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The Lhota Nagas

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About This Book

The author provides an ethnographic account of a Naga hill tribe, documenting settlement patterns, defensive works such as ridgetop sites, ditches, palisades and night gates, village-naming practices tied to landscape and incidents, paths and bridge construction linking villages, and the internal layout of long-street villages with communal ritual stones and household arrangements. The book describes social life including pig and cattle rearing, domestic sanitation practices, ceremonial observances for the dead, mechanisms of inter-village warfare and alliances, and material culture such as tools, bridges and housing, based on several years' residence and local informants.

[Contents]

Printed in Great Britain by
Richard Clay & Sons, Limited,

Bungay, Suffolk. [257]

[Contents]

The Lhota Nagas  
 John Bartholomew & Son, Ltd. Edin.

MAP SHOWING LHOTAS AND NEIGHBOURING TRIBES

The Lhota Nagas  
 John Bartholomew & Son, Ltd. Edin.

MAP OF THE LHOTA COUNTRY

Table of Contents

PREFACE v
CONTENTS vii
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ix
INTRODUCTION xi
I. GENERAL 1
Origin and Migration. 3
Appearance. 6
Dress. 8
Ornaments. 11
Weapons. 15
Character. 19
II. DOMESTIC LIFE 21
The Lhota House. 30
Manufactures. 36
Loans. 45
Agriculture. 45
Live-stock. 59
Hunting. 63
Fishing. 70
Food. 74
Drink. 78
Medicine. 79
Drugs. 81
Games. 82
Music. 85
Daily Life. 86
III. LAWS AND CUSTOMS 87
Polity and Village Organization. 96
Property. 97
Inheritance. 98
Adoption. 99
Settlement of Disputes. 100
Oaths. 102
Friendships. 104
War and Head-hunting. 104
Slavery. 111
The Position of Women. 111
IV. RELIGION 113
Religious Officials. 121
Public Ceremonies. 127
Ceremonies for Rain. 130
Individual Ceremonies. 131
Ceremonies for Illness. 133
The Social “Gennas.” 136
Birth. 144
Marriage. 147
Divorce. 156
Death Ceremonies. 156
Miscellaneous Beliefs. 163
V. FOLK-TALES AND SONGS 174
The Sambhur and the Hanuman Monkey. 175
The Wild Boar and the Tiger. 175
Apfuho and the Old Woman. 177
Apfuho and the Tiger. 177
How the Villagers tried in vain to put an end to Apfuho. 178
The Old Man and His Dogs. 180
The Story of the Two Brothers. 181
The Widow and the Boys of the Morung. 181
The Boy and the Water Spirit. 182
The Story of Sityingo and Ngazo. 183
How Men became Catfish. 184
How Men were turned into Gibbons. 184
The Story of the Kithang Clan. 185
The Story of Lichao and His Daughter. 187
The Girl who Married a Tiger. 190
Lankongrhoni and the Villagers. 193
The Woman with a Caterpillar for a Husband. 195
The Sun and the Moon. 196
The Wagtail and the Owlet. 196
The Story of Ramphan. 197
SONGS 200
VI. LANGUAGE 207
Vowels. 207
Diphthongs. 208
Consonants. 208
Grammar. 209
Syntax. 219
Abuse and Nicknames. 224
Baby Language. 225
VII. APPENDICES 226
A. THE LHOTA CALENDAR 226
B. MENSURATION 228
C. HUMAN SACRIFICE 230
NAGA-ASSAMESE GLOSSARY 232
INDEX 233

Colophon

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Metadata

Revision History

  • 2022-04-02 Started.

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Corrections

The following corrections have been applied to the text:

Page Source Correction Edit distance
N.A., 10, 97, 122 [Not in source] . 1
xi They weshed their nasty sins in my pond, and it poisoned the cow. They wesh’d their sins i’ my pond, an’ I doubts they poison’d the cow. 22
xiii [Not in source] très 4
xv taught caught 1
xv Khasia Khasi 1
xxxii 27,239 29,237 2
11, 113 , . 1
29 sight site 3
43 afternate alternate 1
43 hornbulls hornbills 1
47 bambo bamboo 1
51 field house field-house 1
55 lehtyak lhetyak 2
55 [Not in source] 1
55 [Not in source] 1
59 horriby horribly 1
78 increasng increasing 1
94 ( [Deleted] 1
94 age age age 4
104 Hilla Hills 1
106 [Not in source] was 4
113 religions religious 1
122 [Not in source] ) 1
122 must most 1
125, 125, 125 Tcchüpfu Tchhüpfu 1
128 Ou On 1
134 chnuga chunga 2
157 [Not in source] the 4
160 rights rites 3
178 Kackari Kachari 1
180 [Not in source] 1
193 Ariloa Arilao 2
217 = ; 2
222 How Hose 2
233, 234 [Not in source] ; 1
234 Tuko Tuku 1
234 Rangsiham Rangsikan 2
234, 235, 240, 241, 246 ; , 1
236 Chislimi Chishilimi 2
236 Chongychami Chongyichami 1
237, 253 [Not in source] , 1
240, 243, 253 , ; 1
246 Micham Michem 1
247 xxxviiii xxxviii 1
247 , [Deleted] 1
247 Nritangpen Nritangpeng 1
249 ; : 1
255 nes nest 1
255, 255 . , 1

Abbreviations

Overview of abbreviations used.

Abbreviation Expansion
C.I.E. Companion of the Order the Indian Empire
I.C.S. Indian Civil Service
Lieut.-Col. Lieutenant-Colonel
Lt.-Col. Lieutenant-Colonel
M.A. Master of Arts
M.S. Man speaking
N.B. Nota Bene
q.v. quod vide
R.A.I. Royal Asiatic Society
W.S. Woman speaking