. Pole, 498;
finds Amundsen’s record at the S. Pole, 500;
reaches S. Pole, 501;
death of, 502;
discovery of bodies of his party, 503;
results of his work, 504;
memorial service to, 504;
character of, 504
Scott Island, 469
Scurvy attacks Baffin’s crew, 145;
Barentsz’s crew, 75, 76;
Bering’s crew, 178;
Biscoe’s crew, 404;
Egede’s colony, 159, 160;
Evans’s party, 498;
Middleton’s expedition, 166;
Munk’s expedition, 150;
Nares’s expedition, 306, 308, 309;
Ross’s expedition, 250
Sea-cow, 179
Sea-elephant, 405
Sea-leopard, 402
Sea-otter, 178
Seal-meat, 482
Seals, Southern fur, 400
— Weddell’s, 483
Searchthrift, 63
Searle, John, his ephemeris, 141
Seebohm, Henry, 326
“Senegraes,” 342, 478
Sermilik Fjord, 365
Seymour Island, 423, 431, 436
Shackleton, Sir Ernest, 449, 463 et seq., 470;
breaks down, 464;
his Antarctic expedition, 478 et seq.
Sherer, Lieut., 213, 216
Shilling, Capt., 147
Ships, Viking, 35
Sibbald, Lieut. John, 411, 420
Siberian rivers, 15;
trade on, 326
Sibirikoff, 322, 323, 326
Sidney, Sir Henry, 81
Simpson, Dr, 491, 498
—Thomas, 228
Sir George Seymour Island, v. Seymour Island
Sir Thomas Smith Channel, 347
Sir Thomas Smith Sound, 143
Skelton, Reginald, 449, 471, 472
Ski, 335, 450, 462, 482
Skrællings (natives of America), 45, 46 n., 49, 50
Sledge dogs, 17, 337, 338, 354, 355;
in Antarctic, 462, 472, 482, 483;
Greenland, 23
— flags, Nares’s expedition, 304;
Scott’s, 450
— journeys, Arctic contrasted with Antarctic, 459, 460;
Aldrich’s, 307, 308;
Amundsen’s, 483;
Amundsen’s party, 315;
Beaumont’s, 308, 309;
Danish, 371 et seq.;
Hamilton’s, 268;
Hayes’s, 299;
Lockwood’s, 318;
M’Clintock’s, 249, 250, 266, 274 et seq., 356;
Markham’s, 307;
Mecham’s, 267, 356;
Mecham’s great, 270;
Payer’s, 283, 289;
Peary’s, 356;
Rae’s, 231;
Ross’s, 235, 237;
Scott’s first expedition, 458, 463, 465, 471, 472;
Scott’s last expedition, 494, 498;
Sverdrup’s, 348;
Allen Young’s, 276
— — provisions for, M’Clintock’s, 256, 258, 259;
Ross’s, 249;
Scott’s, 462, 494
— travel, rate of, 23, 356;
Aldrich’s, 308;
Amundsen’s, 484, 485;
Hamilton’s, 265;
M’Clintock’s, 260, 266, 269;
Mecham’s, 265;
Payer’s, 283;
Peary’s, 338;
Rasmussen’s, 380;
Scott’s first expedition, 464, 472, 475
Sledges, Tchuktches, 17;
Eskimo, 234;
Greenland, 23;
M’Clintock’s, 256;
Russian, 176;
Samoyed, 14;
Wrangell’s, 181
— dimensions of, 292;
Cook’s, 354;
Nansen’s, 334, 342;
Peary’s, 333;
Scott’s, 450, 460, 472;
Shackleton’s, 478
— hauling-gear, 462
— loads for, 23, 176;
M’Clintock’s, 265;
Scott’s, 472;
Shackleton’s, 479
— motor, 490, 497
— of Franklin’s retreat, 245;
of Hearne’s expedition, 168
Sledging equipment, Hearne’s, 168;
Nansen’s, 334;
Ross’s, 256;
Sverdrup’s, 348;
Wrangell’s, 182;
Scott’s, 450
Sleeping bags, 460, 478
Sleipner (Odin’s horse), 31
Smallpox devastates Greenland, 162
Smeerenburg, 127, 128, 174, 360;
abandoned, 188
Smith, Sir Thomas, 105, 106, 113, 129, 142
Smith Channel, 265, 347
Smith Sound, 317;
route by, 298 et seq.;
U.S. expedition to, 317 et seq.
Snow, crimson, 202, 253
Snow Hill Island, 436
Snow huts of Eskimos, 20
Snow-shoes, 168, 335;
of Tchuktches, 17
Sobral, Lieut., 436
Societies’ Antarctic Expedition, The, 444 et seq., 455 et seq., 466 et seq., 471 et seq.;
Committee of, 446
Sofia, 366
Sophia, 251, 296, 332
Sounding apparatus, deep sea, 426
Soundings, deep sea, 427 et seq., 440
South Georgia, 393, 396, 402, 436
South Magnetic Pole, 417, 475, 480, 481
South Orkneys, 400, 439, 440
South Shetlands, 398, 401, 422 et seq., 434, 436, 438
South Polar Times, 459, 496
Southampton Island, 166
Southern Cross, 433
Speedwell, Scoresby’s, 191
— Wood’s, 156;
wrecked, 157
“Speksioneer,” 190
Speyer, Sir Edgar, 489
Spitsbergen, 105, 117, 188, 317, 361;
birds of, 121;
called “Greenland,” 118, 124;
coal in, 350;
Conway’s books on, 362;
described by Scoresby, 119, 121;
description of, 128;
discovered, 74;
explorations in, 285 et seq.;
fauna of, 119, 121, 128;
icebergs, 9;
map of, 120;
scenery of, 119, 121;
visited by Baffin, 116;
first visited by Dutch, 124;
claimed by Christian IV, 124;
Dutch despatch second fleet to, 126;
English first winter in, 128;
Muscovy Company despatch fleet to, 124;
Russian expeditions to, 187
Stanmore church, 108
Staten Island, 389, 396, 401
Stations for synchronous observations, 316
Steller, Georg Wilhelm, 178
Stone, William, 106
Stone huts, 21
Storms, magnetic, 417
Story of the Alabama Expedition, 379
Sukkertoppen (the modern), 115, 116, 163;
Old, 97
Sulphur brought from Iceland, 150
Sunshine, 94, 96, 98, 99, 100
Superb, 240
Svartevæg, 349, 354
Sverdrup, Otto, 335, 341 et seq., 347
Swan, 69, 72
Swedish expeditions, to Antarctic, 435 et seq., 506;
to Spitsbergen, 286 et seq.
Sweepstakes, 156
Synchronous observations, Antarctic, 420, 451;
plan for, 316;
Ross’s, 414
Tahiti, visited by Cook, 395
Taimyr, Cape, 323
Taimyr Peninsula discovered, 177
Taylor, Mr Griffith, 491
Tchuktches, 16, 17, 170, 175, 325
Tegethoff, 289, 297
Temperatures, 315;
Antarctic, 471, 473, 474, 496, 501, 502;
deep sea, 427;
lowest registered, 16
Tennyson’s epitaph on Sir John Franklin, 243
Tents of Tchuktches, 17
“Terra Australis,” 391, 396
Terra Nova, 476, 483, 489 et seq.;
surveys New Zealand waters, 493, 494
Terraces, raised, 186
Terror (under Ross), 410 et seq., 418 et seq.;
collision of, 419
— (under Franklin), 230, 231, 238 et seq., 240 et seq., 246 et seq.;
founders, 247
Tertiary fossils, 350
Tetgales, Brant, 69
Thalbitzer, W., 366
Thames, 326
Thomas, 86
Thomas Allin, 86
Thomasine, 126, 127
Thomson, Sir Charles Wyville, 427, 428
Thorne, Robert, counsels Arctic voyages, 59
“Three-Degree Depôt,” 498
Threshold of the Unknown Region, 302
Tierra del Fuego, circumnavigated, 391;
part of Terra Australis, 392
Tiger, 124
Time, Norse method of reckoning, 45
Trade’s Increase, 105
Trees, circumpolar, 13;
discovered at Cape Manning, 267
Trent, 198 et seq.
— (Franklin’s), 222, 223
Tribes, circumpolar, 13
Trinity House (Hull), 116
Tripe de Roche, 224 et seq.
Trost, 112
Trostrup, C. and G., 370 et seq.
Tryggvason, Olaf, Saga of, 38
Tschitschagoff, Capt., 285
Tucker, Mr, 412, 413
Tula, 403 et seq.
Tundra, 14, 15
Tunguses, 16, 177
Udröst, 33
Umiaks, 20, 22, 115, 365
United States, 299
United States expedition to Smith Sound, 317 et seq.
Upernavik, 142
Uredo nivalis, 202
Ushuaia, 436
Valdivia, 429
Valorous, 304
Veer, Gerrit de, 76;
narrative of, 78
Vega, 322 et seq.;
winters, 324
Vessels employed in Polar discovery:
Active, 431
Advance, 252, 298 et seq.
Adventure, 394
Aid, 85, 86
Akbar, 223
Alabama, 376;
loss of, 378
Antarctic, 368
Alert, 303 et seq., 312, 313
Alexander, 198, 201, 202
Andromache, 398, 400
Ann Frances, 86
Anne Royal, 146
Annula, 124
Antarctic, 436;
founders, 437
Arctic, 302, 303
Arethusa, 223
Assistance, 251 et seq., 261, 264 et seq., 349
Astrolabe, 407
Aurora, 486 et seq.
Baffin, 196
Balaena, 296, 431, 439
Bear, 86
Beaufoy, 402
Bedford, 223
Belgica, 368, 434
Bellerophon, 223
Black Dog, 101
Blijde Boodschap, 390
Blossom, 216, 226, 227, 234
Bona Confidentia, 60
Bona Esperanza, 60
Breadalbane, 268
Briseis, 201
Bulldog, 427
California, 166
Carcass, 172 et seq.
Castor, 431 et seq.
Challenger, 428
Chanticleer, 401, 423
Charles, 152 et seq.
Churchill, 167
Clio, 238, 240
Cornwallis, 238, 240
Cove, 237
Danmark, 369
Den Röd Löve, 112
Dennis, 86;
founders, 88
Desire, 101
Diana, 287, 288, 326, 431
Discovery (Baffin’s), 138 et seq., 142 et seq.
— (Button’s), 136
— (Clerke’s), 169 et seq.
— (Hudson’s), 129, 131
— (Moore’s), 165
— (Nares’s), 304, 312
— (Scott’s), 451 et seq.;
plans of, 446, 447;
flag of, 447;
relieved by Morning, 470;
freed from the ice, 476;
ashore, 476;
damage to rudder, 477;
returns home, 477
Dobbs, 166
Dorothea, 198 et seq.
Drake, 101
Earl Camden, 222
Edward Bonaventure, 60
Eendracht, 390
Eenhiörningen, 150
Eira, 290;
founders, 291
Eliza Scott, 405, 406
Elizabeth, 98, 99, 100
Ellen, 98, 99, 100
Emanuel, 86
— (busse), 91
Enterprise, 248, 250 et seq., 263
Erebus (under Ross), 410 et seq., 418 et seq.;
collision of, 419
— (under Franklin), 237 et seq., 240 et seq., 246 et seq., 251;
sinks, 247
Esk, 195
Excellent, 238, 240
Felix, 251, 253, 254
Fortune, 177
Fox, 273, 311;
winters in Bellot’s Strait, 274
Fram (Nansen’s), 340 et seq.;
dimensions of, 340;
drift of, 344;
arrives home, 344;
under Sverdrup, 347;
winters in Smith Channel, 347;
winters in Havnfjord, 348;
winters in Jones Sound, 349
— (Amundsen’s), 482 et seq.
Français, 442
Francis, 86
Furnace, 165
Fury, 212, 216, 234
Gabriel, 83, 86
— (Bering’s), 177
Gamaliel, 124
Ganges, 240
Gauss, 362, 440, 441, 451
George, 65
Germania, 282
Gilliflower, 113
Gjoa, 314, 315
Godspeed, 129
Greyhound, 72
Griffin, 72
Griper, 206 et seq., 212, 215, 233, 280
Hansa, 282
Heartsease (Greenland voyage), 113 et seq.
— (Marmaduke’s), 126
Hecla, 206 et seq., 212;
(Parry’s), 216 et seq., 233
— (Ryder’s), 367
Henrietta, 192
Henrietta Maria, 154
Hertha, 431, 432
Hope, 72
— (Adams’s), 390
— (Egede’s), 158 et seq.
— (Young’s), 291
Hopewell, 86
— (Knight’s), 117 et seq., 130
Ibis, 326
Ingulf, 364
Intrepid, 251, 253, 254, 261, 264 et seq., 347
Investigator, 222, 248, 251, 263 et seq.;
loss of, 270
Isabella, 198 et seq., 233, 237
Isbjörn, 289, 360
Jane, 402
Jason, 431
Jeannette (formerly Pandora), 328;
drift of relics of, 340
John and Francis, 124
Jonah in the Whale, 188
Judith, 86
Katten, 112, 129
Lady Franklin, 251
Lamprenen v. Lamprey
Lamprey, 150, 151
Lena, 323
Lightning, 427
Lion, 91
— (Pickersgill’s), 171
Lively, 403 et seq.
London, 147
Magpie, 405
Matthew, 124
Mercury, 69
Mermaid, 96, 97
Michael, 83, 86
Moon, 86
Moonshine, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98
Morning, 466 et seq., 476
Nimrod, 478 et seq.
Nonsuch, 165
North Star (Davis’s), 96
— (Saunders’s), 250, 265
Ornen, 113
Pagoda, 425
Pandora, 311 et seq., 327, 359;
name changed to Jeannette, 328
Patience, 113, 114, 116
Philip and Mary, 62
Philomel, 420
Phoenix, 255, 268
Pioneer, 251, 253, 254, 261, 264 et seq., 347
Plover, 251, 263
Polaris, 300, 301
Polyphemus, 222
Porcupine, 427
Porpoise, 222
Pourquoi Pas, 442
Prince Albert, 252 et seq., 262
Prince of Wales, 241
Prosperous, 156
Proteus, 317 et seq.;
founders, 319
Racehorse, 172 et seq.
Rainbow, 227, 230
Ravenscraig, 301
Reliance, 227
Rescue, 252, 255
Resolute, 251, 253 et seq., 264 et seq.
Resolution (Button’s), 136
— (Cook’s), 169 et seq., 394 et seq.
— (Scoresby’s), 192, 194, 195
Richard and Barnard, 124
Rodgers, 329
Roosevelt, 355, 356
Royal George, 102
Sabrina, 405, 406
St Lesmes, 389
St Paul, 177
St Peter, 177, 178
Salomon, 86, 88
Scotia, 439
Searchthrift, 63
Sofia, 366
Sophia, 251, 296, 332
Southern Cross, 433
Speedwell (Scoresby’s), 191
— (Wood’s), 156;
wrecked, 157
Sunshine, 94, 96, 98, 99, 100
Superb, 240
Swan, 69, 72
Sweepstakes, 156
Tegethoff, 289, 297
Terra Nova, 476, 483, 489 et seq.;
surveys N.Z. waters, 493, 494
Terror (under Ross), 410 et seq., 418 et seq.;
collision of, 419
— (under Franklin), 230, 231, 238 et seq., 240 et seq., 246 et seq.;
founders, 247
Thames, 326
Thomas, 86
Thomas Allin, 86
Thomasine, 126, 127
Tiger, 124
Trade’s Increase, 105
Trent, 198 et seq.
— (Franklin’s), 222, 223
Trost, 112
Tula, 403 et seq.
United States, 299
Valdivia, 429
Valorous, 304
Vega, 322 et seq., 324
Victory, 233 et seq.
Warkworth, 326
Willem Barentsz, 359 et seq.
William, 65;
founders, 66
Williams of Blythe, 398
Windward, 292
Ymer, 322
Zélée, 407
Victoria Island, 227, 230
— Land, 456, 469, 481;
surveyed, 315
— Range, 458, 505, 507
Victory, 233 et seq.
Vigdis, tomb of, 52
Viking ships, 35
Vikings, 35, 36;
reach Iceland, 36
Vince, T., death of, 459;
monument to, 476
Vinland, 42, 45
Vocabulary, Eskimo, compiled by Davis, 97
Vogel Hoek, 118
Volcanic action, in Arctic, 4;
in Antarctic, 400, 415, 416, 432, 465
von Toll, Baron, 341
Voyage of the “Discovery,” 477
Voyages, of Thylde, 58;
of Willoughby, 59
Waigatz Island, 15, 64;
birds of, 64;
flora of, 64
Wakeman, Cyrus, 212
Walrus, 122, 144, 170, 173, 296, 343, 349;
attacks Trent’s boats, 199
Walsingham, Sir Francis, 94, 96, 98
Warkworth, 326
“Water sky,” 8
Weapons, 24
Weddell, Capt. James, 404, 440;
his Antarctic expedition, 401, 402
Weddell Quadrant, 442, 507
Weddell’s Seal, 483
Wellman, 293
West Bygd, settlement formed, 47
Wetheringsett, Hakluyt rector of, 110
Weyprecht, Lieut., 288, 289, 316
Whale, breaking up of, 192 et seq.;
captured by Ross, 217;
jaw-bones of, 193;
killed by ship, 88;
fishery, 128, 150, 188 et seq.;
initiation of, 123;
in Baffin’s Bay, 204;
boats, 190;
lines, 190, 192
— fishing, 125
Whale Fish Islands, 241
Whale Sound, 145, 338
Whalebone, 193
Whalers, 189, 283, 284, 431;
Scotch, in Antarctic, 431;
disaster to, 302
Whales, 143, 422;
Balaena Biscayensis, 125
Whaling, 190, 192
Wharton, Admiral Sir William, 446
Whymper, Edward, visits Greenland, 331
Wiggins, Joseph, 325 et seq.;
his scheme for Siberian trade, 326;
death of, 327
Wild, Frank, 428, 479, 486
Wilkes, Capt., his Antarctic expedition, 408, 409
Willem Barentsz, 359 et seq.
Willemoes-Sühn, 428
William, 65;
founders, 66
Williams of Blythe, 398
Williamson, 490, 503
Willoughby, Gabriel, 60
— Sir Hugh, 59;
his first Arctic voyage, 60 et seq.;
sights Halgoland, 61;
discovers Novaya Zemlya, 61;
winters in Lapland, 61;
death of, 62
Willoughby Land, 61, 123
Wilson, Edward, surgeon with Hudson, 131, 134
— Dr Edward, 449, 463 et seq., 490, 494, 496, 498, 500 et seq.;
death of, 503
Windward, 292
Wisting, 484
Wolfall, Frobisher’s chaplain, 90
Wollaton, tombs in church at, 60
Wolstenholme, Sir John, 106, 108, 135, 138, 142;
sends Hawkridge on polar voyage, 149
Wolstenholme Sound, 143, 145, 203
Wood, John, attempts North East Passage, 156
Wrangell, Baron, his sledge journeys, 181 et seq.
Wrangell Island, 184, 329
Wright, Edward, 106
— Mr, 491, 498, 503
Wyatt, Mr George, 489
Wyche, Richard, 106, 135
Wyche Islands, 286
Xema sabinii, 203
Yakutsk, 16
Yenisei River, 15, 175, 323, 326, 345
Ymer, 322
York, Cape, 202;
birds of, 24
Yorke, Gilbert, 85, 90
— Sir John, 81
Young, Sir Allen, 273, 274, 276, 291, 311 et seq., 327, 359
— James, 117, 118, 121
Young Island, 405
Yuraks, 16
Zélée, 407
Zeni map, 54
Zeno, Niccolo, 55;
errors of his map, 160
Zeuglodon, 438
Ziegler expedition, 293
Zinzendorf, Count, founds Moravian mission, 162
Zorgdrager, C. G., 188

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