The Rent Roll of Northampton County for the Year of our Lord God 1704

INDEX

INDEX

• Accomac,
  • farms and tithables of, 58; 79.
• Allen, Arthur,
  • six tithables, 57.
• Allen, William,
  • Burgess in 1629, 73.
• Allerton, Isaac,
  • deals in servants, 48.
• Ambrose, Robert,
  • deals in servants, 49.
• Anbury, Major,
  • describes Virginia upper class, 158.
• Andros, Sir Edmund, 29; 35; 52;
  • hesitates to deprive wealthy of land holdings, 143-144.
• Archer, George,
  • deals in servants, 49;
  • extensive landowner, 79.
• Armetrading, Henry, 79.
• Artisans,
  • became planters in Virginia, 27;
  • called for in broadside of 1610, 28;
  • on the plantations, 156-157.
• Ashton, Peter,
  • deals in servants, 48.
• Austin, James,
  • deals in servants, 48.
• Avery, Richard,
  • his cattle, 101;
  • inventory of, 106.

• Bacon Nathaniel, Sr., 109; 110.
• Bacon, Nathaniel, Jr.,
  • describes poverty in Virginia, 91;
  • rebellion of and Navigation Acts, 92-93;
  • says peoples hoped in Burgesses, 109; 113.
• Baker, John,
  • buys Button's Ridge, 49.
• Baldwin, William,
  • landowner, 79.
• Ballard, Thomas, 109.
• Ball, William,
  • has 22 slaves.
• Baltic,
  • English trade of, 8;
  • Denmark controls entrance to, 9;
  • wars endanger trade to, 9;
  • cheap labor of, 16; 17;
  • tobacco trade to, 118-119;
  • trade to injured by wars, 131, 148.
• Banister, John,
  • has 88 slaves, 158.
• Barbadoes,
  • complain of Navigation Acts, 94.
• Barnett, Thomas,
  • servant, Burgess in 1629, 74.
• Bassett, William,
  • deals in servants, 48.
• Beer, George Lewis,
  • defends Navigation Acts, 86-87;
  • says trade restrictions did not cause Bacon's Rebellion, 92;
  • statement of concerning county grievances, 93;
  • denies that serious opposition existed to Navigation Acts, 93-94.
• Bell, Richard,
  • landowning freedman, 74.
• Bennett, Richard,
  • estate of described, 108.
• Bennett, Samuel,
  • landowning freedman, 74.
• Berkeley, John,
  • conducts iron works in Virginia, 18.
• Berkeley, Lord John, 90.
• Berkeley, Sir William,
  • describes servants, 34;
  • describes early mortality among servants, 39;
  • estimates servants at 6,000 in 1671, 41;
  • instructed to prohibit foreign trade, 69;
  • permits foreign trade during Civil War, 69;
  • calls Virginia land of opportunity, 75;
  • proclaims Charles II, 84, 111; 89;
  • describes poverty of Virginia, 90, 91, 92, 93;
  • controls Assembly, 94;
  • goes to England to combat Navigation Acts, 94-95;
  • plans to establish manufactures, 95;
  • denounces Navigation Acts, 95-96; 98;
  • secures body guard, 111;
  • elected Governor prior to Restoration, 112;
  • fears King's resentment, 113;
  • small planters turn against in Bacon's Rebellion, 113;
  • estimates slaves at 2,000 in 1670, 124; 125; 160.
• Beverley, Robert, Sr.,
  • extensive dealer in servants, 48, 109; 113.
• Beverley, Robert, Jr., 61;
  • imports slaves, 130;
  • describes pride of poor whites, 155.
• Bibbie, Edmund,
  • deals in servants, 49.
• Binns, Thomas,
  • eight tithables, 57.
• Bishop, John,
  • Burgess and landowner, 78.
• Blackstone, John,
  • patents land, 74.
• Bland, John,
  • remonstrates against Navigation Acts, 88-89; 93.
• Blair, Rev. John,
  • asks funds for college, 50, 136.
• Blewit, Capt.,
  • sets up iron works in Virginia, dies, 181.
• Board of Trade,
  • arrears of quit rents reported to, 51;
  • Nicholson writes to concerning rent roll, 52;
  • says servants not slaves, 60;
  • Berkeley protests to, 95, 119;
  • asks reasons for emigration of Virginia whites, 140;
  • seeks to limit size of land grants, 143;
  • again alarmed at emigration from Virginia, 145, 147, 157.
• Bolling, Mrs. Mary,
  • has 51 slaves, 158.
• Brent, Giles,
  • deals in servants, 48; 109; 113.
• Bridger, Joseph,
  • deals in servants, 48; 109.
• Briggs, Gray,
  • has 43 slaves, 158.
• British Empire,
  • beginnings of misunderstood, 14;
  • begun, 19;
  • important rôle of tobacco in, 27.
• Broadnat, John, 128.
• Broadside,
  • in 1610 calls for settlers for Virginia, 28.
• Browne, Robert,
  • landowning freedman, 74.
• Browne, William,
  • nine tithables, 57.
• Bruce, Philip Alexander,
  • describes small planters, 54.
• Brunswick,
  • land patents in small, 145.
• Bullock, William,
  • denies that servants are slaves, 60.
• Burgesses, 54,
  • petition King, 65;
  • complain of high freight rates, 72;
  • freedmen among, 73-75;
  • Navigation Acts and, 94-95;
  • represent interest of small planters, 109;
  • defy the king, 110;
  • petition of, 110;
  • rule Virginia, 1652-1660, 112;
  • growing influence of, 109.
• Burwell, Francis,
  • patents land in James City, 77.
• Burwell, John,
  • has 42 slaves, 158.
• Burwell, Lewis,
  • deals in servants, 48; 109.
• Burcher, William,
  • patents land, 79.
• Bushood, John,
  • sells land, 49.
• Butt, Thomas,
  • deals in servants, 48.
• Button, Robert,
  • receives estate, 49.
• Button, Thomas,
  • owner of Button's Ridge, 49.
• Byrd, William I,
  • says rent rolls inaccurate, 52; 109;
  • uses slaves, 130.
• Byrd, William II,
  • gives reasons for emigration to Carolina, 146.

• Carter, John, 109.
• Carter, Robert,
  • has 126 slaves, 153.
• Carleill, Capt. Christopher,
  • urges trade with America, 11.
• Carolina,
  • emigration to from Virginia, 99-100; 139-146.
• Cattle,
  • plentiful in Virginia, 101.
• Chambers, William,
  • servants and slaves of, 59.
• Chandler, John,
  • landowning freedman, 74.
• Charles I,
  • considers smoking harmful, 26;
  • tries to limit tobacco planting in Virginia, 27;
  • tries to limit English tobacco crop, 63;
  • limits price of tobacco, 65;
  • regulates tobacco trade, 67-69; 70;
  • defied by Assembly, 110; 111.
• Charles II, 33;
  • proclaimed in Virginia, 84; 111; 93; 96;
  • not restored in Virginia before Restoration in England, 112;
  • tyranny of, 114.
• Charles City,
  • plantations small, 53; 54;
  • farms and tithables of, 58; 79; 81.
• Chastellux,
  • describes poor whites of Virginia, 152;
  • notes indolence of poor whites, 155.
• Chew, Larkin,
  • dealer in Spotsylvania land, 154.
• Claiborne, William,
  • deals in servants, 48.
• Clayton, Thomas, 80.
• Clergy,
  • many plant tobacco, 28.
• Clothing,
  • want of felt in Virginia, 103.
• Cloyse, Pettyplace,
  • landowning freedman, 74.
• Cole, Edward,
  • patents land in James City, 77.
• Colonial expansion,
  • sought as remedy for British economic dependence, 10;
  • urged by economists, 11; 12; 13.
• Colonial system, 68;
  • imperfectly enforced prior to 1660, 67-69; 85-86;
  • embodied in Navigation Acts, 85;
  • colonies to supplement England, 86;
  • workings of at end of 17th century, 120;
  • British conception of, 136.
• Commerce,
  • of England with Baltic, 8;
  • principles of long known, 11;
  • of England with Europe and East, 12;
  • of England with France declines, 13;
  • affords key to history, 22;
  • in reëxported tobacco, 70;
  • in tobacco revives after 1683, 114-115;
  • in reëxported tobacco, 116-120;
  • importance of in tobacco for England, 119, 122.
• Commonwealth,
  • tobacco high under, 66;
  • Virginians trade abroad under, 69; 98;
  • attitude of Virginia under, 110-11.
• Constable, John,
  • trades illegally, 69.
• Cooke, John,
  • landowning freedman, 74.
• Cornell, Samuel,
  • servants and slaves of, 59.
• Council, 65;
  • complains of high freight rates, 72; 90;
  • describes poverty in Virginia, 91;
  • says Virginia ready to revolt to Dutch, 96; 109; 110;
  • members of hold land illegally, 143;
  • gives reasons for immigration out of Virginia, 145;
  • describes misery in Virginia, 150;
  • declining influence of, 159.
• Creighton, Henry,
  • sells 100 acres, 50.
• Criminals,
  • few sent to Virginia, 32, 33;
  • make no imprint on social fabric, 33.
• Crocker, Wm.,
  • servants and slaves of, 59.
• Cromwell, Oliver,
  • sends Irish servants to Virginia, 33.
• Crump, Thomas,
  • servant, Burgess in 1632, 74;
  • landowner, 75.
• Culpeper, Lord,
  • fears ruin of Virginia, 91, 114.
• Custis, John, 109.

• Daingerfield, William,
  • has 61 slaves, 157.
• Dawson, William,
  • landowning freedman, 74.
• Day, John, 80.
• Delaware,
  • manufactures of lure poor Virginia whites, 141;
  • ration to, 139-146.
• Delk, Roger,
  • landowning freedman, 74.
• Dicks, John,
  • purchases land, 49.
• Digges, Dudley, 109.
• Diggs, William,
  • has 72 slaves, 158.
• Dinwiddie county,
  • poor whites in, 151;
  • small slave holders of, 153;
  • large slave holders of, 158.
• Dodman, John,
  • landowner, 79.
• Dorch, Walter,
  • inventory of, 106.
• Duties,
  • French put on English woolens, 13;
  • on reëxported tobacco partly refunded, 70;
  • on reëxported tobacco, 117;
  • on tobacco yield grown large revenue, 120.

• Edwards, John,
  • slaves of in plot, 128.
• Edwards, William,
  • has six tithables, 57;
  • slaves of in plot, 128.
• Effingham, Lord,
  • tyranny of in Virginia, 114.
• Elizabeth City,
  • plantations of small, 53;
  • farms and tithables of, 58;
  • servants and slaves in, 59.
• Emigration,
  • from Virginia in years from 1660 to 1725, 40, 62, 139-146;
  • not caused by large land grants, 144-145;
  • extent of, 146.
• England,
  • colonial expansion necessary for, 7;
  • forests depleted, 7;
  • industry declining, 8;
  • Baltic trade of, 8;
  • future depends on colonies, 13; 14;
  • joy of at founding of Virginia, 15;
  • disappointed in Virginia, 19;
  • tobacco bill of, 26;
  • supplies Virginia with labor, 31;
  • poverty in, 31;
  • cannot consume entire colonial tobacco crop, 86;
  • tobacco planting in prohibited, 87;
  • glut of tobacco in, 68-89;
  • adheres to colonial policy, 95.
• Epes, Francis, 79, 127.
• Essex,
  • land transfers in, 46;
  • plantations of small, 53;
  • farms and tithables of, 58.

• Falling Creek,
  • iron works at, 17;
  • destroyed in 1622, 18.
• Fane, Francis,
  • says slave labor cheapens tobacco, 132.
• Fish,
  • plentiful in Virginia, 15.
• Fithian, Philip,
  • describes poor whites of Virginia, 152, 155.
• Fitzhugh, William, 109;
  • refers to slave imports, 130.
• Flax,
  • in Virginia, 15.
• Fleet, tobacco,
  • brings servants, 35;
  • size of in 1690 and 1706, 122.
• Foster, Armstrong, 79, 80.
• Foster, Robert,
  • buys 200 acres, 50.
• Fowl, wild,
  • abundant in colonial Virginia, 102.
• Fox, William,
  • has 25 slaves, 153.
• France,
  • exports wine and silk, 12;
  • British trade with declines, 13;
  • tobacco trade to, 119;
  • trade to injured by war, 131.
• Freedmen,
  • 80 per cent of servants become, 40;
  • prior to 1660 remained in Virginia, 40;
  • form large part of population, 41;
  • annual recruits of, 41;
  • usually young, 42;
  • might acquire property, 43;
  • perform bulk of work, 43;
  • what became of, 43;
  • become small planters, 60;
  • outfit of, 61;
  • not entitled to land, 61;
  • prosperity of hinges on tobacco, 62;
  • Virginia land of opportunity for, 71;
  • profits of from tobacco, 71-72;
  • in Burgesses, 73-74;
  • prosperous, 74-80;
  • little hope of advancement for after 1660, 97-100;
  • few in rent roll of 1704, 122-123.
• Freemen,
  • entitled to headrights, 35;
  • many come to Virginia, 36;
  • become small planters, 60-75;
  • many pay own passage, 81-82.
• Freight rates,
  • high from England, 71-72;
  • excessive, 90.
• Fruit, 12,
  • abundant in Virginia, 102.
• Fuel,
  • abundant in Virginia, 105.

• Gardens,
  • common in Virginia, 102, 105.
• Garnet, John,
  • buys 600 acres, 50.
• George, The,
  • takes cargo of tobacco to England, 25; 64.
• Gilbert, George,
  • patents land in James City, 77, 79.
• Gilbert, Sir Humphrey,
  • voyage to America, 11.
• Glass,
  • possibilities for in Virginia, 15;
  • beginning made of in Virginia, 17;
  • early history of in Virginia, 18-19.
• Gloucester,
  • average plantation in, 54;
  • farms and tithables of, 58; 80; 113;
  • poor whites of, 151;
  • small slave holders in, 154;
  • large slave holders in, 157; 159.
• Good, John,
  • describes poverty in Virginia, 91.
• Gooch, Governor,
  • says large holdings no impediment to settlement, 145;
  • says poor whites make best tobacco, 147.
• Governor,
  • plants tobacco, 28;
  • appoints sheriffs, 51;
  • makes efforts to collect quit rents, 51; 65;
  • neglects servants, 73; 90; 109;
  • elected by burgesses, 1652-1660, 112.
• Goring, John,
  • servants and slaves of, 59.
• Grain,
  • abundance of in Virginia, 102.
• Graves, Ralph,
  • his servant valued at £10, 127.
• Grey, James,
  • buys 200 acres, 49.
• Grey, John,
  • his cattle, 101;
  • inventory of, 106.
• Grey, Francis,
  • Burgess and landowner, 78-79.
• Grey, Thomas, 78.

• Hakluyt, Richard,
  • advises colonial expansion, 11;
  • shows British dependence on Spain, 12;
  • expects surplus of population in England to emigrate to America, 16; 19.
• Hammond, John,
  • advice to servants, 61;
  • describes Virginia residences, 104.
• Harmar, Charles,
  • imports slaves, 124.
• Harris, John,
  • Burgess in 1629, 73.
• Harrison, Benjamin, 109.
• Hart, Henry,
  • his slave in plot, 128.
• Hartwell, Henry,
  • deals in servants, 48.
• Harvey, Sir John,
  • complains of low prices for tobacco, 65;
  • asks freedom of trade for Virginia, 68;
  • testifies to illegal foreign trade, 68-69;
  • complains of high freight rates, 72;
  • ejected by people, 110.
• Hatfield, James,
  • landowning freedman, 75.
• Headrights,
  • described, 34; 35;
  • averaged about 1750 a year, 41;
  • determine size of land grants, 47;
  • brought in by well known planters, 48;
  • do not belong to servant, 61;
  • appear in wills, 76;
  • transfer of by sale, 76;
  • become landowners, 77;
  • not all servants, 77;
  • compared with rent roll, 97-99.
• Hemp,
  • in Virginia, 15.
• Henrico,
  • false returns in, 55;
  • farms and tithables of, 58;
  • servants and slaves in, 59; 79.
• Hill, Edward, 109.
• Hill, John,
  • landowning freedman, 75;
  • book binder at Oxford, 75.
• Hodge, John,
  • servants and slaves of, 59.
• Holding, John,
  • landowner, 79.
• Holland,
  • exports fish, 12;
  • trade of declines, 13;
  • controls slave trade, 31; 125;
  • tobacco exports to, 86-89;
  • Navigation Acts cut exports to, 87;
  • distributor of English colonial tobacco, 88;
  • plants own tobacco, 88;
  • wars with, 89;
  • Virginians threaten to revolt to, 91, 96; 116;
  • tobacco exports to, 120;
  • fights to preserve her monopoly of slave trade, 126;
  • seeks to control tobacco trade on continent, 149-150.
• Honey,
  • produced in Virginia, 102.
• Hotten's Emigrants to America,
  • gives lists of servants, 42; 73.
• Houses,
  • comfortable in Virginia, 103-104.
• Howlett, William,
  • buy 200 acres, 50.

• Immigration,
  • volume of in 17th century, 35-36;
  • fixes character of eastern Virginia, 36;
  • not restricted to servants, 36.
• Indentures,
  • system of, 32;
  • terms of, 61.
• Indians,
  • desire to convert, 14;
  • revere tobacco, 24;
  • unsuited for laborers, 30.
• Industry, 22;
  • pictured in Virginia, 28;
  • Virginia not suited for, 29.
• Inventories,
  • throw light on distribution of servants and slaves, 59; 73;
  • typical examples of, 106-107.
• Iron,
  • smelting of exhausts forests, 8;
  • could be smelted in Virginia, 15;
  • early manufacture of in Virginia, 17-18.
• Isle of Wight county,
  • farms and tithables of, 58; 79.

• Jackson, William,
  • has 49 slaves, 158.
• James I,
  • forced to use tobacco, 25;
  • considers smoking harmful, 26;
  • regulates tobacco trade, 67.
• James II,
  • tyranny of, 114.
• James City county,
  • plantations and tithables of, 58;
  • landowners listed as headrights in, 76-77; 79;
  • slave plot in, 128.
• James River,
  • iron works on, 17; 39; 70; 148.
• Jamestown, 14;
  • glass furnace at, 18;
  • streets of planted with tobacco, 25; 86; 111; 112.
• Jefferson, Thomas,
  • says slavery made whites lazy, 155.
• Jeffreys, Jeffrey,
  • imports slaves, 131.
• Jennings, Edmund, 109;
  • describes slave plot, 128-129;
  • says slaves injure credit of Virginia, 130;
  • says few servants in 1708, 130-131;
  • describes slave trade, 130-131;
  • describes migration of poor whites, 145-146.
• Johnson, John,
  • sells land, 49.
• Johnson, Joseph,
  • transports servants, 78-79.
• Jones, Anthony,
  • servant, becomes landowner, 74.
• Jones, Hugh,
  • says tenants small part of population, 45; 155;
  • says negroes make poor artisans, 156.
• Jordan, Lt. Col.,
  • pays taxes on seven tithables, 56.

• Kemp, Richard,
  • says immigrants mostly servants, 82.
• King William county,
  • farms and tithables of, 58.
• King and Queen county,
  • farms and tithables of, 58.
• Kinsman, Richard,
  • makes perry, 108.
• Knight, Sir John,
  • says Virginia ready to revolt to Holland, 96.

• Labor,
  • lack of in Virginia, 16;
  • foreign at Jamestown, 18;
  • lack of handicaps industry, 19; 20;
  • in Virginia determined by tobacco, 23;
  • cheap needed in Virginia, 29;
  • serious problem, 29;
  • Indians unsuited for, 30;
  • slave, 30;
  • England supplies, 31;
  • indenture system to supply, 32;
  • influx of, 35.
• Lancaster, 79;
  • poor planters in, 151;
  • small slave holders of, 153.
• Land,
  • cheap in Virginia, 29; 45;
  • transfers of in Surry county, 46;
  • in York, 46;
  • in Rappahannock, 46;
  • listed in rent roll of 1704-5, 53;
  • monopoly of said to cause migration from Virginia, 141-143;
  • large tracts granted, 142-144.
• Land grants,
  • average extent of, 47;
  • determined by method of transporting immigrants, 47;
  • vary greatly in size, 47;
  • not index to size of plantations, 49.
• Landowners,
  • few large in 17th century, 43;
  • glad to sell in small parcels, 45;
  • chiefly small proprietors, 46;
  • in census of 1626, 46;
  • in York county, 46;
  • in Essex, 46;
  • often avoid quit rents, 51;
  • listed in rent roll of 1704-5, 53;
  • small proprietors neglected in history, 54;
  • often poor men, 55;
  • many work farms with own hands, 57;
  • Government expects servants to become, 62;
  • profits of from tobacco, 71-72.
• Larkin, George,
  • describes large land holdings, 144.
• Lawrence, Richard,
  • landowner, 79.
• Leah and Rachel, 61.
• Lee, Richard,
  • imports 80 slaves, 125.
• Leightenhouse, Thomas, 127.
• Linton, John,
  • estimates colonial tobacco, 115;
  • estimates amount of reëxported tobacco, 118;
  • declares Baltic tobacco trade ruined, 148;
  • describes tobacco raising in Holland, 149.
• London Company,
  • national character of, 13;
  • plans manufactures for Virginia, 15;
  • cannot secure laborers for Virginia, 16;
  • sets up iron works at Falling Creek, 17-18;
  • displeased at tobacco culture in Virginia, 25;
  • tobacco only hope of, 26;
  • expects Virginia to duplicate England, 28;
  • high price of tobacco pleases, 64; 73; 75.
• Ludwell, Philip, 109; 113.
• Ludwell, Thomas,
  • places average tobacco crop at 1200 pounds, 64; 90;
  • says tobacco worth nothing, 90; 91; 96.

• Manufactures,
  • attempts to establish in Virginia, 15-19;
  • cause of failure, 19;
  • purchased from Dutch, 68-69;
  • colonial system based on expectation of, 86;
  • Berkeley tries to establish, 95;
  • local in Virginia, 103;
  • of tobacco in England, 119, 122;
  • exports of to tobacco colonies, 120;
  • in northern colonies lure Virginia whites, 140; 141;
  • on plantations, 108; 156-157.
• Market,
  • not free for tobacco, 66;
  • tobacco sent to foreign, 67-70;
  • Navigation Acts cut of foreign, 87;
  • tobacco reëxported to continental, 116-120;
  • Virginia and Maryland furnish for England, 120.
• Maryland,
  • emigration of whites from, 140;
  • House of Delegates of explains migration, 191.
• Mason, Francis,
  • seven tithables, 57.
• Mason, Winfield,
  • has 40 slaves, 158.
• Massacre,
  • iron works destroyed during, 18.
• Matthews, Samuel,
  • his estate described, 108.
• Merchant marine,
  • threatened in England by lack of shipbuilding materials, 9;
  • part of sea defense, 10;
  • depleted at end of 16th century, 10;
  • tobacco exports aid British, 26, 119, 122.
• Menefie, George,
  • his estate described, 108.
• Middlesex,
  • plantations small, 53;
  • farms and tithables of, 58.
• Milner, Thomas,
  • deals in servants, 48.
• Moseley, Capt. William,
  • buys part of Button's Ridge, 50, 109.
• Muir, Francis,
  • has 47 slaves, 158.
• Muscovy Company,
  • Baltic trade of, 8;
  • not exempt from customs, 9;
  • urged to trade with America, 11.

• Nansemond,
  • plantations of small, 53;
  • plantations and tithables in, 58.
• Navigation Acts, 69;
  • described, 84-86;
  • resented in Holland, 88-89;
  • Bland's remonstrance against, 88;
  • cause of war with Holland, 89;
  • cause extreme poverty in Virginia, 90-92;
  • connected with Bacon's Rebellion, 92-93;
  • why Virginia Assembly did not protest against, 94-95;
  • Berkeley protests against, 94-95; 98;
  • retard growth of population, 98-99;
  • design of, 116.
• New Albion,
  • describes abundance of food in Virginia, 103;
  • advises settlers in Virginia as to clothing, 104.
• New Description of Virginia,
  • presents optimistic picture of Virginia, 63;
  • puts price of tobacco at 3d a pound, 66;
  • describes foreign tobacco trade, 69;
  • describes Virginia houses, 104;
  • cites cases of wealth in Virginia, 107.
• New Kent,
  • farms and tithables of, 58.
• Newport, Capt. Christopher,
  • returns to England in 1607, 15;
  • brings iron ore to England in 1607, 17.
• New Jersey,
  • manufactures of lure Virginia whites, 141.
• Nicholson, Sir Francis, 29; 50;
  • orders accurate rent roll in 1690, 51;
  • again attempts rent roll in 1699, 52;
  • completes rent roll, 52; 54;
  • makes rent roll accurate, 55, 97; 114;
  • gives reason for migration from Virginia and Maryland, 140, 141;
  • sues Col. Lawrence Smith for arrears of quit rents, 143;
  • testifies to large land grants, 144.
• Norfolk,
  • plantations of small, 53;
  • farms and tithables of, 58;
  • slave plot in, 129.
• Northampton,
  • farms and tithables of, 58; 79.
• North Carolina,
  • servants flee to, 83.
• Northern Neck,
  • omitted in rent roll, 50; 54; 55.
• Norton, Capt. Wm.,
  • brings glass workers to Virginia, 19;
  • dies, 19.

• Page, Matthew, 109.
• Page, Mann,
  • has 157 slaves, 157.
• Pagett, Anthony,
  • Burgess in 1629, 73.
• Parke, Daniel, 109.
• Patent Rolls,
  • in Virginia Land Office, 34;
  • average grants in, 47;
  • show large dealers in servants, 48; 73;
  • reveal names of freedmen, 74-75.
• Pattison, Thomas,
  • landowner, 79.
• Pearson, Christopher,
  • inventory of, 107.
• Pelton, George, 102.
• Pennsylvania,
  • manufactures of lure Virginia whites, 191;
  • migration to, 139-146.
• Perfect Description,
  • numbers cattle in Virginia, 101.
• Perry Micajah,
  • reports on tobacco trade, 119.
• Plantations,
  • Virginia made up of, 29;
  • cheap in Virginia, 29;
  • labor for, 29-37;
  • unhealthful sites for, 39;
  • few large, 43;
  • small hold own with large, 44;
  • small outnumber large, 45; 46;
  • transfers of in Surry county, 46;
  • patents not index to size of, 49;
  • tendency to break up large into small, 49;
  • listed in rent roll of 1704-5, 53;
  • largest in various counties, 53;
  • average size of, 53;
  • accurately listed in rent roll, 55;
  • comparison of number of with workers, 55;
  • number in each county, 58;
  • settlers buy on frontier, 76;
  • part only of each cultivated, 105.
• Popleton, William,
  • Burgess in 1629, 73.
• Population, 28; 29;
  • growth of from 1649 to 1675, 98;
  • growth of slow, 99, 142.
• Potash,
  • England's need for, 8;
  • found in Virginia, 15;
  • first efforts to produce in Virginia, 17.
• Pott, Dr. John,
  • incites people against Sir John Harvey, 110.
• Poultry,
  • plentiful in Virginia, 102.
• Poverty,
  • in England, 31;
  • Navigation Acts cause in Virginia, 91;
  • one cause of Bacon's Rebellion, 92-93.
• Present State of Tobacco Plantations,
  • describes tobacco trade to France and Spain, 119;
  • puts tobacco duties at £400,000, 121;
  • describes ill effects of wars on tobacco trade, 148.
• Prince George county,
  • plantations and tithables of, 58.
• Princess Anne county,
  • plantations of small, 53; 54;
  • farms and tithables of, 58;
  • slave plot in, 129;
  • small slave holders in, 154.
• Public Record Office,
  • has copy of rent roll of 1704, 52.

• Quary, Colonel,
  • says wars ruin tobacco trade, 148; 157.
• Quit rents,
  • collected by Crown on land, 50;
  • revenue from considerable, 50; 51;
  • often in arrears, 51;
  • roll of in 1704, 51-55.

• Ramshaw, William,
  • landowning freedman, 75.
• Randall, Robert,
  • seven tithables, 57.
• Randolph, Edward,
  • remarks on slow growth of Virginia population, 99;
  • says holdings of large tracts of land causes migration from Virginia, 141-143;
  • says quit rents avoided, 142;
  • suggests limiting size of grants, 143.
• Randolph, William,
  • imports slaves, 130.
• Rappahannock county,
  • land transfers in, 46;
  • landowners of listed as headrights, 76; 79.
• Rent Roll,
  • Nickolson orders, 51;
  • attempted in 1699, 52;
  • completed in 1704-5, 52;
  • shows small plantations, 53;
  • accuracy of, 54-55;
  • 5,500 farms listed in, 55;
  • compared with tithables of 1702, 57-58;
  • compared with headrights, 97-99;
  • contains names of few freedmen, 122-123.
• Restoration Period,
  • brings suffering to Virginia, 84; 97; 104; 115; 116.
• Rich, Nathaniel,
  • buys tobacco at 2s a pound, 64.
• Roberts, Robert,
  • buys land, 49.
• Robertson, William,
  • makes copy of rent roll of 1704, 52.
• Robins, Sampson, 79;
  • patents land, 80.
• Robinson, John,
  • landowning freedman, 75.
• Rolfe, Capt. John,
  • first to cure Virginia tobacco, 24; 25.
• Rooking, William,
  • servants and slaves of, 59.
• Rowlston, Lionell,
  • servant, Burgess in 1629, 73;
  • Burgess in 1632, 74;
  • landowner, 74.
• Russell, John,
  • landowning freedman, 75.
• Russia,
  • tobacco trade to, 118-119; 148.

• Samuel, Anthony,
  • buys 300 acres, 50.
• Sandys, George,
  • selects site for iron works, 17;
  • describes failure of glass works in Virginia, 19;
  • writes for servants, 30;
  • gives wages of laborers, 44.
• Sandys, Sir Edwin,
  • expects Virginia to duplicate England, 28.
• Savadge, Thomas,
  • landowning freedman, 74.
• Scotchmon, Robert,
  • servant, Burgess in 1632, 74.
• Scott, Thomas,
  • has 57 slaves, 158.
• Scruely, Richard,
  • patents land, 79.
• Servants,
  • London Company sends to Virginia, 16;
  • Indian children as, 30;
  • system of indentures for, 32;
  • not criminals, 32;
  • political prisoners among, 33;
  • Irish among, 33;
  • Oliverian soldiers among, 33;
  • they plot against Government, 33;
  • Scotchmen among, 33;
  • Sedgemour prisoners among, 33;
  • chiefly Englishmen, 34, 36;
  • list of preserved, 34;
  • headrights from, 35;
  • influx of, 35;
  • four or five years of service for, 38;
  • become part of Virginia social fabric, 39;
  • hardship and perils encountered by, 39;
  • 80 per cent. become freedmen, 40;
  • prior to 1660 remained in Virginia, 40;
  • length of service for, 40;
  • usually young when freed, 41, 42;
  • estimated at 6,000 in 1671, 41;
  • "seasoned," 42;
  • become small part of population, 43;
  • merchants bring to complete cargoes, 47;
  • individual orders for, 48;
  • in immigrant ships, 48;
  • dealers in, 48;
  • numbers in 1704, 56;
  • listed as tithables, 56;
  • distribution of, 58-59;
  • not slaves, 60;
  • like English apprentices, 60;
  • outfit of on expiration of term, 61;
  • not entitled to land, 61;
  • hope to become landowners, 61-62;
  • Virginia land of opportunity for, 71;
  • freedmen often purchase, 72;
  • of early period become prosperous, 73-80;
  • list of, 78;
  • proportion of among immigrants, 81-82;
  • little hope for advancement of after 1660, 96-100;
  • importation of in Restoration period, 98-99;
  • inventories which show none, 106-107;
  • many freed to fight in Bacon's Rebellion, 113;
  • few become landowners at end of 17th century, 112-113;
  • usefulness of as compared with slaves, 126;
  • price of, 127;
  • not always docile, 128;
  • slave labor curtails importation of, 134;
  • England opposes migration of, 135;
  • vast numbers imported, 142.
• Seymour, Attorney-General,
  • tells Virginians to make tobacco, 136.
• Sheep,
  • scarce in Virginia, 102.
• Sheriff,
  • collects quit rents, 51;
  • draws up rent roll, 52;
  • unearths false returns, 54-55.
• Sherwood, William,
  • calls Bacon's men rabble, 93.
• Shipbuilding,
  • materials for needed in England, 8;
  • lack of injures merchant marine, 9;
  • materials for found in Virginia, 15;
  • Capt. Smith explains why Virginia cannot produce materials for, 17.
• Shurley, Daniel,
  • landowning freedman, 74.
• Sickness, The Virginia,
  • Capt. Blewit dies of, 18;
  • glass workers die of, 19;
  • servants die of, 33;
  • described, 39;
  • terrible mortality from, 39, 80;
  • abates before end of 17th century, 40;
  • not fatal to slaves, 128.
• Silk,
  • from South Europe, 12;
  • in Virginia, 15.
• Slaughter, John, 80.
• Slave trade,
  • in hands of Dutch, 31;
  • restrictions on, 45.
• Slaves,
  • adequate for tobacco raising, 29;
  • first cargo of in Virginia, 30;
  • few in Virginia prior to 1680, 31;
  • influx of, 40;
  • numbers in 1704, 56;
  • listed as tithables, 56;
  • distribution of, 58-59;
  • inventories show that many planters had none, 106-107;
  • used by wealthy men in 17th century, 108;
  • first cargo of, 124;
  • few prior to 1680, 124;
  • importations of, 124-125;
  • Dutch control trade in, 125-126;
  • fitness of for tobacco culture, 126;
  • price of, 127;
  • labor of crude, 127-128;
  • health of good, 128;
  • docile, 128;
  • plots among, 128-129;
  • no wrong seen in, 129;
  • duty on importation of, 129;
  • large importations of, 1680-1708, 130-131;
  • 6,000 by 1700, 130;
  • 12,000 in 1708, 130;
  • 30,000 in 1730, 131;
  • use of cheapens tobacco, 132;
  • use of curtails importation of servants, 134;
  • England favors use of in Virginia, 135-136;
  • pernicious effect of in ancient Rome, 137-139;
  • effect of on Virginia yeomanry, 139-155;
  • causes migration of whites, 139-146;
  • at first produce only lower grades of tobacco, 147;
  • become more efficient, 147;
  • contempt of for poor whites, 152;
  • small holders of, 152-159;
  • cast stigma on labor, 155;
  • large holders of increase in numbers, 155-159.
• Smelting,
  • wood needed for, 8;
  • in Virginia, 15;
  • machinery for sent to Virginia, 17;
  • begun at Falling Creek.
• Smith, Capt. John,
  • describes Baltic trade, 8;
  • explains difficulty of building up manufacturers in Virginia, 17.
• Smither, William,
  • buys 200 acres, 50.
• Smyth,
  • describes poor whites of Virginia, 152, 155.
• Spain,
  • commerce with, 12;
  • growing domains of, 14;
  • tobacco of used in England, 25, 26;
  • tobacco of excluded from England, 67, 68, 86, 87;
  • tobacco trade to, 119;
  • trade to injured by war, 131.
• Spanish Succession, War of, 103; 115; 119;
  • cuts off tobacco trade to France and Spain, 131; 148.
• Sparshott, Edward,
  • landowning freedman, 74.
• Smith, Lawrence,
  • sued for arrears of quit rents, 143.
• Sparkes, John,
  • landowning freedman, 74.
• Spencer, Capt. Robt.,
  • servants and slaves of, 59.
• Spencer, Secretary,
  • writes of reviving tobacco trade, 115;
  • says slaves cheaper labor than whites, 132.
• Splitimber, John,
  • his cattle, 101;
  • inventory of, 106-107.
• Spotsylvania,
  • large grants in, 145;
  • poor whites in, 151;
  • small slave holders of, 153-154;
  • land transfers in, 154;
  • large slave holders in, 157; 159.
• Spotswood, Alexander,
  • says slaves cause over production of tobacco, 129; 151;
  • has 60 slaves, 158.
• Storey, John,
  • imports negroes, 130.
• Stuarts, second despotism of,
  • affects Virginia, 114.
• Stublefield, George,
  • has 42 slaves, 158.
• Surry,
  • land transfers in, 46;
  • tithables in, 56, 58;
  • inventories and wills in, 59;
  • negroes plot in, 128.
• Sweden,
  • tobacco trade to, 118-119.
• Symonds, Roger,
  • granted 100 acres, 81.

• Taliaferro, Richard,
  • has 43 slaves, 158.
• Tenants,
  • few in Virginia, 44, 45, 62.
• Thoroughgood, Adam,
  • servant, Burgess in 1629, 73;
  • Burgess in 1632, 74;
  • landowner, 75;
  • brother of Sir John Thoroughgood, 75.
• Tithables,
  • those listed as, 56;
  • in Surry, 56-57;
  • number of in various counties, 58.
• Tobacco,
  • history of Virginia built on, 20, 23;
  • Indians revere, 24;
  • first cured in Virginia by Rolfe, 24;
  • Virginia suited for, 24;
  • ready market for, 24;
  • extensively used in England, 24;
  • used by James I, 25;
  • Virginians turn eagerly to culture of, 25;
  • send first cargo of to England, 25;
  • London Company displeased at culture of, 25;
  • England reconciled to, 26;
  • Virginia's only hope, 26;
  • Crown tries to divert Virginia from, 27;
  • cultivation in Virginia universal, 27;
  • shapes immigration, 29;
  • requires unskilled labor, 29;
  • prosperity of freedmen hinges on, 62;
  • amount of one man could produce, 63-64;
  • over production of in 1640, 63;
  • price of prior to 1660, 64-67;
  • account for migration of 1618-1623, 64;
  • rich returns from, 64;
  • restrictions on trade of, 67-69;
  • growing of in England prohibited, 67;
  • tax on, 67;
  • illegal foreign trade in, 68-69;
  • reëxported from England, 70;
  • Virginia underbids world in, 70;
  • returns from, 71-72;
  • freight on high, 72;
  • effect of Navigation Acts on, 85-96;
  • foreign trade in prohibited, 85;
  • requires world market, 86;
  • planting in England prohibited, 87;
  • exports of to Spain, 87;
  • reëxported, 87;
  • planted in Holland, 88;
  • glut in England causes price of to drop, 89-91;
  • exhausts soil, 105;
  • Charles I makes offer for, 110;
  • trade of revives, 115-116;
  • production of increases, 115-116;
  • returns from, 116;
  • reëxports of, 116-120;
  • production of abroad, 117;
  • duty on yields crown large revenue, 121;
  • price of still low at end of 17th century, 123;
  • slaves adequate to its cultivation, 127-128;
  • wars interfere with trade in, 131;
  • slaves cheapen production of, 132;
  • poor whites produce the best, 146-147;
  • foreign trade in ruined by war, 148-150;
  • advantages of large plantations for, 156-157.
• Towns,
  • few in Virginia, 29.
• Townsend, Richard,
  • Burgess in 1629, 73.
• Trussell, John,
  • landowning freedman, 74.
• Turnbull, Robert,
  • has 81 slaves, 158.

• Underwood, John,
  • patents land in James City, 77.
• Upton, John,
  • landowning freedman, 75.

• Vegetables,
  • abundant in Virginia, 102.
• Virginia's Cure,
  • says Burgesses mostly freedmen, 74.
• Virginia Unmasked,
  • describes Virginia houses, 104.
• Virginia Magazine of History and Biography,
  • shows that many freedmen migrated to Virginia, 81.
• Virginia Richly Valued,
  • advises emigrants as to outfit, 104.

• Wages,
  • high in Virginia, 16; 29; 30;
  • low in England, 31.
• Wage earners,
  • few in Virginia, 44;
  • mostly recently freed servants, 44.
• Walker, Robert,
  • has 52 slaves, 158.
• Warburton, Thomas,
  • patents land in James City, 77.
• Warden, Thomas,
  • landowner, 79.
• Warwick,
  • average plantation of, 53;
  • farms and tithables of, 58; 81.
• Washington, Richard,
  • deals in servants, 48.
• Watson, John,
  • landowning freedman, 75.
• Weaver, Samuel,
  • landowning freedman, 75.
• Webster, Roger,
  • servant, Burgess in 1632, 74.
• Whitlock, Thomas,
  • will of, 105-106.
• Williamsburg, 35; 54.
• Williams, William,
  • buys 200 acres, 50.
• Wills,
  • throw light on distribution of servants and slaves, 59; 73;
  • headrights mentioned in, 76.
• Wine,
  • prospect for in Virginia, 15.
• Woolens,
  • need of potash for, 8;
  • French duty on, 13.
• Woolritch, William,
  • landowning freedman, 74.
• Wormsley, Ralph, 109;
  • letter to from Fitzhugh, 130.
• Wray, Thomas,
  • granted 50 acres, 81.

• Yates, William,
  • has 55 slaves, 158.
• Yeomanry,
  • largest class in Virginia, 59, 62;
  • freedmen in, 72-82; 85;
  • desperately poor, 90-91;
  • driven to revolt by poverty, 92-93;
  • no advancement for after 1660, 97-100;
  • enjoy plentiful food, 101-103;
  • often suffer for proper clothing, 103-105;
  • Burgesses represented interests of, 109;
  • aid in ejecting Harvey, 110;
  • many favor Parliament in Civil War, 110-111;
  • in control from 1652 to 1660, 112;
  • chief sufferers from Navigation Acts, 113;
  • support Bacon in rebellion, 113;
  • struggle for political rights, 114;
  • few recruits to at end of 17th century, 122;
  • condition of at end of 17th century, 123;
  • effect of slavery on in ancient Rome, 137-139;
  • migration of from Virginia 139-146;
  • produce higher grades of tobacco, 146-147;
  • misery of in 1713, 150;
  • many sink into poverty, 151-154;
  • many become slave holders, 152-159;
  • slaves make less industrious, 155; 160.
• Yeardley, Sir George, 29;
  • instructed to enforce free exchange of goods, 65.
• York,
  • land transfers in, 46;
  • plantations of small, 53;
  • farms and tithables of, 58;
  • servants and slaves in, 59;
  • landowners of who had been headrights, 76; 79; 107; 130.
• Young, Richard,
  • granted 100 acres, 81.