The Railway Conquest of the World

INDEX

• ABT system of grading, 255, 307
• Abu Hamed, 154
• Aconcagua Peak, 128, 274
• —— River, 277
• Acre, Bay of, 122
• Adelaide, 184, 190
• Adelsköld, Mme. Gustafva, 260
• —- Major C., 260–62
• Adhesion traction, 217
• Africa, railways of, 79, 139–61
• —— Cape to Cairo railway, 139–61
• —— Central, railways of, 281–8
• —— French West, 145
• —— German East, 150
• —— —— South-West, 79
• —— Portuguese East, 281, 282
• ——- South, the war, 155
• —— —— gold-fields, 301
• Air-brakes, 313
• Airolo, 33, 35, 41, 42, 44
• Akasha, 153
• Alaska, 162
• —— reclamation of, 102–16
• Albany, 187
• Albert Nyanza, Lake, 151, 161
• Alexandria, 154, 158, 159
• Allahabad, 252
• —— -Fyzerbad railway, 252
• Allan, Sir Hugh, 225
• Alps, the, 162–3, 170
• —— the Southern, 194
• Amarillo Gorge, 274
• Amazon River, 129, 270
• America, South—
• First trans-continental railway, 270
• Laissez-faire attitude, 14
• Survey work, 9–11
• World’s highest line, 128–38
• American Civil War, the, 309
• American railway interests, 155, 183, 293, 300
• Amur railway, the, 201, 211, 212
• —— Valley, 209
• Andermatt, village of, 42
• Anderson, Messrs. J. & A., 195
• Andes, the, 9, 128–9, 134, 135, 137, 177, 270, 271, 272, 274, 277, 278
• —— Trans-andine railway, 270, 274
• Animas Canyon, 170
• Antofagasta railway, 136, 279
• Arab raiders, 119, 126–7
• Arabia, deserts of, 117
• Argentina-Chile peace, 275
• Arica, 279
• Arkansas River, 164
• Arlberg Tunnel, the, 88–9, 94, 95
• Armstrong, Sir W. G., 200, 206
• Arnold, Bion, 56
• Asia Minor, 122
• Assling, 97
• Assuan, 158
• Atbara, 154, 159
• —— Bridge, 154, 156, 157
• —— River, 154
• Atlin, 111
• Auckland, 194
• Auspoint, 94
• Australasia, railways of, 175–97
• Australia, South—
• Railways, 184–5
• Survey work, 191–3
• Australia, West—
• Railways, 176, 186, 187, 189
• Survey work, 190–92
• Trans-continental scheme, 190–191
• Water-supply, 187–9, 190–91
• Austria, railway enterprise, 88, 90, 95
• Avers Platz, 163
• “Azure Dragon,” the, 289, 296
• Baden-Zurich railway, 31
• Bahia Honda, 248
• Baikal, Lake, 150, 200, 206, 207
• —— railway, 201
• Baker, Sir Benjamin, 293–4
• Baldwin Company of Philadelphia, 217
• Baltic Sea, ice-breakers, 206
• Barrow, F. W., 215
• Bathurst, 177
• Batignolles, 303–4
• Batn-el-Ghoul, the, 124
• Beacon Hill Tunnel, 300–301
• Beckwourth Pass, 317
• Bedouin, the, 118–21, 126–7
• Beira, 284
• Beirut, 122
• Beit, Alfred, 149
• Belgian railway interests, 150–51, 295, 299, 300
• Bell, J. B., 252
• Bennett, Lake, 108–9
• Bennett, Mr., 26–7
• Bergen, 262, 263, 267, 269
• Bergen-Christiania line, 263–9
• Bergsund, 261
• Biaschina Gorge, 43
• “Big Hill,” 217, 218, 231–2
• Biwa Lake, 305
• Blackwall Tunnel, 55
• Blanc, Mont, 128
• Blantyre, 282, 283, 287
• Bluden, 90
• Blue Nile, the, 156–7
• Bodin, Georges, 303
• Bogie principle, 78
• Bolivia, railways of, 279–80
• Borneo, British North, 4
• Bossi, engineer, 42
• Boulder River Canyon, 172
• Box Tunnel, 23
• Boxer Rebellion, the, 299
• Bozeman Tunnel, 310–11
• Bramstone Tunnel, 24
• Brandt hydraulic drills, 89–90, 98, 265
• Bray Head, 23–5
• Brazil—
• Brazilian-Portuguese labourers, 223
• Configuration, 216
• Leopoldina system, 214–23
• “Bridge Line,” New Zealand, 196–7
• Bridges—
• Girder, 221
• Rack system, 221
• Steel, 260
• Bristen Tunnel, 44
• British and Chinese Corporation, 296, 300
• British Central Africa Co., 282
• —— Columbia, 110, 224, 239
• —— North Borneo, 4
• Broken Hill, 147, 149, 150
• Bromma, 267
• Brunel, work in Ireland, 22–5
• Buenos Aires and Pacific railway, 270
• Buffalo, 55, 70–71
• Bukana, 151
• Buluwayo, 141, 142
• Burma, Gokteik Viaduct, 250
• —— Railway Co., 254
• —— Upper, bridges, 254
• Butte, 312
• Cairo, 139, 150, 151, 158
• Caissons, 182–3
• California, the gold rush to, 60, 69
• Callao, 129, 130, 138
• Camels, transport by, 190–2
• Campos, 221
• Canada—
• Eastern, the railway in, 225
• Fighting gangs, 28
• First trans-continental, 224–39
• Muskeg country, 18, 226–9
• Canadian Pacific railway, 316–17
• “Big Hill,” 217, 218, 231–2
• Chinese labour on, 15
• Eagle Pass, 238
• Gold Range, 238
• Government aid, 225–6
• Kicking Horse Pass, 232–4
• Muskeg country, difficulties, 226–9
• Selkirk Range, 234–8
• Cantilever principle, 144, 239
• Canton, 299, 300
• —— -Kowloon railway, 295, 299–301
• Cape of Good Hope, 212
• Cape to Cairo railway—
• Northwards from Cape Town, 139–51
• Southwards from Cairo, 152–61
• Cape Town, 139, 141, 145, 147, 150, 161
• Carnarvon, 79
• Cascade Range—
• Grading, 21, 321
• Snowsheds, 24
• Tunnelling, 25, 27, 193, 313–14, 321
• “Catch points,” 231
• Cathedral Mountain, 233
• Cenis Tunnel, 31–2, 35, 36, 88–90, 217
• Central Otago railway, 196–7
• Central Pacific railway, 63, 65, 70, 198, 315
• Central railway of Peru, 136
• Central Siberian railway, 200, 203
• Champlain and St. Lawrenc railway, 46
• —— Lake, 46
• Chang-Tien-Yow, 297
• Chat Moss, 17
• Chenab River, 252
• Chepstow bridge, 23
• Cheyennes, the, 67–8
• Chicago, 54, 58, 241, 318
• —— & North-Western railway, 162
• —— Milwaukee & Puget Sound line, 308, 318–22
• —— Milwaukee & St. Paul railway, 318, 319
• Chichli, 291
• Chicla, 135
• Chikwawa, 282
• Chile, 274–5
• Chilian labour, 277
• Chilkoot Pass, 104
• China—
• Early days in, 289–96
• Eastern Chinese railways, 211
• Frontier, 198, 211–13
• Mileage of railways, 289, 307
• Modern developments, 297–307
• Trade guilds, 15, 16
• Chinde, 281, 282, 284
• Chinese labourers, 14–16, 69, 210, 212
• Chinook, the, 103, 317
• Chiromo, 283, 285, 286, 287
• Chisso, workman, 42
• Chosica, 130
• Christchurch, 194
• Christiania, 262–4, 269
• Christo Redentor, statue of, 275
• Chungzoune River, 255, 257, 258
• Circum-Baikal line, 204–9
• Cleveland Engineering & Bridge-building Co., 144, 157
• Col de Fréjus. See Cenis Tunnel
• Colladon, Prof., 36
• Collie district, 186–7
• Colorado, mountains of, 162–3
• Columbia River, 6, 28, 234, 250, 308, 309, 322
• Congo Free State, 149
• —— River, 150, 151
• Congolo, 151
• Constantinople, 122
• Coolgardie—
• Condensing plant, 188–9
• Gold rush, 186, 187
• Railway enterprise, 190–91
• Cooper, Fenimore, The Pathfinder, 66
• Cordilleras, the, 128, 129, 130, 132, 274
• “Corduroying,” 18
• Corean labour, 212
• Corkscrew grading, 124–5, 233
• Cornwall, 22
• Council Bluffs, 62, 63, 65
• Cragellachie, 238
• Cromer, Lord, 152
• Cuba, trade, 240–41
• Cumbres Pass, 169
• Curzon railway bridge (Allahabad), 252–4
• Dakota, North, 229, 320
• Dallas, 170
• Dalnaspiel, 173
• Dalwhinnie, 173
• Damascus, 117, 118, 121, 122
• —— Repairing works at, 126
• Darling Mountains, 189
• —— Range, 186, 188, 189
• —— —— Upper, 187
• Darlington, 144
• Dartmoor, 173
• Dawson, 103, 111
• Deane, Henry, M.I.C.E., 180–81, 191
• Denver, 171, 172, 174
• —— & Rio Grande railway, 8, 162, 163, 314
• Deraa, 122, 123
• —— River, 122
• Dervishes, 153, 156
• Des Moines, 65
• Deuchars, G., 257
• Dhorabhave River, 250
• —— Viaduct, 250
• Diamondopolis, 141
• Dickson, Norman B., M.I.C.E., 215, 218–23
• Dinas, 79
• Dovrejelf Range, 263–4
• Drave River, 94
• Dublin & South-Eastern railway, 23
• Dufile, 160–61
• Dunedin, 196
• Durant, Thomas C., 60, 62, 65, 70
• Dyaks, 5
• Eagle Pass, 7, 238
• —— River Canyon, 171
• East Indian railway, 250
• Eastern Chinese railways, 211
• Edward, King, Victoria Bridge opened by, 51
• Egypt—
• British penetration, 119
• Railways in, 152–3
• Eiffel Tower, 169
• Ekaterinburg, 199
• El Misti, 137
• El Obeid, 157
• Electric drills, 96, 100
• Electrical system, single-phase alternating current, 56
• Elizabethville, 150
• Elswick, 200
• Ermak, ice-breaker, 206
• Espirito Santo, 214
• Euphrates Valley, 123
• “Everglades, The,” 241–6, 249
• Fades Viaduct, 145
• Fairbanks, 112
• Favre, L., 34, 39, 40, 42
• Feather River, 316
• —— River Canyon, 316, 318
• Fell system, the, 217
• Festiniog Toy railway, 76–79, 81
• Field, 231
• “Fighting gang,” 28
• Fires, forest, 235–6
• Fjeldberg, 264
• Flagler, Henry, 240, 241, 249
• “Flagler’s Folly,” 242, 249
• Flat Creek Viaduct, 197
• Floods, 219–20, 251
• Florida East Coast railway, 240–49
• Formosa, 291
• Fort Augusta, 190
• —— Johnston, 287
• Fox, Sir Douglas, and Partners, 285
• Foxwood Tunnel, 23
• France, railway interests, 295, 299, 301–14
• Fraser, James, M.I.C.E., 181–2
• —— River Canyon, 239
• Fremantle, 193
• Fremont Pass, 168–9
• Fritsch, Prof., 33
• Fung Shui, influence of, 289, 296
• Galera Tunnel, 135–6, 138, 274
• Gales, Robert R., M.I.C.E., 253
• Galilee, Sea of, 123
• Ganges, bridges, 252, 253
• Garry, Fort, 224
• Gauges—
• Metre, 215
• Narrow-gauge system, 78, 105, 111
• Standard, 267
• Uniform, need for, 176
• Wide, 48
• Gellivare iron mines, 260
• Gelpke, M. O., C.E., 33
• Geraldton, 186, 187, 188, 189
• German railway interests, 33, 295
• Girouard, Sir Percy, 153
• Gjeilo, 268
• Gloggnitz, 92
• Godavari Bridge, 250
• —— River, 250
• Gokteik Viaduct, 250, 254–9
• Gold Range, the, 6, 238
• Gold rush to—
• California, 60
• Colorado, 163
• Klondyke, 103, 110
• San Francisco, 65
• Golden Gate, the, 63, 65
• —— Horn, 64
• Gondoroko, 158, 160
• Göschenen, 35, 41
• Göta Bridge, 260–62
• —— River, 260–61
• Gothenburg, 262
• Gould, Jay, 47
• Goz Abu Guma, 157
• Grading, Corkscrew, 43, 124–5, 195, 233
• —— Switchback, 219
• —— Zigzag, 177–81, 187, 219
• Grand Trunk railway, 48, 54, 58, 143
• Grand Trunk Railway Co., 47
• Grant, General, 68–9
• Grattoni, engineer, 32
• Gravehals Tunnel, 264–6
• Great Britain, railway interests, 91, 104, 144, 147, 154–5, 157, 214–23, 254, 276, 295, 300
• —— Lakes, the, 47, 58, 162, 311
• —— Northern railway, 21, 308, 311–14
• —— Salt Lake, 70
• —— Wall of China, 297, 298
• —— Western railway, 173
• —— “Zigzag,” the, 179–80
• Greymouth, 194
• Guilds, Chinese, 15, 16
• Gulf Stream, 103
• Gwaai River, 142
• “Hadj,” the, 117
• Haifa, 122
• Halfa, 158
• Hamilton, 47, 48
• Hand-signalling, 202
• Hanging Bridge, the, 164–7, 109
• Hankow, 299–301
• Harbin, 293, 299
• Harriman, E. H., 28–9, 72
• Harte, Bret, 70
• Havana, 241
• Hawkesbury Bridge, 182
• —— River, 182
• Head hunters, 4
• Hector, 231
• Hedjaz Peninsula, 123
• —— railway, 117–27
• Hellgate Canyon, 311
• Hellwag, M., 40–42, 195
• Hereros rebellion, the, 81–2, 84, 85
• Heritier, Grand Duke, 200
• High Nile level, 158
• Hill, James J., 28, 29, 185, 311
• Hindoos—
• As traders, 287
• Daily wage, 13, 14
• Hoang-ho River, 271
• Hobson, G. A., 144, 147
• —— Joseph, 54
• Hodges, James, 50
• Hollenburger River, 94
• —— Viaduct, 95
• Holy railway to Mecca, 117–27
• Hooghley River, 250–51
• Horn, Cape, 60, 63, 65, 128, 129
• Horne, W. C. Van, 236, 237
• Hudson Bay, 224, 234
• —— —— Trading Co., 308
• Humboldt River territory, 317
• Huntington, Collis P., 59, 60, 62, 65, 72, 308
• Huron, Lake, 54
• Huvudnas Falls, 260
• Hydraulic drills (Brandt), 88–90, 98, 265
• —— shield, the, 54, 89
• —— sluicing, 20–21, 321–2
• Ibex, 163
• Icebreakers, 200, 206–7
• Ichine River, 202
• Illecillewaet River, 238
• Implements, 16
• Inca, 274
• India—
• British, railway bridges, 250–59
• Rivers of, 250–51
• Indians—
• Missouri, 64–9, 312
• Pawnee, friendly, 66, 68
• Rising, 1876–77, 310
• Sioux, 67
• Trails, 234, 316
• Indus, 250
• Infiernillo Bridge, 134
• Innsbruck, 90
• International Conference, the, 40
• Ireland, Brunel’s work, 23–5
• Irkutsk, 200, 201, 205
• Irtych River, 201–3
• Isonzo Gorge, 97
• Italy, railway interests, 33, 35, 82–85, 217
• Ito, Prince, 305
• Iwakura, Prince, 306
• Japan—
• Modern developments, 297–307
• Sea of, Insular railway, 305
• South, rebellion in, 305
• Jardine, Matheson & Co., Messrs., 290, 291, 295–6
• “Jaws of Death,” the, 237
• Johnson, Edwin F., 309
• Jordan, River, 122, 123
• Jubilee Bridge across the Hooghly, 250, 251
• Judah, Theodore D., 61–4, 316
• Julian Alps, the, 93, 97
• Jumna River, 253
• Kafue Bridge, 147
• —— River, 147
• Kaisim Pasha, 119–21
• Kalgoorlie, 190, 192
• Kalomo, 145–6
• Karawanken railway, 94–8
• —— Range, 93, 95
• —— Tunnel, 95, 198
• Katanga, 149
• Kerma, 153
• Key, Grassy, 247
• —— Long, 247
• —— West, 241, 246
• Keys, the, 242, 247, 248–9
• Khabarovsk, 201, 211, 212
• Khartoum, 153, 156, 158, 160
• —— Bridge, 157
• Khilkoff, Prince M. I., 207–8
• Kicking Horse Pass, 225, 230, 232–4, 316
• Kilsby Ridge, 19
• —— Tunnel, 19
• Kimberley, 141
• Kinambla Valley, 181
• Kinder, C. W., 292, 297
• Kindu, 151
• Kioto-Otsu line, 306
• Kitchener, Lord—
• Australian railways, on, 190, 193
• Expedition against the Mahdi, 153–4
• Kituta, 149–50
• Kivu, Lake, 150
• Klagenfurt, 94
• Klaus, 94
• “Klondike,” 103, 108, 110–11
• Knight’s Key, 249
• Kobe, 305
• Kobe-Osaka line, 305
• Koppel, Arthur, 80
• Kotlass, 212
• Kowloon, 299, 300
• Krasnoiarsk, 199, 200, 207
• Krems Valley, 94
• La Paz, 136, 279–80
• La Prairie, 46, 58
• Labour—
• Brazilian Portugee, the, 223
• Cape to Cairo, native record day’s work, 145–6
• Chilian, 277
• Chinese, 12–16, 223, 301
• Female, 301
• Indian coolie, 293
• Italian, 82–5
• Siberian exile, 210, 212
• Landore Viaduct, 22
• Land’s End, 244
• Landslides, 138, 219–20
• Lan-ho Bridge, 293–4
• —— River, 293
• Lansdowne Bridge, 250
• Lao-Chay, 302
• Las Cuevas, 274, 275
• Lawley, A. L., 147
• Lay, H. N., 304
• Leadville, 163–4, 168–9
• Lebarge, Lake, 104
• Leopoldina railway, the, 214–23
• Leslie, Sir Bradford, K.C.I.E., M.I.C.E., 251, 282–3, 287
• Lewis & Clark, Messrs., 308
• Li-Hung-Chang, 291–2, 295
• Limbi, 287
• “Limited,” the, on “Big Hill,” 231–2
• Linz, 94
• Lithgow Valley, 178
• “Little Wonder,” the, 77
• Liverpool, 208
• —— & Manchester railway, 46
• Livingstone, 139
• Lobengula, 141
• London & North-Western railway, 17, 76
• —— to Vancouver in the ’fifties, 224
• Los Andes, 270, 277
• Lott, Julius, 89
• Lucerne, Lake of, 43
• Luchenza River, 286
• Lucin Cut-off, the, 71–5
• Ma’an, 122–4
• “Machilla,” 283
• Madras North-East line, 250
• Mafeking, 141
• Mahdi, the, 119, 152
• —— Kitchener’s expedition, 153–4
• —— Terms made with, 139
• Mahommedanism, the Holy railway, 117–27
• Maidenhead Bridge, 23
• Makatote Gorge, 195
• —— Viaduct, 195–6
• Mallet locomotives, 297
• Manchester & Liverpool railway, 17
• Manchuria, 211, 212
• Marshall Pass, 168
• Mashonaland, 141
• Matabele, the, 141
• Matecumbe, Upper and Lower, 247
• Matucana, 134
• Maua, 216
• Mecca, 121
• —— the Holy railway to, 117–27
• Mechanical percussion rock-drill, 36
• Medina, 117, 126
• —— -Saleh, 125
• Meiggs, Henry, 129, 130–32, 133–135, 270
• “Meiggs’ V-switch,” 130–32, 135–270
• —— The “zigzag” system, 177
• Meissner Pasha, H., 121, 124–6
• Melbourne, 184, 190
• Menai Straits Bridge, 50
• Mendoza, 270, 273, 275
• —— River, 271–2, 274
• Meredith, J. O., 243–4
• Metcalfe, Sir Charles, Bart., 145–146, 285
• Metre-gauge, 263, 267
• Mexican Central, the, 3
• Mexico, 162
• —— Native labour, 13
• —— Gulf of, 240, 246–8
• Miami, 240–41, 249
• —— to Havana, Key West, 241–9
• Miasma, 242–4
• Midland railway (W.A.), 187, 189
• Minaes, 214
• Minnesota, 318
• Mississippi River—
• Bridges, 250
• Scouring of the, 252
• Missouri River, 61, 62, 64, 66, 250, 309, 312, 319, 322
• “Mixed trains,” 294
• Mjolfjeld, 268
• Moberly, Walter, 6, 238
• Moffatt, David H. M., 171, 172
• “Moffatt” road, the, 162, 163
• Mollendo, 136, 271, 279
• Mongolia, beasts of burden from, 211
• Mont Cenis “Fell” railway, 217
• Montana, 229, 320
• —— Hellgate Canyon, 311
• —— Mineral wealth, 312
• Montreal, railway enterprise in, 46–8
• —— to Vancouver, 224
• Morell, E., 305, 306
• Morrison, G. J., 290
• Mountain railways, the first, 91–2
• —— sickness, 9, 136
• Mouraviev-Amoursky, Count, 198
• Mowbridge, 320
• M’Swadzi River, 286
• Mud-slides, 237
• Muir, John, 190–91
• Mukden, 293, 299
• Muktar Bey, 126
• Mules, Andine, 280
• Mullan Tunnel, 311
• Munich, 93, 101
• Murchison Falls, 282
• —— gold-fields, 188
• Murzzuschlag, 92
• Myssovaia, 201, 206
• Naihati, 250
• Namiti Gorge, 302–4
• —— Valley, 302
• Nanking, 296
• Nankow Pass, 297–8
• Naoyetsu, 307
• Natal railways, 140, 155
• Neccaraviglia, workman, 42
• Nevada, 61
• New South Wales railways, 176–84, 186, 219
• —— York, 46, 59, 60, 155, 240, 241, 255
• —— York to San Francisco, 15
• —— Zealand railways, 193–7
• Niagara Falls, 57
• —— River suspension bridge, 57–58, 143
• Nicholas II., 200
• Nictheroy, 216
• Nijneoudinsk, 199
• Nikolsk, 212
• Nile River, 154
• —— Blue, 156–7
• —— Expedition, 1885–6, 153
• —— High level, 158
• Nile Rapids, 160–61
• —— steamers, 158
• —— White Nile, 157–8, 160
• —— Valley, 150, 152
• Nippon Railway Co., 306
• North Island (N.Z.) Trunk railway, 194
• North, Major Frank J., 66–8
• North Wales Narrow Gauge railway, 76–87
• Northampton (W.A.), 187
• Northern Pacific railway, 308–11
• —— crisis, 239
• Northern railway (W.A.), 188
• North-Western State railway, 252
• Norway, 260
• —— Trans-Norwegian railway, 262
• Norwegian Eastern railway system, 267
• Nyasa, Lake, 282, 287
• Nyasaland—
• Negroes, 283
• Railways, 281–8
• Oakland, 315
• Ober Villach, 101
• Obi, 200
• —— River, 201–3, 205
• Ofoten, 260
• Ogden, 75
• Okuma, Count, 305
• Omaha, 65, 68, 312
• Omaruru, 82, 85, 87
• Omdurman, 153, 154, 157
• Omsk, 199
• Ontario, Lake, 54, 57
• Oodnadatta, 184
• Opcina Tunnel, 97
• Ophir Loop, 170–71
• —— Mountain, 170
• Orange Free State, 140
• Oregon railways, 28–9
• Orenburg, 199
• Oriental Bank, 305
• Oroville, 314, 316
• Oroya, 136
• —— line, 129–38, 177, 271
• Osaka, 305
• Osgood, J. O., 166–7
• Ossouri railway, 201
• Otago, 196
• —— Central railway, 196–7
• Otavi line, the, 79
• —— the new “Copperado,” 79
• Otira Gorge, 194, 195
• —— Tunnel, 194–5
• Otsu, 305
• Ottoman Government, the, and the Bedouin, 118, 119
• Ouguati, 82
• Ovambo coolies, 83–4
• “Overland Limited,” the, 75
• “Overland Route,” 65–6, 71, 317
• Pacific Central railway, 63, 65, 70, 198, 315
• —— railway surveys, 309
• —— Western railway, 308, 314–18
• Pæons, 13
• Palestine, 117, 119, 123
• Panama, Isthmus of, 65, 240
• Parahybuna River, 221
• Paramatta, 176
• Parisian Société de Construction des Batignolles, 303–4
• Parkes, Sir Harry, 304–5
• Pauling & Co., Messrs., 141
• Pawnee Indians, 66, 68
• Payment in kind, 287–8
• Paznaun Valley, 90
• Pears, A. G., 288
• Pehtang, 291
• Pekin, 296, 298–9
• —— -Hankow railway, 299
• —— -Kalgan railway, 295, 297
• —— -Nanking railway, 296
• Pennsylvania Steel Co., 254, 255–9
• Penrith, 177
• Pequop Range, 72, 317
• Perth (W.A.), 187–9
• Peru, 129
• Peruvian Central railway, 136
• —— Corporation of London, 135
• —— Southern railway, 279
• Peto, Betts & Brassey, Messrs., 47, 49, 52
• Petropavlovsk, 199
• Petropolis, 216, 221
• “Phantom Curve,” 169
• Placer River Valley, 113
• Poncha, 168
• Ponthierville, 151
• Port Herald, 281, 282, 283, 284, 286, 287
• —— Sudan, 160
• Portland, Atlantic Coast, 29, 48
• Portmadoc, 76
• Portugal, railway interests, 295
• Princeton, Dartmoor, 173
• Promontory Range, 70, 71
• Pueblo, 164, 171
• —— and Arkansas railway, 164–7
• —— to Leadville, 168
• Puget Sound, 309, 318
• Pullman car, the, on the Hedjaz railway, 126
• Puno, 136, 279
• Puy de Dôme, 145
• Pyrhn Pass, 94
• —— railway, 94
• Queensland railways, 176, 182, 184
• Rack system, the, 216, 221, 255, 273, 274, 277, 279, 307
• Rainhill, 46
• Raiz da Serra, 216
• Rangoon, 255
• Red Sea, the, 123, 158, 159
• Reinunga Tunnel, 266–7
• Rejaf, 160–61
• Resurrection Bay, 112
• Reuss River, 35
• Rhodes, Cecil—
• Cape to Cairo railway, 139–61
• Death of, 149
• Rhodesia, 141, 284
• —— North-West, 145
• Riggenbach system, the, 216
• Rimac River, 130
• Rinderpest, 141, 211
• Rio de Janeiro, 214, 215
• —— Bay of, 216–17
• “Rio de las animas perdidas,” 170
• “Riviera of America,” 249
• Roa, 267, 269
• Robinson, A. A., the Hanging Bridge, 165–7
• “Rocket,” Stephenson’s, 46
• Rockhampton, 190, 193
• Rocky Mountains, the, 68, 136, 162, 164, 167–9, 170, 172, 173, 193, 230, 231, 312–13
• —— avalanches, 5, 6
• —— Bozeman Tunnel, 310–11
• —— Mullan Tunnel, 311
• Rogers, Major A. B., 234
• Rogers’ Pass, 234
• Rollins Pass, 163, 173–4
• Rosenbach Valley, 95
• Ross, Alexander M., 49, 50, 52
• Rouses’s Point, 47
• Royal Gorge, 164–7, 170
• Ruapehu, Mount, 195
• Ruo Bridge, 285–6
• —— River, 285
• Russia, Asiatic, 198
• —— European, railways, 199, 205
• Russo-Japanese War, 212
• Sacramento, 63, 70, 71
• Sahara, the, 79
• St. Bernard Hospice, 163
• St. Clair River, 54
• —— Tunnel, 54–6
• —— —— Electrification, 56–7
• St. Gotthard Tunnel, 88–90, 129, 195, 233;
• footpath, 30–31;
• financial arrangements, 31–4;
• hindrances, 34–6;
• drilling, 36–7;
• labour, 37–8;
• water, 38–9;
• deficit, 39;
• death of M. Favre, 40;
• borings completed, 41–3;
• the second track, 43–5
• St. John’s, Quebec, 46, 58
• St. Lawrence, Victoria Jubilee Bridge, 46–54
• St. Paul Pass, 320–21
• —— railway, 308
• St. Petersburg, 203, 207
• St. Pinnock Viaduct, 22
• Salt Lake, 61, 71, 72, 73
• —— —— City, 71, 164, 171, 314, 317
• —— —— Desert, 318
• Saltash Bridge, 23
• San Bartholomé, 131
• San Diabolo Range, 315
• San Francisco, 59, 60, 61, 63, 64, 65, 70, 198, 225, 241, 314, 315
• Sarnia, 54
• Sarras, 153
• Scandinavia—
• Climate, 103
• Snow-ploughs, 260
• Schwarzach St. Veit, 101
• Schwitzer, J. E., 1, 233
• Scottish Highlands railway, 173
• Seattle, 107, 318
• Selkirk Range, the, 6, 234–8
• —— “Jaws of Death,” the, 237
• —— Rogers’ Pass, 234
• —— Snow-sheds, 24, 235–7
• —— Split fences, 236
• —— Stoney Creek Bridge, 237–8
• Sella, Lake of, 42
• Selzthal, 94
• Semmering Pass, 92
• —— Range, 91
• Sennar, 156–7
• Severn Tunnel, 276
• Seward, 112, 113
• Shanghai, 213, 290, 291, 296
• Shanghai-Nangchow-Ningpo railway, 298
• Shanghai-Nanking railway, 295
• Shanghai-Woosung railway, 290–295
• Shan-Hai-Kuan, 292, 294
• Shellal, 158
• Sher Shah, 252
• Shiré River, 281, 282, 287
• Siberia—
• Central railway, 200, 203
• Climate of Western, 204
• Exiles as labourers, 210–12
• Trans-Siberian railway, 198–213
• Tundras, the, 18
• Western railway, 200, 203
• “Siberia,” disease, 211
• Siberian Central railway, 200, 203
• Sierras Main Range, grading and tunnelling, 314–18
• Simplon Tunnel, 100
• Sioule River, 145
• Sioux, the, 67
• Skaguay, 107, 108, 110, 111–12
• —— railway from, 103–5
• Slave-trade, Central Africa, 282–3
• Smith, C. Shaler, 166
• Smith’s Mill, 187
• Snow-plough, the, 111, 173, 232, 268–9, 278
• Snow-sheds, 235–7
• Snow-slides, 236
• Snowdon Station, 79
• Soldier’s Leap, 278
• Sommeiller, 32
• Sone Bridge, 250
• Sorochté, sickness, 9
• South Boulder Canyon, 172
• —— Island, N.Z., 194, 197
• “Spiral” grading and tunnelling, 43, 195, 233
• “Split fences,” 236
• Spooner, C. E., 77
• Stanford, Leland, 60, 62, 65, 70
• Stanley, 139
• Stanleyville, 151
• Stattnitz, 94
• Steel, first used for bridges, 260
• Steelton, 254, 255, 258
• Stelvio road, 163, 170, 277
• Stephen, Mount, 230
• Stephenson, George, 17, 19, 30, 46, 49–52, 308
• Steyr River, 94
• Stoney Creek Bridge, 237–8
• —— —— Plain, the, 123
• “Straight Line,” the longest in the world, 270
• Stretensk, 201, 211, 212
• Styria, 91
• Suakin, 159, 160
• Sudan—
• Railways, 153, 154, 156, 158
• Upper, 157, 158
• Work of the Government, 160, 161
• Sudan Development and Exploration Co., 158, 160
• “Sudd,” 160
• Suez Canal, 212, 213
• —— Gulf, 159
• Sukkur, 250
• Superior, Lake, 226–7, 230, 309
• Swakopmund, 79, 81, 82, 84, 85, 87
• Sweden, bridges, 260
• Switchback grading, 219
• Switzerland—
• Alps, the, 162
• Financing the St. Gotthard, 33
• Railways, 216
• Tunnelling in, 30
• Sydney, 177, 190
• —— railway to Paramatta, 176
• —— railway to Queensland, 182
• Tabuk, 124, 125
• Tacoma, 318
• Takasaki-Naoyetsu railway, 307
• Tamboraque, 134
• Tanganyika, 149–50
• Tasmanian Sea, 193
• Tauern Range, 93, 98
• —— Tunnel, 98–101
• Taugevand, 264, 265, 266
• Tcheliabinsk, 200, 202
• Tcheliabinsk-Kourgan, 199
• Teichl River, 94
• Telephone across Victoria Falls, first use, 143–4
• Tennessee Pass, 169
• Tessin River, 35
• Texas forests, 73
• Thompson River Canyon, 239
• Thorndike, William, 135–6
• Tientsin, 292
• Tigris Valley, 123
• Tioumen, 199, 205
• Titicaca, Lake, 136, 137, 279
• Tobol, the, 202
• Tokio, 304, 305, 307
• —— -Kakasaki railway, 306
• —— -Sendai railway, 306
• —— -Yokohama railway, 305
• Tolosa, 274
• Toltec Bridge, 169
• —— Tunnel, 169
• Tomsk, 199, 205, 213
• Tong-King-Sing, General, 291–2
• Tongshan, 291, 293
• “Topographers’ Gulch,” 321
• Torano Range, 317, 318
• Toronto, 48
• “Toy” railway, Festiniog, 76–9
• Track-layer, the, 146
• Training-bund, 252, 253
• Trans-andine railway, the, 270, 274
• Trans-Baikal railway, 201
• Trans-Continental railway—
• First Canadian, 224–39
• Proposed Australian, 189–93
• United States, first, 59–75
• Trans-Norwegian railway, 262
• Trans-Siberian railway, 198–213, 293, 299, 300
• Transvaal—
• Cost of railways, 140
• Negro labour, 283
• Tremola River, 35
• Trieste, 91, 92, 101
• Trisanna Viaduct, 90
• Tröllhätten, 262
• —— Falls, 260
• Tsumeb, 79, 85
• Tuchili River, 286
• Tugela Bridge, 155
• Tupungato, 274
• Turnagain Arm, 113
• Two-foot gauge, 78
• Uddevalla-Wenersborg-Herljunga railway, 260
• Uganda, 160
• Union Pacific railway, 63, 70, 171, 198
• United Kingdom, mileage in 1870, 289
• United States—
• First trans-continental, 59–75
• Mileage in 1870, 289
• Railway interests, 112, 239, 295
• Railways, 176, 185, 208
• Upsallata Station, 273
• Ural Mountains, 199, 201, 205, 213
• Usakos, 86
• Usamburu, 150
• Usui Pass, 307
• Valparaiso, 270
• Vancouver, 107, 224
• Vasquez, 174
• Verrugas Bridge, 132–4, 136, 138
• “Verrugas fever,” 133–5
• Verrugas River, 132
• Viaducts, overhanging principle, 257
• Victoria, 176, 184
• —— Bridge (Zambesi), 142–4, 157
• —— Desert, 190
• —— Falls, 142–4
• —— Jubilee Bridge (St. Lawrence), 51–4
• Vienna, 91, 93–4
• Villa Bocage, 282, 287
• Villach, 101
• Vladivostok, 200, 201, 202, 211, 212
• Vossevangen, 263, 264, 266, 267, 269
• “V-switches,” 130–32, 180, 274
• Wadi Haifa, 153
• Waian timber trestle, the, 197
• Wales, North, Toy railway, 76–87
• Walkaway, 189
• Walker, Messrs. C. H. & Co., 276
• Wallula Pacific railway, 28
• Wankie coalfield, 142
• Wapata Mountain, 233
• Wash-outs, 219–20
• Wellington, 194
• West Indies, 240
• Westinghouse Electric Co., 56–7
• White ants, 142, 284
• White de luxe express, 158
• White Horse, 104, 105, 108, 109, 110
• —— Horse summit, 110
• White Nile Bridge, 157–8
• —— Pass, 105, 110, 111
• —— Pass and Yukon line, 105–12
• —— Pass summit, 110, 111
• “White Tiger,” the, 289, 296
• Whitton, John, 178–80
• Whitworth & Co., Messrs., 200, 206
• Wicklow, 22–23
• Windhuk, 82
• Wingatui Viaduct, 196–7
• Winnipeg, 224
• Wochenier Tunnel, 97–8
• “Wooden flanges,” 46
• Woosung, 290, 296
• Wurzner Save Valley, 97
• Yablonovoi Range, 209
• Yamagata, Prince, 306
• Yarmuk River, 122
• Yellow fever, 215
• Yellow Gorge. See Amarillo Gorge
• —— River Bridge, 299
• Yellowhead Pass, 230
• Yellowstone River, 320
• Yenisei Bridge, 204
• —— River, 201, 204
• Yokohama, 305
• Yukon River, 104, 108
• Yun-nan, 301–2
• —— railway, 301–4
• Yun-nan-Sen, 302
• Zambesi River, 142, 147, 150, 281, 282
• Zigzag grading, 177–81, 187, 219
• —— the Great, 178–80
• Zlatoost, 199, 202
• Zyrkousounsk Mountain Chain, 206