1. Piátra Arsa (Roumanian, from Græco-Latin: πέτρα ; petra; [Ital. piétra] “rock,” “stone”; and arsa [perf. partic. of ardeo, ardēre, arsi, arsum, “to burn,” “to be on fire”]).
2. Pau´na (three syllables), Roumanian, a girl’s name.
3. wenn (indefinite—repeated action), when, whenever.
4. Pui de Imparát (Roumanian, from Lat.: pullus, [Eng. pullet] “small,” “little,” “young”; and Roumanian ablative = Lat. genit. sing. of imperator, “emperor”).
5. als trüge . . . (past subjunctive), unreal condition after als (= als ob, als wenn, wie wenn), as if she carried something (“on her head” being understood).
6. die Hóra (Roumanian, pronounce H guttural like ch in Loch or Buch; from Græco-Latin: χόρος, χορεία; chorus, chorea), dance, country-waltz.
7. man (indef. pers. pron.) one, they, people; frequently to be translated idiomatically by English passive.
8. ihr (idiomat. dat. of pers. pron.) in die Wangen for possess. pron. in ihre Wangen.
1. zur Donau hinab, i.e. from the Carpathian Highlands down to the Roumanian plain, N. of the Lower Danube.
2. vergossen (habe or hätte implied), auxiliary omitted, as frequently in “dependent” clauses.
3. so, here: in such a way, as, or so, as . . .
4. wie, conjunction (colloq.) for als, when.
5. sich, dat. (here reciprocal pronoun = each other, one another).
6. nachts (adverbial genit. of indef. time when) formed in analogy with tags, morgens, abends, though Nacht is feminine.
7. sei (indirect subjunctive)—the “statement,” “thought,” or “belief” of another related, not quoted.
8. es (indef.) klopfte, there was a knocking, or = jemand klopfte, some one was knocking.
9. es war ihr (idiom) = es schien ihr, es kam ihr so vor.
10. sie hörte sich rufen, transitive infinitive with pass. sense, lit.: “she heard (some one) call her,” she heard herself called.
11. doch (adverbial idiom) with an imperative adds force to the request = please! won’t you?
12. ich bin es (idiomat. phrase, lit.: “I am it”) = English?
13. sich legen (reflexive form for pass. as often), to be put, to be placed.
1. auch (adverb. idiom), here = indeed, really.
2. seist, subjunctive in a dependent question, when narrated indirectly.
3. o doch! (idiomat. phrase) = o ja; o gewiß, oh yes; sure enough.
4. zum (definite article, idiomat.), as a (as my), for a (for my).
5. werde (pres. tense) ich, for future werde ich werden, as frequently in German.
6. das (anticipates idiomatically the contents of the following sentence), remains untranslated.
7. das Gesicht, definite article idiomatically for possess. pronoun = ihr Gesicht.
1. verlobt. Idiom? Cf. page 2, note 2.
2. der Bucegi or Bucsecs (pronounce Butschedsch´), Mount Butschetje, the highest point of the Carpathian Mountains (or Transylvanian Alps), 9528 feet high.
3. sich, reflexive or reciprocal pronoun? Cf. page 2, note 5.
4. ward (old form of the past of werden), less used now than wurde.
5. wie (here = als wie), as if.
1. wollte, here = behauptete, claimed, asserted.
2. der, here = derjenigen, therefore with emphasis.
3. biß auf die Unterlippe, no preposition in English; comp. mit Steinen werfen, to throw stones; mit dem Kopfe schütteln, to shake one’s head; mit den Zähnen knirschen, to gnash (to grind one’s teeth); auf dem Piano spielen, to play the piano; in die Hände klatschen, to clap hands, etc.
4. es (introductory subject, the logical subject „Zeichen“ follows the verb), there . . .
5. Mamali´ga, a favorite dish of the peoples of Eastern Europe; prepared of corn-flour it answers the Italian “Polenta.” Trans.: corn meal-mush or hominy.
6. wolle (idiomat. omission of the infinitive of a verb of motion after the modal auxiliaries) = gehen wolle.—Why the subjunctive mood? Cf. page 3, note 2.
7. komme. Idiom? Cf. page 3, note 5.
1. To express “purpose” = Eng. in order to, the combination um . . . zu with the infinitive is used; um beginning the sentence and zu taking its usual place with the infinitive.
2. man, they, refers to the marauders mentioned above.
3. darauf´ remains untranslated. Why? Cf. page 3, note 6.
4. verzichtet, idiomat. omission of the auxiliary; in what clauses only? Cf. page 2, note 2.
1. zu erkennen war (the auxiliary sein with zu and the infinitive always in passive sense) = erkannt werden konnte.
2. wieder zu sich kommen (idiom), to recover, or to collect one’s self, to become one’s self again.
3. er hörte seinen Namen nennen. Explain the idiom! Comp. sie hörte sich rufen, page 2, note 10.
4. will’s Gott (conditional inversion, wenn omitted) = wenn es Gott (so) will.
5. man. How to be rendered? Cf. page 1, note 7.
6. ein Mädchen, das, neuter on account of the grammatical gender of Mädchen.
1. zum Mann. Idiom? Comp. zum Geliebten, page 3, note 4.
1. Die Jípi (pronounce as in German) from Slavic jipu, “rod,” “stick,” name of two towering peaks in the Carpathian Mountains.
2. der Bucegi, cf. page 4, note 2.
3. sich, reflexive or reciprocal pronoun? Cf. page 2, note 5.
4. die Urlatóare (Roumanian, pronounce oa = ō, from Lat.: ululare, “to howl,” “to roar,” literally: “Roaring River”) name of a mountain-stream in the Carpathian Mountains.
5. die Prahóva (h guttural), one of the numerous rivers which rising on the southern slope of the Carpathian Mountains traverse the Roumanian plain and join the Lower Danube on the left.
6. seien. Account for the mood! Cf. page 2, note 7.
7. vor (of time), ago.
8. sich. Explain the form!
9. keiner (none), here = keiner von beiden, neither (of them).
10. er ließ sich nicht trösten (reflexive with passive sense), could not be . . .
11. An´dreĭ (three syllabic), Mírea (pronounce ea = é (French)), proper names = Ger. Andreas and Friedrich (mir, Slav. = Friede, peace), Eng. Andrew and Frederick (Fred[dy]).
12. möget (optat. subjunctive) ihr . . . werden, I wish you to become.
13. auf hohem Felsenkegel, in English with indef. article.
14. gehörte. Mood? Why? Cf. page 1, note 5.
1. könnten. Account for the subjunctive; cf. page 2, note 7.
2. am besten, predicate superlative made up of an dem (contracted am) and the dat. of the superlative, the best.
3. sie hei´rateten (past. subj. for conditional) = wenn sie . . . heirateten.
4. wollte, here = wünschte.
5. ihrer Söhne Kinder, for the more common die Kinder ihrer Söhne.
6. des Abends. Force of the genitive? Cf. nachts, page 2, note 6.
7. die alten Lieder, i.e. the old ballads of the country.
8. ihr zu Füßen. Comp. ihr in die Wangen, page 1, note 8. Explain the idiom!
9. lehnte mit dem Arm, no preposition in English; cf. page 5, note 3.
10. der weiße Schleier. A white veil of finest texture interwoven with spun-gold (therefore often called der Goldfaden or pl. die Goldfäden, “gold threads”), is the most conspicuous ornament on the heads of married women of Eastern Europe.
11. kein graues Härchen (idiomat. use of the diminutive), not a bit (the least bit) of (a) gray hair.
12. Deiner (genit. of Du) dependent on adj. wert.
13. die (emphatic.) = diese or dieselbe or sie.
1. es wird mir wohl (impersonal idiom), I am at ease; I feel happy.
2. ihm auf der Spur. Idiom? Comp. ihr in die Wangen, page 1, note 8, and ihr zu Füßen, page 10, note 8.
3. wollte, here = im Begriff war, was (about) to.
4. dem Tiere (idiom. dat.) in die Weiche, for in die Weiche des Tieres (genit.).
5. glockenhelles Gelächter, in Engl. with indef. article.
6. dem Gehölze zu. The preposition zu in the sense of to, towards, in the direction of, follows its case; but zu may also be taken as prefix of separable compound verb zu´schreiten.
7. dem Bären in den Weg = ? Cf. dem Tiere in die Weiche, note 4, above.
1. mit goldenem Kern. Idiom? Comp. auf hohem Felsenkegel (page 9, note 13) and glockenhelles Gelächter (page 11, note 5).
2. festen Fußes (phrase formed with adverb. genit. of manner) = mit festem Fuße, i.e. standhaft, steadfast(ly), firm(ly).
3. er hätte gern (phrase), he would have liked.
4. The preposition ohne with zu and the infinitive corresponds to English without with the verb-noun in -ing. About ohne daß (for ohne . . . zu), see page 45, note 3.
5. ward = ? Cf. page 4, note 4.
6. mit einem (dat. neut.), the words „Unverständiges Kind!“ being the noun; transl. with the remark:
7. (gestellt, pass.) von, by.
8. ja (adverb. idiom) = why! you know (expletive).
1. ich bin (idiomat.) bei ihm. The German present tense expresses what has been and still is, analog. to English perfect tense. Transl.: I have been with him.
2. möchten (might), should like.
3. gleich (colloq.), for sogleich, at once, immediately.
4. als schlimme Hexe. Idiom? Comp. mit goldenem Kern; auf hohem Felsenkegel.
5. an (on), to; for, at; near, near by, by. Great care must always be taken in rendering the preposition an, as there are only a few cases where it answers to the English “on.”
6. der Burg zu. Cf. page 11, note 6.
7. Roxána, Roxane, woman’s name, common in the East.—Famous for her beauty was Princess Roxana of Bactria, who in the year 327 B.C. was married to Alexander the Great of Macedony.
8. mitbrächten (past subj.). Account for the mood! Cf. page 3, note 2. State the question direct!
9. „mein Gott!“ must not be translated literally, since it means nothing more than “good Heavens!” or “good gracious!”
10. ja. Cf. page 12, note 8.
11. das (emphat.) = dieses or dasselbe. Account for the neuter; cf. page 7, note 6.
1. sie hätte am liebsten (superlat. of gern), she would have liked best. Comp. er hätte gern (page 12, note 3).
2. wird (wohl) sein, idiomat. use of the fut. tense instead of the present, to express supposition or possibility, with the adverbs wohl or doch added, to bring out the sense more clearly; transl. is, (as) I suppose.
3. Urlánda, of the same origin and meaning as Urlatoáre (see page 9, note 4).
4. Rolánda, girl’s name, fem. of Rolandus (“Hruodlandus”), the most famous of the 12 paladins who lived in the palace of Charlemagne.—Regarding the transposition of the consonant r in changing Ro(landa) to Ur(landa), comp. the following German-English cognates: third — dritte; fright —Furcht; through — durch, and the dialect. form Brimingham for Birmingham.
1. auf der andern Seite der Berge, i.e. on the northern slope of the Carpathian Mountains = in Transylvania („Siebenbürgen“), now a crown-land of Austria-Hungary.
2. unsrer or unserer (genit. of wir), dependent on warten, archaic. and poetic. construction for the modern warten auf . . .
3. Bärenabenteuer (bear-adventures), = bear-stories, “fish-stories”; incredible hunting adventures. Comp. the phrase: jemandem einen Bären (= eine Bärengeschichte) aufbinden, to play a hoax on some one.
4. wollte (idiomat.), here = was (willing or) ready to. Comp. sie wollte (wanted, wished) ihrer Söhne Kinder auf ihren Knieen wiegen (page 10, note 4), and als er den Wurfspieß schleudern wollte (was to, was about to), page 11, note 3.
5. er habe. Mood? Why? Direct quotation?
6. könnte (conditional subjunctive), for conditional würde . . . können.
7. dem, with emphasis. Why? Cf. page 5, note 2.
1. die (with emphasis) = diese, or sie. How known that it is not relative?
2. fort, the infinitive of a verb of motion, as gehen, being implied.
3. drum (colloq. for darum´), about (it) them; drum herum´, round about (them).
4. hinaus´, the perf. partic. of a verb of motion, as gegangen, gesprungen, geeilt, etc., being implied.
5. es lag ihr die Sorge auf dem Herzen, „es“ being the introductory and grammatical subject, while the logical subject („die Sorge“) follows after the verb = die Sorge lag ihr auf dem Herzen.
6. daran´—refers back to the preceding—from doing so.
1. da (conjunction), temporal (as, when) or causative (as, since)?
2. am Ofen (cf. page 13, note 5) = ?
3. wie (conjunction), colloq. for? Cf. page 2, note 4.
4. wohin´ (elliptic.) „sie gehen sollte“ being understood.
1. zur (Idiom?) Frau. Comp. zum Geliebten (page 3, note 4) and zum Mann (page 8, note 1).
1. Frau (here = married woman, somebody’s wife), in English with indef. article.
2. hatten heransausen sehen. Note the abnormal position of the verb in the relative clause, a construction more frequently met with now than formerly.
3. es (introductory), there . . .
1. Léspes, village and holy shrine in the valley of the Prahova (river) in the Carpathian Mountains. Remember that the great bulk of the Christian population of Roumania (= Moldavia and Wallachia) belong to the Greek or Eastern Catholic Church.
2. hereinbreche (pres. subj.). The conjunction daß (= auf daß, damit), expressing “purpose” is followed by the subjunctive.
3. sie (object), them.
4. sich (reciproc. pronoun) = ?
5. mögen (colloquially used as absolute verb), to like; to stand; to bear.
1. Eurer Herzen schweren Kampf. Comp. ihrer Söhne Kinder (page 10, note 5).
2. werde (pres. subj.). Account for the mood; cf. page 20, note 2.
3. muß. Idiom? Cf. page 5, note 6.
4. doch nicht (elliptic.) = ihr wollt doch nicht, or ich hoffe (ich denke) ihr wollt nicht . . .
5. wäre (conditional subj.) for conditional würde . . . sein.
6. sich. Account for the form of the pronoun!
7. habe (pres. subj.). Cf. page 2, note 7.
1. gingen (past subj.). Account for the mood; cf. page 1, note 5.
2. freudestrahlenden Antlitzes (phrase formed with adverbial genitive of manner) = ? Comp. festen Fußes (page 12, note 2).
3. mit heller Stimme. Idiom? Comp. auf hohem Felsenkegel (page 9, note 13) and mit goldenem Kern (page 12, note 1).
4. wer mich . . . holt, des Weib will ich sein = ich will das Weib des (obsol. = dessen or desjenigen, of him) sein, der (who) mich . . . holt. The nominative of the correlative pronoun is der, wer or derjenige, welcher (he), who.
5. im Stürzen (verb-noun corresponding to the English form in -ing), in or while falling . . .
1. wurden (past of absolute verb „werden“), here = were changed or turned to . . .
1. das Prahóvathal, valley of the Prahova (river), cf. page 9, note 5.
2. Cetatea (pronounce tschetaté, Roumanian, from Latin: civitas, French: cité; Ital.: cittadella), “borough,” “citadel.” Bábeĭ (three syllabic, Roumanian, genit. sing. of Slavic baba) “old woman,” “witch.”
3. der Bucegi, cf. page 4, note 2.
4. als spitzer Kegel. Idiom? Comp. auf hohem Felsenkegel, mit goldenem Kern, mit heller Stimme.
5. scheint (seems, appears), looks as if.
6. die Jipi, cf. page 9, note 1.
7. vor (of time) = ?
8. als die Wölfe die Herden hüteten und Adler und Tauben bei einander nisteten, i.e. in the golden age when everything was as in Paradise.
9. es (indef.), things, affairs, life.
10. die (emphat.) = die, welche (correlat. pron.), she (the one), who . . .
11. der Goldfaden (gold thread) or pl. Goldfäden, i.e. the Roumanian bridal veil interwoven with spun-gold; cf. page 10, note 10.
12. spänne (past subj.). Why? Cf. page 20, note 2.
13. bei, by, near, at, at the house of, in, with, among. Here = ?
14. welches (neuter), on account of grammatical gender of Bergmännlein.
1. das letzte Körnchen Goldes (the genit. after a simple noun of measure, is obsolete and poetical), for the more common Körnchen Gold.
2. Bába (cf. page 24, note 2). Cóaja (two syllabic, pronounce oa = ō, and j as in German), Roumanian, related to Lat. “cortex” and Eng. “cork.”
3. Alba (from Lat: albus, a, um, “white”).
4. es (introductory and grammatical subject). Logical subject? Cf. page 16, note 5.
1. da´mit (emphat.) = hiermit; mit diesen Worten.
2. werde. Why the subjunctive? Cf. page 2, note 7.
3. wie sehr (wie sehr . . . auch), no matter how much, however much.
4. Alba, here: dative case.
5. wie gern wäre sie. Comp. er hätte gern (page 12, note 3), and sie hätte am liebsten (page 14, note 1).
6. es wird mir traurig ums Herz (idiomat. impers. phrase), I (begin to) feel gloomy (heavy, depressed, melancholy), I am heavy at heart.
1. darü´ber (over it) idiomatic. anticipating the contents of the following sentence, remains untranslated. Comp. darauf (page 6, note 3).
2. spinne. Why the subjunctive? Cf. page 3, note 2. Direct question?
3. er hatte gar keinen Bart, he was young and smooth-faced, thus strikingly contrasting to the old gnomes with their long gray beards.
4. der (emphat.) = jener, that man, that fellow.
5. die im Thale (elliptic.), for die Leute, die im Thale wohnen, those in the valley.
6. du thust (pres. tense). Explain the idiom! Cf. page 13, note 1.
7. so wie so (colloq. phrase), anyway, at all events.
8. so (= so faul or so müßig) dasitzen (colloq. phrase), to idle away one’s time.
1. de´nen (emphat.), for demonstrat. pronoun (diesen, these) or pers. pronoun (ihnen, them). How seen that it is not relative?
2. darü´ber, remains untranslated. Why? Cf. page 27, note 1.
3. sich sehen lassen (reflexive phrase with passive sense), to be seen. Comp. er ließ sich nicht trösten (page 9, note 10).
4. wie sehr . . . auch = ? Cf. page 26, note 3.
5. Porfi´rie (three syllabic), proper name, from Græco-Latin: Πορφύριος; Porphyrius (= “Purple Bearer”), Porphyry.
6. nicht gewohnt, etwas nicht zu können (two negatives with the force of an emphatic affirmation), = gewohnt, alles und jedes zu können, wont (bent, accustomed) to carry out all his plans (or designs).
1. einem Drachen (privative sense of the dative, mostly after verbs compound with the prefix ent-) entreißen, to snatch from a dragon.
2. damit´ (therewith, with it) remains untranslated. Why? Comp. darü´ber (page 27, note 1).
3. den ganzen Morgen, accusative expressing duration of time: how long?
4. die Alpenrose (also called Almenrausch or Alpenfeuer), “RHODODENDRON HIRSUTUM” of the botanists, one of the prettiest and most highly priced alpine flowers, related to our Purple Azalea or Pinxter-Flower.
5. kam (came). Note the rhetorical figure of “personification,” which consists in representing inanimate objects as if endowed with life and action, an idiom occasionally employed as a substitute for the passive voice which is less used in German than in English; trans. was put or placed.
6. schlecht sehen, here: to have weak eyes, to be short (or near-) sighted.
7. dem, with emphasis. Why?
8. sollte (should), was to; was (said or) threatened to . . .
1. die Haare (idiomat. pl.), hair; comp. die Lüfte, air.
2. sich fangen (reflexive for passive, as often), to be caught.
3. als, here = als wenn; cf. page 1, note 5.
4. Einen mit großen Augen anschauen, a phrase expressing surprise and astonishment.
5. unter = under (place); among (number?) = Here = ?
6. ja (adverbial idiom) = ? Cf. page 12, note 8. See also page 31, line 1 (of the text) and state which of the two words ja found there, is affirmative particle (= yes) and which adverbial idiom (= why! or you know).
1. gern (positive), “gladly,” “willingly”; lieber (comparative), “rather,” “better”; am liebsten (superlative), “best of all”; ich möchte lieber, I should (rather wish) prefer.
2. streicheln sogar (elliptic. „darfst du es“ being implied).
3. heißen = 1) to call or to name; 2) to be called or named; 3) to bid, to order. Here = ?
4. es (idiomat.) wird mir bange (impersonal phrase), I become alarmed, I begin to feel uneasy.
5. das alles (neut. sing., idiomatically relating to persons of different gender) for masc. and fem. pl. alle diese (Leute), all these.
1. das bin ich, refers back to the preceding. The English this (that), these (those), when immediately preceded or followed by the verb “to be” are rendered in German by the neuter pronoun dieses (usually shortened to dies or das), without any regard to the number or gender of the noun referred to.
2. zu was? here = für was? zu welchem Zwecke? for what purpose?
3. es geht (impers. phrase), it can be done, it will do; es wird nicht anders gehen (about the idiomat. use of the future, cf. page 14, note 2), that cannot be done otherwise (or without it), I suppose.