[Contents]
Appendix.
[Contents]
A collection of phrases from daily life, in the modern dialects, romanized.
| WT | kʽyod gá-na̤ yoṅ, | Where do you come from? |
| CT | kʽyöʼ gʽá-na̤ yoṅ. | |
| W | kʽyod su yin, C kʽyöʼ s. y. | Who are you? |
| W | kʽyod (C kʽyöʼ) sṳ̄1 yin.2 | Whose (man, servant) are you? |
| W | kʽyod ráṅi miṅ c̀i zer, | What is your name? (rule 34. 2. c is not always observed) |
| C | kʽyöʼ-kyi míṅ-la gʽaṅ zér-gi yöʼ-dʽam. | |
| W | kʽyód-di kʽáṅ-pa gá-na yod, | Where is your house? |
| C | kʽyöʼ-kyi kʽaṅ-pa gʽá-na yöʼ(-pa). | |
| W | kʽyod c̀i-la yoṅ, | Why do you come? |
| C | kʽyöʼ gʽaṅ-la yoṅ. | (What do you want?) |
| W | c̀i-la ’i-ru dug. | Why are you here? |
| W | ṅa s̀ruṅ-te dad. | I sit here to watch. |
| W | dī yúl-li miṅ c̀i zer, | What is the name of this village? |
| C | yul dī miṅ-la gʽaṅ zér-ra3 yim-pa. [87] | |
| W | kʽyod-la ḍel-wa4 z̀ig yód-da, | Have you any errand (business)? |
| C | kʽyöʼ la dʽo̤n z̀ig yöʼ-dʽam. | |
| W | c̀aṅ med; c̀ʽón-la yoṅ(s), | Not any; I have come to no purpose. |
| C | c̀aṅ mĕ́ʼ; dʽo̤n-mĕ́ʼ-la yoṅ. | |
| W | da tʽug pa tʽuṅ-c̀e-la kaṅ-pa-la-soṅ. | Then go home to eat (drink) your soup. |
| W | yod: ṅá-la man5 z̀ig sal6, | Yes: please give me some medicine. |
| C | yöʼ: ṅá-la ma̤n z̀ig naṅ7-rog. | |
| W | ṅá-la zug8 yod, Ts sug gyág9-gī, | I am ill (I have got, am befallen with, an illness). |
| Ü | ṅá-la ná-tʽsa toṅ10-gi dug. | |
| W | zúr-mo rag, C - - dug. | I feel pain. |
| W | gá-na, C gʽá-na. | Where? |
| W | ḍód-pa11-la, C ḍʽöʼ-pa-la. | In the stomach. |
| W | gó-la zug rag, C - - - yöʼ. | I have headache. |
| W | ṅa-z̀a yaṅ-pa-la c̀ʽa-c̀e-la tʽsan-te rag. | We should have taken a walk, but it is too hot. |
| WC | di len. | Take this! |
| W | di kʽyer, C di kʽur soṅ. | Take this with (you)! |
| W | di kʽyoṅ, C di kʽur s̀og. | Bring this! |
| W | di gá-zug c̀o-c̀e, | How shall I do this? |
| C | di gʽán-ḍa̤12 j̀ĕʼ toṅ (or j̀ĕʼ gyu) yin (yim-pa). | |
| W | dí-zug c̀o mi gos (goi, gō̤), | You must not do it in this way. |
| C | dí-ḍā̤ j̀ĕʼ mi gō̤. [88] | |
| W | ṅá-la da-ruṅ ó-ma z̀ig gos, | I want some more milk. |
| C | ṅá-la dʽa-ruṅ wó-ma s̀ig gō̤. | |
| W | i lág-mo c̀o, C di lég-mo j̀ā̤. | Clean this! |
| W | bé-ma daṅ ṭu13-c̀e, | Wash it with sand! |
| C | j̀é-mā̤ ṭʽṳ̄. | |
| W | ṅa-la c̀ʽu c̀uṅ zad (C säʼ) c̀ig naṅ14 z̀ig (C s̀ig). | Give me some water, please! |
| W | lág-pa lág-mo yód-da, | Are (your) hands clean? |
| C | lág-pa lég-mo (lā-mo, or tsaṅ-wa) é yöʼ. | |
| W | o-ma tʽsag-rā̤́-la tʽsag toṅ, | Filter the milk through the filtering cloth! |
| C | wo-ma - - - tʽsag s̀og. | |
| W | tʽab c̀ʽuṅ-se dḗ c̀ʽog-la bor-toṅ, | Put the little stove there! |
| C | - - - dʽḗ c̀ʽog (c̀ʽö)-la z̀ag15-c̀ig. | |
| W | pʽàn-dil sá-la pʽob16 (pʽab-toṅ), | Put the pot (degc̀i) down on the ground! |
| C | saṅ17 sá-la pʽáb-s̀ig. | |
| W | zaṅ(-bu) me daṅ ñe-mo bor, | Put the pot near the fire! |
| C | saṅ me dʽaṅ ñe-mo z̀ag. | |
| W | pʽog ton. | Take it off! |
| W | ñí-ma gás18-sa (gā̤-a) tsám-z̀ig-ga me pʽu19, | As soon as the sun sets, light a fire! |
| C | - - gā̤ tsam-s̀ig-la - -. | |
| W | kar-yol kʽyoṅ-ṅa son. | Go to fetch the china! |
| - - len-na s̀og. | Come to take away - -. [89] | |
| W | c̀ʽu ḍáṅ-mo20 daṅ ṭú-na kar-yól21 mi dag (or kar-yol lag-mo mi c̀ʽa-yin); tʽsán-te z̀ig láṅ-te gyal-la ṭu gos (gō̤), | If you wash with cold water, the china does not become clean; wash it well with some hot (water)! |
| C | c̀ʽu dʽáṅ mō̤ tṳ̄ na kar-yól mi dag; tʽsám-mo s̀íg gī lég (lā̤)-pa-ṭṳ̄ s̀og. | |
| W | lás (lā̤)-ka tʽsaṅ-ma tʽsar-na̤ mán-na ma c̀ʽa, | Unless all the work is done, don’t go! (or) you must not go. |
| C | - - - ma̤m-pa ḍo22 mi c̀ʽog. | |
| W | sol-c̀óg23 ṭʽal-ḍig24 c̀o-a, | Shall I make the table ready? |
| C | - - - - j̀ĕʼ gyu yin-na(m). | |
| W | o-ná; c̀og-tán tiṅ25 toṅ, | Yes; lay (spread) the cloth! |
| C | yā-ya; c̀og-tá̤n tíṅ-c̀ig. | |
| W | tib-ríl li naṅ-na c̀ʽu máṅ-po yód-da ñúṅ-ṅu yód, | Is there much water in the teapot, or little? |
| C | - - gyi-naṅ-na c̀ʽu máṅ-po yöʼ-dʽam ñúṅ-ṅu yöʼ. | |
| W | ñúṅ ṅu z̀ig yod (a-tʽsig man-na med), | (But) a little. |
| C | ñúṅ ṅu s̀ig yöʼ. | |
| W | tib-ril c̀ʽu kaṅ26-te kʽyoṅ, | Fill the teapot with water, and bring it! |
| C | - - c̀ʽṳ̄ káṅ-nā̤ kʽur s̀og. | |
| W | tib-ril dzag dug. | The kettle leaks. |
| W | kár-yā27 daṅ j̀ar28 gos (gō̤), | It must be soldered (fastened with pewter). |
| C | kár-yā̤ (or s̀a-kar-gyī) j̀ar gō̤. | |
| W | gar-wa̤29 tsar30 kʽyer, | Take it to the blacksmith’s. |
| C | kʽur soṅ. [90] | |
| W | s̀el-kor gas (gā̤) soṅ, | The tumbler (glass-cup) has got a crack. |
| C | s̀el-pʽor gā̤ soṅ. | |
| W | ṅā̤ ma zer-na s̀iṅ ma kʽyoṅ, | Unless I tell you, do not bring wood! |
| C | - - ser-na - - kyal31. | |
| W | sab mol-na kʽyoṅ yin, | When master commands, I shall bring. |
| C | sa-hib suṅ32-na kyal gyu yin. | |
| W | sab gá-zug mol, | What did you say, sir (did the gentleman say)? |
| C | sa-hib gʽaṅ suṅ wa yin. | |
| W | ma pʽaṅ33; bud ma c̀ug34, | Don’t cast it away! Do not let it slip! |
| C | ma bʽor-wa j̀ʽĕʼ; bʽüʼ ma c̀ug. | |
| WC | rig-pa ḍim35, | Take care! Cautiously! |
| W | kʽa-dar c̀o. | |
| W | nán36-c̀e man, | You must not press! |
| C | ná̤n gyu min. | |
| W | ḍás37-si (ḍā̤́-i) lág-ma ṭí38-te bor, | Put by the remainder of the rice! |
| C | ḍā̤́-kyi lhág-ma tʽsag j̀ʽā̤. | |
| W | lag-ma mi dug, c̀aṅ ma lus (lṳ̄). | There is no remainder; nothing is left. |
| W | o-ma lud ma c̀ug, | Do not let the milk run over! |
| C | wo-ma lüʼ ma c̀ug. | |
| W | c̀ʽín-pa39 ma túb40-te són-te kʽyoṅ, | Not cutting the liver, bring it as a whole! |
| C | - - - - - tʽsáṅ-ma (or gʽáṅ-mo) kʽur-s̀og. | |
| W | a-lu s̀u-te tub toṅ, | Peel the potatoes, and cut them in pieces! |
| C | kyi-u (or ḍo-ma41) s̀u-te tub-c̀ig. | |
| maṅ-po (or yun riṅ-mo) ma gor. | Don’t tarry much! [91] | |
| W | gyog-pa (C gyog-po, gyō-po) s̀og. | Come soon! |
| W | ma j̀ed42, | 1. Do not forget! 2. (I) did not forget. |
| C | ma j̀ĕʼ. | |
| W | yid-la zum43 tʽub-ba, | Can you remember it (bear it in mind)? |
| C | sem-la ṅē tʽub-ba. | |
| W | yid-la zum gos (gō̤), | You must bear it in mind, (make it certain). |
| C | ṅē-pa j̀ʽĕʼ gō̤. | |
| naṅ-du soṅ; naṅ-du s̀og. | Go in! Come in! | |
| W | naṅ-du kyod44, | Go (or come) in, sir! |
| C | naṅ-du pʽeb. | |
| W | dod45, C däʼ. | Sit down! |
| z̀ug46. | Please sit down, sir! |
[92]
[Contents]
Reading Exercise.
The Story of Yug-pa-c̀an the Brahman47.
༄༅ ༎ཡུལ་48ན་49བྲམ་50ཞིག༌འདུག་51སྟེ52། རབ་53ཞིག་54། དེས་55བ་56ཁྱིམ་57བ་58པ་59དང༌། ཏེས་[93]སྨྲས་60སློར་61ཅེས་62ཞེས་63ཞེས་64ཏེ་65པ་66གོ །དེས་67ངའི་68འདོང་69ཏེ། དེས་70རྩིག་[94]སྟེང་71མཆོངས་72ནས་73ནས། ཁྱོད་74སྦྱིན་75 ལམ་76ཞིག་77ཤང་78ཞིག་79པ་80ཞེས་81སྟེའུ་82༎ དེས་[95]ངོ༌། །དེ་83 རྒྱལ་84 །དེ་85དེ་86བྱིན་87ནི་88། ལྕེ་89མཐོང་90མ་91པས་92ཞིག་93ནི་94གླང་[96]ཕྲོགས། གཉིས་95བདག་96 དབྱུག་97། མི་98། དབྱུག་99མོ་100ཏེ་101བ་102རྟ་103རྡོ་[97]གྱིས་104འཇིགས་105མ་106འདི་107ཀྱི་108ཤིག །དེས་109། དབྱུག་110བདག་111ཆུར་112ཁ་113ལྕེ་ [98]གཅིག་114ཞལ་ [99]
[Contents]
A list of the more frequent verbs115.
a) Four-rooted verbs.
| Pres. | Perf. | Fut. | Imperv. | WT | ||||
| འགེགས་ | བཀག་ | དགག་ | ཁོག་ | stop, hinder. | kag-c̀e | |||
| འགེངས་ | བཀང་ | དགང་ | ཁོང་ | fill. | kaṅ-c̀e | |||
| འགེལ་ | བཀལ་ | དགལ་ | ཁོལ་ | lade, put on … | kal-c̀e | |||
| གཅོད་ | བཅད་ | གཅད་ | ཆོད་ | cut. | c̀ad-c̀e imprv. c̀od |
|||
| འཆིང་ | བཅིངས་ | བཅིང་ | ཆིང་ | tie, bind. | ||||
| འཆོ་ | བཅོ(ས)༌ | བཅོ་ | ཆོས་ | make. | c̀o-c̀e pf. and imp. c̀os |
|||
| འཆོས་ | ||||||||
| འཇིག་ | (བ)ཤིག་ | གཞིག་ | ཤིགས་ | destroy. | s̀ig-c̀e | |||
| འཇུག་ | བཅུག་ | གཞུག་ | ཆུག་ | put in. | c̀ʽug-c̀e | |||
| འཇོག་ | བཞག་ | གཞག་ | ཞོག་ | put, place. | (C: z̀ag-pa) | |||
| འཇོག་ | བཞོགས་ | གཞོག་ | ཞོག་ | cut. | z̀og-c̀e | |||
| གཏོང་ | བཏང་ | གཏང་ | ཐོང་ | give. | taṅ-c̀e imp. toṅ |
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| ལྟ་ | བལྟས་ | བལྟ་ | ལྟོས་ | look. | (l)ta-c̀e [100] | |||
| འདེགས་ | བཏེག་ | གདེགས་ | ཐེག་ | lift; weigh. | tag-c̀e imp. tog | |||
| འདེབས་ | བཏབ་ | གདབ་ | ཐོབ་ | throw. | tab-c̀e imp. tob | |||
| འདོགས་ | བཏགས་ | གདགས་ | ཐོགས་ | tie, bind. | tag-c̀e imp. tog, tag toṅ | |||
| འདོན་ | བཏོན་ | གདོན་ | ཐོན་ | get, drive, out. | ton-c̀e always for འབྱིན་ |
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| འཕེན་ | འཕངས་ | འཕང་ | ཕོང་ | throw, hurt. | pʽaṅ-c̀e | |||
| བྱེད་ | བྱས་ | བྱ་ | བྱོས་ | do, make. | for it c̀o-c̀e | |||
| འབེབས་ | ཕབ་ | དབབ་ | ཕོབ་ | bring, let, down. | pʽab-c̀e | |||
| འཚག་ | འཚགས་ | བཙག་ | ཚོག་ | filter, sift. | tʽsag-c̀e | |||
| བཙགས་ | ||||||||
| འཚོང་ | བཙོངས་ | བཙོང་ | ཚོང་ | sell. | tsoṅ-c̀e | |||
| འཛིན་ | གཟུང་, ཟིན་ | གཟུང་ | ཟུང་ | seize. | zum-c̀e | |||
| ལེན་ | བླངས་ | བླང་ | ལོང(ས)༌, ལོན་ | take. | len-c̀e, laṅ-c̀e | |||
| སློབ་ | བསླབ(ས)༌ | བསླབ་ | སློབ་ | learn; teach. | lab-c̀e | |||
b) Three-rooted verbs.
| Pres. | Perf. | Fut. | Imperv. | WT | |
| འཁུར་ | བཀུར་ | ཁུར་ | carry. | kʽur-c̀e | |
| འཁྱོང་ | ཁྱོངས་ | ཁྱོང་ | bring. | kʽyoṅ-c̀e for འཁྱེར་ [101] | |
| རྒྱབ་ | བརྒྱབ་ | རྒྱོབ་ | throw, cast. | gyab-c̀e imp. gyob for འདེབས་ | |
| རྒྱུག་ | (བ)རྒྱུག(ས)༌ | རྒྱུག་ | run. | gyug-c̀e | |
| གཅོག་ | བཅག་ | ཆོག་ | break. | c̀ag-c̀e, imp. c̀og | |
| འཆད་ | བཤད་ | ཤོད་ | tell, explain. | s̀ad-c̀e | |
| རྟེན་ | བརྟེན་ | རྟོན་ | hold. | ten-c̀e | |
| འདྲེན་ | དྲང་ | དྲོངས་ | draw. | to lead: ran-c̀e to remove: ḍeṅ-c̀e |
|
| འབབ་ | བབ(ས)༌ | བོབ(ས)༌ | descend. | ||
| འབུད་ | ཕུ(ས)༌ | དབུ་ | ཕུས་ | blow (act.). | pʽu-c̀e |
| འབུད་ | ཕུད་ | དབུད་ | ཕུད་ | put off, drop (act.). | pʽud-c̀e |
| འབྱིན་ | ཕྱུང་ | དབྱུང་ | ཕྱུང་ | take, pull out. | pʽin-c̀e |
| འབྱེད་ | ཕྱེ(ས)༌ | དབྱེ་ | ཕྱེ(ས)༌ | open (act.). | pʽe-c̀e, imp. pʽe(s). |
| སྨྲ་ | སྨྲས་ | སྨྲོས་ | say. | s. ཟེར་ | |
| ལང་ | ལངས་ | ལོང་ | rise. | laṅ-c̀e |
c) Two-rooted verbs.
| Pres. | Perf. | Imperv. | WT | |
| སྐྱེ་ | སྐྱེས་ | be born. | skye-c̀e | |
| སྐྱེད་ | བསྐྱེད་ | bear, beget. | skye-c̀e | |
| འཁྱེར་ | ཁྱེར་ | ཁྱེར་ | carry. | kʽyer-c̀e [102] |
| འགྱུར་ | གྱུར་ | གྱུར་ | become. | gyur-c̀e |
| འགྲོ་ | སོང་ | སོང་ | go; become. [only in certain sentences. |
ḍo-c̀e |
| སྒྱུར་ | བསྒྱུར་ | སྒྱུར་ | alter. | gyur-c̀e |
| ངུ་ | ངུས་ | weep. | ṅu-c̀e | |
| འཆི་ | ཤི་ | die. | s̀i-c̀e | |
| འཆོར་ | ཤོར་ | flee. | s̀or-c̀e | |
| འཇུག་ | ཞུགས་ | ཞུགས་ | enter. | z̀ug-c̀e |
| ཉོ་ | ཉོས་ | buy. | ño-c̀e | |
| སྡོད་ | བསྡད་ | སྡོད་ | sit; stay. | dad-c̀e imp. dod |
| འཕེལ་ | ཕེལ་ | increase (neutr.) | pʽel-c̀e | |
| བླུག་ | བླུག(ས)༌ | བླུག(ས)༌ | pour. | lug-c̀e |
| འབུད་ | བུད་ | blow (neutr.) | pʽu-c̀e | |
| འབོད་ | བོས་ | བོས་ | call. | bo-c̀e, imp. bos (boi, bō̤). |
| འབྱུང་ | བྱུང་ | appear, originate. | j̀uṅ-c̀e | |
| མྱོང་ | མྱང་ | enjoy. | ñaṅ-c̀e | |
| རྩིག་ | བརྩིགས་ | བརྩིགས་ | build up. | tsig-c̀e |
| ཞུ་ | ཞུས་ | ཞུས་ | ask. | z̀u-c̀e (j̀u-c̀e) |
| སླེབ་ | བསླེབས་ | arrive. | leb-c̀e |
[103]
d) One-rooted verbs.
| WT | |||
| དགའ་ | be glad, to like. | Ld. | γa-c̀e, W besides འཐད་ |
| འགྲིལ་ | fall, drop. | ḍil-c̀e, also འདྲིལ་(བ་) | |
| མཆོང་, མཆོངས་ | leap, jump. | c̀ʽoṅ-c̀e | |
| ཉལ་ | lie down. | ñal-c̀e | |
| ཐུག་ | meet. | tʽug-c̀e | |
| ཐུབ་ | be able. | tʽub-c̀e | |
| ཐོབ་ | find, get. | tʽob-c̀e | |
| ཐོས་ | hear. | (tʽsor-c̀e) | |
| མཐོང་ | see. | tʽoṅ-c̀e | |
| འཐད་ | be glad, to like. | tʽad-c̀e, nearly always for དགའ་ and འདོད་ | |
| འཐོན་ | come out, go out. | tʽon-c̀e, usual for འབྱུང་ | |
| འདོད་ | wish, like, desire. | rare. | |
| ནུས་ | be able. | s. | ཐུབ་ |
| གནས་ | stay, dwell, remain. | nas (nai, nā̤)-c̀e, but usually: dad-c̀e | |
| འབར་ | burn. | bar-c̀e | |
| ཚོར་ | perceive. | tʽsor-c̀e, and usual for ཐོས་ | |
| མཛད་ | do, make (resp.). | dzad-c̀e, imp. dzod. [104] | |
| ཟེར་ | say. | zer-c̀e, usual for སྨྲ་ | |
| ལུས་ | remain, be left. | lus-c̀e | |
| ལོག་ | turn back, return. | log-c̀e | |
| ཤེས་ | know. | s̀es (s̀ē)-c̀e | |
| (ཧ་)གོ་ | understand. | há-go-c̀e |