Charles the Bad. See Charles of Navarre.

Charles the Bald, share of empire allotted to, i. 16, and note on p. 17;
ravages of the Normans during his reign, 21;
his imbecile government and its consequences, 135;
his slavish submission to the church, ii. 156, 157;
he disobeys pope Adrian II., 173, 174.

Charles the Fat, accession and deposition of, i. 17;
position of Germany at his death, ii. 66;
arrogance of pope John VIII. towards him, 174.

Charles the Simple, policy of, towards the Normans, i. 22.

Charles IV. (the Fair) ascends the throne pursuant to the Salic law, i. 48;
conduct of Edward III. of England after his death, ib.

Charles V. (the Wise) submits to the peace of Bretigni, i. 59;
his summons to Edward the Black Prince, 63;
his treaty with Henry of Castile, ib. note ^t;
his successes against the English, 64;
his premature death and character, 65;
seizure of his treasures by the duke of Anjou, 65, 66;
expenses of his household, 68 note ^z;
his conflicts with the States-General, 230, 231;
he imposes taxes without their consent, 232.

Charles VI., accession of, i. 65;
state of France during his reign, 66;
defeats the citizens of Ghent, 67;
misapplication of taxes during his minority, 68 and note ^z;
his seizure with insanity, 69;
disgraceful conduct of his queen, ib. and note;
his death, 76;
his submission to the remonstrances of the States-General, 232.

Charles VII., state of France at the accession of, i. 77;
his impoverished exchequer, 78;
his Scotch auxiliaries, ib.;
his character, and choice of favourites, 79;
change wrought in his fortunes by Joan of Arc, 79, 80;
his connection with Agnes Sorel, 80 note ^z;
restores Richemont to power, 80;
is reconciled with the duke of Burgundy, 82;
reconquers the provinces ceded to the English crown, 83;
his cruelty to English captives, 84;
consolidation of his power, 85;
insurrection of Guienne against taxation, 86 and note;
his conduct relative to the States-General, 234;
he levies taxes of his own will, 235;
he enacts the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges, ii. 255.

Charles VIII., accession of, i. 98;
contest for the regency during his minority, ib. 236;
marries Anne of Britany, 100;
consolidation of the French monarchy under his sway, 100, 101 and notes;
proceedings of the States-General during his minority, 236, 237.

Charles of Anjou (I. of Naples), seizure of the crown of Naples by, i. 406;
he puts Conradin, the heir, to death, 407;
he defeats the Ghibelins and governs Tuscany, ib. and note;
revolt of his subjects, 410.

Charles II. of Naples, war of the Sicilians against, i. 485;
his death, ib.

Charles of Durazzo (III. of Naples), implicated in the murder of Andrew, i. 486 note ^q;
puts queen Joanna to death, 487;
his assassination, 488.

Charles IV. of Germany, singular character of, ii. 85;
his Golden Bull, 86 and note ^e;
he alienates the imperial domains, 94;
advancement of Bohemia under his rule, 102.

Charles Martel, conquest of the Saracens by, i. 7;
site and importance of the battle, ib. note ^q;
its object, 12;
his spoliation of the church, ii. 146.

Charles of Navarre (the Bad), tumults in France excited by, i. 56;
his crimes, 57;
allies himself with Edward III., ib.

Chartered towns. See Municipal Institutions, Towns.

Chaucer (Geoffrey), testimony borne by his writings, iii. 160 note;
character of his works, 456, 457.

Chaucer (Sir Thomas), rebuked by Henry IV., iii. 95.

Childebert (son of Clovis), dominions allotted to, i. 4 and note ⁱ;
his proposal relative to Clodomir's children, 311 note.

Childeric III., deposition of, i. 8.

Children, crusade undertaken by, iii. 296 note ^z.

Chilperic, guilty conduct of Fredegonde, the queen of, i. 5, 119;
oppressive taxes levied by him, 306;
tumult which ensued, ib.;
what followed after his death, ib.;
his attempts at poetry, iii. 283;
his attack on the sanctuary, 303.

Chimneys. See Architecture.

Chivalry, as a school of moral discipline, ii. 390;
remoteness of its origin, 391;
individual honour its keystone, 392;
types of chivalry, 392 and note ^s;
its original connection with feudal service, 394;
effect of the crusades, 395;
its connection with religion, 395, 396;
enthusiasm inspired by gallantry, 396-398;
licentiousness incident to chivalry, 399;
virtues inculcated by it, 400;
practice of courtesy, liberality, and justice, 401-403;
obligations of chivalry to the East, 403;
its attendant evils, 404;
education preparatory to knighthood, 405;
chivalric festivals, 406;
tournaments and their dangers, 407;
privileges of knighthood, 408;
who were admissible thereto, ib. and note;
military service: knights and bachelors, 409, 410 and notes;
causes of the decline of chivalry, 411;
influences by which it was superseded, 412 and note ^d.

Church, wealth of the, under the empire, ii. 140;
its position after the irruption of the barbarians, 141;
source of its legitimate wealth, 142;
its religious extortions, 143;
privileges attached to its property, 144;
institution of tithes, 144-146 and notes;
liability of church property to spoliation, 146;
origin of precariæ, 147 note ^d;
extent of the church's landed possessions, 148 and note ⁱ;
its participation in the administration of justice, 149;
limitations interposed by Justinian, 150, 151;
its political influence, 152;
source thereof, 153;
its subjection to the state, ib.;
Charlemagne's edicts relative to its affairs, 154, 155, and notes;
its assumption of authority over the French kings, 156, 157;
obsequiousness of England to its pretensions, 158;
investiture of its bishops with their temporalities, 181;
their simoniacal practices, ib. and note ^q;
canons and chapters, 191;
liberties of the Gallican church, 256;
high church principles always dangerous, 257 note ^x;
privileges of sanctuary, iii. 302, 303.
See Clergy, Monasteries, Papal Power.

Clan service not based on feudality, i. 187.

Clarence (duke of), put to death by Edward IV., iii. 199.

Clarendon, constitutions of, ii. 221;
their influence on Thomas à Becket's quarrel with Henry II., 223.

Cistertian monk, blasphemous saying attributed to a, i. 29 note ^t.

Cities. See Municipal Institutions and Towns.

Civil Law. See Laws.

Clement IV., effect of a bull promulgated by, ii. 215;
opposition of the Scotch king to his edict, 217.

Clement V. ratifies Robert's claim to the crown of Naples, i. 485;
his maxim relative to benefices, ii. 215;
he removes the papal court to Avignon, 233;
his contests with the emperor Louis, 234;
England remonstrates with him, 238, 239 notes;
his outrageous edict against Venice, 260.

Clement VI. acquits Joanna of Naples of murder, i. 487;
his licentiousness, ii. 238.

Clement VII., circumstances relative to his election as pope, ii. 240;
division of the papacy thereupon, 242;
proceedings after his death, 242, 243.

Clergy, ascendency of the (temp. Charles the Bald), i. 135;
their privileges under the feudal system, 195, 196;
fighting prelates, 195 note ^f;
their participation in legislative proceedings, 213, 215;
privileges of their tenants, 319;
bishops in Lombardy and their temporalities, 364, 366 and note ^x;
share of the citizens in their election, 366 and note ^y;
a robber archbishop, ii. 95;
immense territorial possessions of the clergy, 148 and notes;
their acquisition of political power, 152, 153;
their neglect of the rule of celibacy, 176, 177;
sufferings of the married clergy, 177 and note ^d;
lax morality of the English clergy, 178, 179 notes;
practice of simony, 179;
consent of the laity required in the election of bishops, ib.;
interference of the sovereigns therein, 180 and note ⁿ;
character of the clergy of Milan, 187 note ^g;
taxation of the clergy by the kings, 216;
tribute levied on them by the popes, 216, 217;
their disaffection towards Rome, 218;
their exemption from temporal jurisdiction, 219-221;
extortions of Edward I., 229;
effects of Wicliff's principles, 252;
priests executed for coining, ib. note ^e;
spiritual peers in the English parliament, iii. 4, 5;
their qualifications, 122;
clergy summoned to send representatives, 131;
cause of their being summoned, 132;
result of their segregating themselves from the commons, 133;
instances of their parliamentary existence, 135-138;
right of bishops to be tried by the peers, 204-207;
mediæval clergy not supporters of despotism, 258;
their ignorance of letters, 287-289;
their monastic vices, 303;
why a bishop made a Danish nobleman drunk, 306 note ^u.
See Church, Monasteries, Papal Power, Superstition.

Clisson (constable de), immense wealth amassed by, i. 69.

Clodomir (son of Clovis), dominions allotted to, i. 4;
proposed alternative relative to his children, 311 note.

Clotaire, portion of dominions allotted to, i. 4;
union of the whole under him, 5;
re-division amongst his sons, ib.;
criminality of his character, 119.

Clotaire II., reunion of the French dominions under, i. 5;
nature of the authority exercised by him, 117.

Clotilda converts her husband to Christianity, i. 3;
her sons, 4.

Clovis invades Gaul and defeats Syagrius, i. 2;
accepts the title of consul, ib. and note ^d;
defeats the Alemanni, 3;
his conversion to Christianity, ib.;
defeats Alaric, 4;
his last exploits and sanguinary policy, ib. and note ^g;
division of his dominions amongst his sons, 4, 5 and notes;
the last of his race, 8;
his alleged subjection to the emperors discussed, Note III. 106-111;
his limited authority: story of the vase of Soissons, 155;
theory built on the story, 301, 302;
crimes of himself and his grandson, iii. 306 and note ^u.

Clovis II., accession of, i. 120.

Cobham, lord (temp. Richard II.). banished, iii. 77.

Coining, extensive practice of, amongst the French nobles, i. 205;
debased money issued by them, 206;
systematic adulteration of coin by the kings, 210, 228, 231;
measures adopted for remedying these frauds, 211 note ^h;
grant of taxes made conditional on restoration of the coin, 230;
priests executed for coining, ii. 252 note ^e;
an abbot hanged for the same offence, iii. 205;
clipping of coins by the Jews, 369 note ^t.

Cologne, antiquity of the municipal institutions of, i. 350.

Coloni, characteristics and privileges of the, i. 325.

Combat. See Trial.

Comines (Philip de), characteristic note on taxation by, i. 236.

Commodianus, literary remains of, iii. 281;
specimen thereof, ib. note ⁿ.

Comnenus. See Alexius.

Conrad (duke of Franconia), elected emperor of Germany, ii. 67.

Conrad II. (the Salic), important edict of, relative to feuds, i. 166, 167 and notes;
elected emperor of Germany, ii. 68;
his ancestry, ib. note ^f.

Conrad III. joins in the second crusade i. 38;
elected emperor of Germany, ii. 72.

Conrad IV., accession of, i. 392;
his struggles for dominion in Italy, and death, ib.;
his difficulties in Germany, ii. 76.

Conradin (son of Conrad IV.) attempts to regain his inheritance, i. 407;
put to death by Charles of Anjou, ib.

Constance, council of. See Council.

Constance, treaty of, i, 376.

Constantine V. dethroned by his mother, i. 122.

Constantinople, advantageous position of, ii. 125;
its resistance to the Moslem assaults, 126;
its capture by the Latins, 128;
its magnificence and populousness, 129, 130;
Vandalism of its conquerors, 130;
its recapture by the Greeks, 131;
besieged by Bajazet, 132, and by Amurath, 135;
attacked by Mahomet II., 136;
its fall, 136, 137;
unrealised schemes for its recovery, 137, 138.

Constitution of England. See English Constitution.

Cordova taken from the Moors, ii. 9;
its extent and wealth, ib. note ^m.

Corn. See Agriculture, Trade.

Cortes of Castile, original composition of the, ii. 20;
dwindling down of their numbers, 21;
their remonstrance against corruption, 22;
spiritual and temporal nobility, 22, 23 and notes;
control of the Cortes over the taxes, 24, 25;
their resolute defence of their right, 26;
their control over expenditure, 27;
its active exercise, 28;
their forms of procedure, 29;
their legislative rights, and attempted limitations thereon by the kings, 29-32;
their right to a voice in the disposal of the crown, 33, 34;
position of the clergy therein, iii. 106 note.

Corvinus (Matthias) elected king of Hungary, ii. 106;
his patronage of literature, 107 and note ^d.

Council of Basle, enmity of the, towards the papal court, ii. 247;
reforms effected by it, 248 and note;
its indiscretions, ib. and 250 note.

Council of Constance condemns John Huss and Jerome of Prague to be burned, ii. 102;
deposes John XXIII., 243;
preponderance of Italian interests therein, 244;
French opposition to the English deputies, ib. note;
tactics of the cardinals, 246;
national divisions in the council, ib.;
its breach of faith relative to Huss and Jerome canvassed, 250 and note.

Council of Frankfort convoked by Saint Boniface, ii. 165;
its importance in papal history, ib.

Courtney (archbishop), despoiled of his temporalities, iii. 66.

Crecy, battle of, i. 55.

Crescentius put to death by Otho III., i. 359 and note.

Crusades, origin of the, i. 33;
energetic appeals of Peter the Hermit, 34;
inducements offered to those who joined in them, 35;
crimes and miseries attendant on them, 36;
results of the first crusade, 37;
second crusade, 38;
its failure, ib. and notes;
origin of the third crusade, 40;
its famous commanders and inconclusive results, ib.;
crusades of St. Louis and their miserable ending, 41 and note;
cause of the cessation of crusades, iii. 305;
their demoralizing influence, 307.

Cyprian's views relative to church government, ii. 159 note ^h;
further observations thereon, 267, 268.

Dagobert I., insignificance of the successors of, i. 6;
nature of the authority exercised by him, 117;
progress of the arts in his reign, 119.

Dagobert II., name of, how restored to history, i. 112.

Damascus, degeneracy of the khalifs of, ii. 120, 121.

Danes, England first infested by the, i. 21.

Dante Alighieri expelled from Florence, i. 402;
his birth, iii. 445;
style of his Vita Nuova, ib. note;
characteristics of his great poem, 446-448;
enthusiasm which attended its publication, 448.

Dauphiné annexed to the French crown, i. 100;
its origin, 101, note ^k.

Defiance, institution of the right of, ii. 95;
its abolition, 96.

De la Mare (Peter), opposes the duke of Lancaster, iii. 56;
conduct of the citizens on his imprisonment, 57;
elected speaker of the commons, 58.

Della Bella (Giano), improves the Florentine constitution, i. 424;
driven into exile, 425.

Derby (earl of). See Bolingbroke.

Diet. See Council.

Diet of Worms, important changes effected by the, ii. 94;
abolishes the right of defiance, 96;
establishes the imperial chamber, 97-99.

Domesday Book, origin of the term, iii. 362 note ^r.

Domestic life in the middle ages, iii. 341-345;
income and style of living, 370.

Douglas (earl of) aids Charles VII., i. 78.

Duelling, introduction of the practice of, iii. 294 and note ^u.

Du Guesclin (Bertrand), proceeds to Castile, i. 58;
his character 64;
he serves against Peter the Cruel, ii. 15;
is taken prisoner, ib.

Dunstan and Odo, and their treatment of Edwy and Elgiva, ii. 158;
elucidatory remarks relative thereto, 264-267.

Ebroin, exercise of supreme power by, i. 6, 115, 120.

Eccelin da Romano, tyrannic exercise of power by, i. 389;
pretexts to which his infamous cruelty gave birth, ib. note ^f;
his fall, 406.

Ecclesiastical jurisdiction. See Church, Clergy, Papal Power.

Edessa, extent of the principality of, i. 37 and note ^f.

Edward the Confessor, popularity of the laws of, ii. 324, 351.

Edward I. offends Philip IV. of France, i. 43 and note;
his brother Edmund outwitted by Philip, 44;
he curbs the power of the clergy, ii. 224;
his tyranny towards them, 228;
his reign a constitutional epoch, iii. 1;
his despotic tendencies, 2;
he confirms the charters, 3 and note ^c.

Edward II. marries Isabel of France, i. 45;
he yields to the pope, ii. 239.

Edward III. lays claim to the French throne, i. 48;
its injustice shown, ib. and note 49;
his policy prior to resorting to arms, 49;
his chances of success, 51;
attempt of the pope to dissuade him from the attempt, ib. note;
principal features in his character, 52;
extent of his resources, 53, 54, and notes;
excellence of his armies, 55 and note;
his acquisition after the battles of Crecy and Poitiers, 56;
his alliance with Charles the Bad, 57;
conditions of the peace of Bretigni, 59;
his stipulation relative to Aquitaine, 61 and note ^p;
his reverses and their causes, 62, 63 and notes;
his opposition to the pope, ii. 239;
progress of parliament under him, iii. 42;
his attempts at encroachment, 44-47;
ascendency of Lancaster and Alice Perrers over him, 55;
ordinance against Alice, 56;
repeal thereof, 57;
revival of the prosecution against her, 58 and note ^g;
his debts to Italian bankers, 340.

Edward the Black Prince, character of, i. 52;
his victory at Poitiers, 55;
created prince of Aquitaine, 61;
his impolitic conduct in Guienne, 63;
summoned before the peers of France, ib. and note ^t;
machinations relative to his heir, iii. 55 and note ^a;
his jealousy of the duke of Lancaster, 56;
his death, 57.

Edward IV. accepts a pension from Louis XI., i. 89;
his military force, ib. note ^p;
Louis's reasons for declining a visit from him, 90;
his accession to the throne, iii. 198;
his inexcusable barbarities, 199;
popularity of his government, ib.;
his system of benevolences, 200.

Edwy and Elgiva. See Dunstan.

England, first infested by the Danes, i. 21;
its resources under Edward III., 53, 54;
causes of the success of its armies, 55, 77;
high payment to its men-at-arms, 77 note ^t;
discomfiture of its troops by Joan of Arc, 79;
impolicy touching its relations with France, 82;
deprived of its French possessions by Charles VII., 83;
its obsequiousness to the hierarchy, ii. 158;
its opposition to ecclesiastical jurisdiction, 222-225;
its protest against the exactions of the church, 238, 239 and notes;
its share in the council of Constance, 244 and note;
enactment of the statute of præmunire, 251;
effect of Wicliff's principles, 252;
progress of the country under the Anglo-Saxons [see Anglo-Saxons];
its state at the period of the Norman conquest, 302, 303;
fruitless resistance of its people to Norman rule, 304 and notes;
expulsion of its prelates and maltreatment of its nobles, 305 and note;
attempted suppression of its language, 306 and note;
wholesale spoliation of property, 308;
abject condition of English occupiers, 309, 310;
vastness of the Norman estates explained, 310;
conquered England compared with conquered Gaul, 311;
forest devastations and forest laws, 311, 312 and notes;
depopulation of the towns, 312;
establishment of feudal customs, 314;
preservation of the public peace, 315;
difference between feudalism in England and in France, 316, 317;
hatred by the English of the Normans, 318;
oppressions and exactions of the Norman government, 318, 320;
nature of the taxes then levied, 321, 322;
laws and charters of the Norman kings, 323, 324;
banishment of Longchamp by the barons, 325;
establishment of Magna Charta, 326;
difficulty of overrating its value, 327;
outline of its provisions, 321, 328;
confirmation thereof by Henry III., 329;
constitutional struggles between him and his barons, 331, 334;
limitations on the royal prerogative, 334, 335 and notes;
institution of the various courts of law, 336-338;
origin of the common law, 339-341;
character and defects of the English law, 341-343;
hereditary right of the crown established, 343-346;
legal position of the gentry, 346-348;
causes of civil equality, 348-351;
character of its government, iii. 147;
prerogatives of its kings, 147-150;
mitigation of the forest laws, 150 and note ^p;
jurisdiction of its constable and marshal, 151, 152 and notes;
spirit of independence exhibited in mediæval ballads, 265-267;
its customs farmed by Italian bankers, 339, 340 note ^d.

English constitution, character of the, iii. 152;
Sir John Fortescue's doctrine, 153-155;
Hume's erroneous views regarding it, 155, 158;
causes tending to its formation, 159;
effect of the loss of Normandy, 160;
real source of English freedom, 162;
principle involved in the relationship between lords and their vassals, ib.;
right of distress on the king's property, 163;
feudal sources of constitutional liberty, 164;
influence of the nobility, 165;
salutary provisions of Edward I., 169;
nature and gradual extinction of villenage, 171-183;
instances of regencies and principles whereon they are founded, 184-190;
doctrine of prerogative, 257-260.
See Anglo-Saxons, England, Feudal System, Parliament.

Erigena. See Scotus (John).

Ethelwolf, grant of, relative to tithes, ii. 146 note ^a, 263.

Eudes elected king by the Franks, i. 127;
his qualifications for the dignity, ib.

Eudes (duke of Burgundy). See Burgundy.

Eudon signally defeats the Saracens, i. 116;
receives aid from Charles Martel, ib.

Eugenius IV. (cardinal Julian) advises Uladislaus to break faith with Amurath, ii. 105;
its fatal consequences, 106;
other instances of his perfidy, 210 note ^e;
his contests with the councils, 247;
his deposition by the council of Basle, 247 and note ^q.

Euric, harsh treatment of his catholic subjects by, i. 3 note ^f.

False Decretals. See Isidore.

Famines in the middle ages, frequency and extreme severity of, i. 328.

Felix V. (pope), election and supersession of, ii. 248.

Ferdinand confirmed in his succession to the crown of Naples, i. 494;
attempt of John of Calabria to oust him, ib.;
his odious rule, 503 and note.

Ferdinand I. of Aragon, independence of the Catalans towards, ii. 57.

Ferdinand II. of Aragon marries Isabella of Castile, ii. 18;
they succeed to the Castilian throne, ib.;
Ferdinand invested with the crown of Aragon, 42;
arrangement of the united governments, 58, 59;
conquest of Granada, 59, 60.

Feudal system, rise of the, i. 145;
nature of alodial and salic lands, 147-149 and notes;
distinction of laws, 151;
origin of nobility, 157-159, 189;
fiscal lands or benefices, their nature, condition, and, extent, 159, 160;
introduction of subinfeudation, 161;
origin of feudal tenures, 163;
custom of personal commendation, 164;
its character, ib., 165;
edict of Conrad II., 166, 167, and notes;
principle of a feudal relation, 167;
rights and duties of vassals, ib.;
ceremonies of homage, fealty, and investiture, 169;
obligations of the vassal to his lord, 170;
military service, its conditions and extent, 171 and notes;
feudal incidents: origin of reliefs, 172, 173;
of fines on alienation, 174;
the custom of frérage in France, 176;
escheats and forfeitures, 177;
objects for which aids were levied, ib.;
limitations thereof by Magna Charta, 178;
institution of wardships, ib.;
their vexatious character in later times, 179;
extortionate and oppressive practices relative to marriages, 179, 180;
introduction of improper feuds, 181;
fiefs of office, their nature and variety, 181, 182 and notes;
feudal law-books, 182;
the Milanese collection, 183;
difference between that and the French and English systems, 183, 184;
the feudal system not of Roman origin, 185, 186;
localities over which it extended, 187, 188;
privileges of nobility, 191-194;
difference between a French roturier and an English commoner, 191 note ^p;
condition of the clergy, 195, 196;
of the classes below the gentry, 196;
assemblies of the barons, 219;
the cours plénières, 220, 248;
legislative and judicial assemblies [see Legislation, States-General, Justice];
decline of the feudal system, 249;
its causes: increase of the domains of the crown, 253, 254;
rise of the chartered towns, 255-261 [see Towns];
commutation of military service, 261 [see Military Systems];
decay of feudal principles, 268;
influence of feudalism upon the institutions of England and France, 269;
civil freedom promoted by it, 270;
its tendency to exalt warlike habits, 271;
its value as an element of discipline, ib.;
and as producing sentiments of loyalty, 272;
the mundium, 318 note;
essentials of the feudal system, 319;
its principles aristocratic and exclusive, 321;
Guizot's description of a feudal castle, 322;
laxity of feudal tenures in Italy, 365;
question of their existence in England prior to the Conquest, ii. 293-301;
feudalism under the Normans, 314;
innovation introduced by William I., 315;
difference between the feudal policy of England and France, 316, 318;
tenure of folcland and bocland, 406-410;
abuses of feudal rights, iii. 150.

Feuds, nature of, and derivation of the word, i. 316.

Fiefs. See Benefices, Feudal System.

Field of March (or Champ de Mars), origin of the assemblies so termed, i. 212, 213;
their character, 213, 214;
not attended by the Roman inhabitants of Gaul, 282;
how often held, 308.

Field Sports. See Sports.

Fines, extent and singularity of, under the Anglo-Norman kings, ii. 320.

Fire-arms. See Military Systems.

Fiscal lands. See Benefices.

Flanders, fraudulent conduct of Philip IV. towards the count of, i. 44;
successful resistance of its people, ib.;
large capture of gilt spurs by them, ib. note ^a;
their commerce with England, 54;
their rebellion against count Louis, 66, 67 and notes;
their insubordination, 92;
their resistance to taxation, 93 and note;
their woollen manufacture, iii. 318, 319;
their settlement in England, 320 note ^h;
its policy relative thereto, 321 and note ^o.
See Trade.

Florence, curtailment of the power of, by Frederic Barbarossa, i. 420;
exclusion of the Ghibelins from offices of trust, ib.;
Dante's simile relative to its unsettled state, ib.;
corporations of the citizens, 421;
its magistracy, ib.;
curious mode of election, 422;
the consiglio di popolo, 423;
defiance of law by the nobility, 424;
Giano della Bella reduces them to obedience, 424, 425;
rise of the plebeian aristocracy, 426;
Walter de Brienne invested with extraordinary powers, 427;
his tyranny and excesses, 428;
his overthrow, 429;
singular ordinances relative to the nobles, 430;
machinations of the Guelfs and persecutions of the Ghibelins, 431-433 and note ^c;
prostration of the Guelfs, 434;
insurrection of the Ciompi and elevation of Lando, 435;
his judicious administration, 436;
restoration of the Guelfs, 437;
comparative security of the Florentines, 438;
their territorial acquisitions, revenue, population, &c., 439, 440 and notes;
Pisa bought by them, 443;
further disquietudes in their government, 496;
rise of the Medici [see Medici];
first Florentine voyage to Alexandria, 499 and note;
Florentine bankers and their transactions, iii. 340 and notes.

Folcland, nature of, ii. 406.

Foreigners invested with power in Italian states, i. 397, 416, 421, 427, 449.

Forest laws of the Anglo-Norman kings, ii. 312;
mitigation of their severity, iii. 150;
punishments inflicted, 311.

Fortescue (Sir John), on the English constitution, iii. 154.

France, policy observed in the territorial division of, i. 4 note ⁱ;
insignificance of its early monarchs, 6 and note ^m;
loss of the English possessions in, 27;
increase of the French domains, 42-45;
its state at the commencement of hostilities by Edward III., 51;
its condition after the battle of Poitiers, 56;
assembly of the States-General, ib.;
desolation of the kingdom by famine, 57 and note;
ravaged by banditti, 58;
the Jacquerie insurrection, ib. and note ^k;
state of the country under Charles V. and VI., 65, 66;
under Charles VII., 77, 84;
consolidation of its dominions, 100;
its historians, 101 note ^m;
its deplorable state under Charles the Bald, 135;
its provincial government under the Merovingian kings, 152;
succession to its monarchy, 154 and 217 note;
its progress from weakness to strength, 204;
revenue of its kings, how raised, 208;
its coinage, 210, 211;
taxation, 211, 212;
its constitution never a free one, 229 note ^b;
designs of its kings upon Naples, 503 et seq.

Franconia, rise of the House of, ii. 68;
its extinction, 71.

Frankfort, council of. See Council.

Franks, territories occupied by the, i. 2 and note ^c;
their probable origin, Note II. 104, 105;
their position under Pepin, 117, 118;
their promise to Pepin, 127, 154;
character of their church dignitaries, 150 note ^q;
increase of the power of their kings, 155;
serfdom and villenage amongst them, 198-200;
extent to which they participated in legislation, 213 and note;
origin of the Ripuarian Franks and Salian Franks, 279;
their numbers during the reign of Clovis, 291, 292;
presumed infrequency of marriages between them and the Romans, 296;
extent of power possessed by their kings, 301-309.

Fredegonde, queen. See Chilperic.

Frederic I. (Frederic Barbarossa), third crusade undertaken by, i. 40;
title conferred by him on the archbishop of Lyons, 45;
commencement of his career in Italy, 371;
he besieges Milan, 372;
subjugation and second rise of its citizens, ib.;
destruction of their city, 373;
league of Lombardy against him, 374;
his defeat and flight, 375;
peace of Constance, 376;
his policy relative to Sicily, 378;
his response to Roman oratory, 415 and note;
his accession to the German throne, ii. 73;
Henry the Lion's ingratitude towards him, 74 and note ^y;
he institutes the law of defiance, 95;
his forced submission to pope Adrian IV., 195;
his limitation on the acquisition of property by the clergy, 227;
his intellectual acquirements, iii. 286 note ^d;
his patronage of learning, 422.

Frederic II., position of, at his accession, i. 385;
cause of his excommunication by Gregory IX., 386;
rancour of papal writers against him, ib. note ^c;
result of his crusade, 387;
his wars with the Lombards, ib.;
his successes and defeats, 390;
animosity of the popes towards him, 390, 391;
sentence of the council of Lyons against him, 391;
his accession to the German throne, ii. 75;
his deposition, 76;
he restrains the right of defiance, 96;
his imperial tribunal, 97;
his poetry, iii. 442.

Frederic III. of Germany, character of the reign of, ii. 88 and note;
his significant motto, 89 note ⁱ;
objects of his diets, 96, 97;
he betrays the empire to the pope, 253.

Freemasonry, and its connection with architecture, iii. 359 note ^k.

Freemen, existence of, prior to the tenth century, i. 323;
alodial proprietors evidently of this class, 324;
other freemen, 325;
consequence of their marriage with serfs, 333.

Fregosi and Adorni factions, i. 496.

Froissart, value of the Chronicles of, i. 67 note ^x.

Fulk's saucy reproof of Louis IV., iii. 286 note ^e.

Gandia (duke of), claims the throne of Aragon, ii. 41;
his death and failure of his son, ib. note ^e.

Gaul invaded by Clovis, i. 2;
condition of its Roman natives, 149;
privileges of the "conviva regis," 150 note ^r, 281 and note ^e;
retention of their own laws by the Romans, 282;
their cities, 286;
their subjection to taxation, 287;
their accession to high offices, 293;
their right to adopt the laws of the Franks, 293, 294;
presumed infrequency of marriage between the two races, 296.

Genoa, early history of, i. 444;
her wars with Pisa and Venice, ib.;
victory of her fleet over Pisani, 445;
insolence of her admiral towards the Venetian ambassadors, 446;
her subsequent reverses, 447;
surrender of her forces to Venice, 448;
decline of her power, 449;
her government and its various changes, ib.;
dissensions of the Guelfs and Ghibelins, 450;
her first doge, 451;
frequent revolutions of her citizens, ib.;
the Adorni and Fregosi factions, 496;
commercial dealings of the Genoese, iii. 329;
their position in Constantinople, 330;
their manufactures, 331;
their money transactions, 337, 340;
state security taken by their bankers, 341.

Germany conquered by Charlemagne, i. 9, 10;
held by Louis his grandson, 16;
passes away from his family, 17;
its Hungarian assailants, 19;
its first apostles, 121;
political state of ancient Germany, 145;
mode in which kings were chosen, ib.;
lands in conquered provinces, how-divided, 146;
customs respecting alodial and salic lands, 147-149 and notes;
superior position of its rulers as compared with those of France, 204;
causes of the reversal of this state of things, ib.;
degree of reliance due to Tacitus's accounts of German institutions, 273-275;
character of its governments, 302;
limited power of its kings, 302-304;
its position at the death of Charles the Fat, ii. 66;
election of its emperors, in whom vested, 77-80;
partitions of territory amongst its princes, 83, 84;
importance of its free cities, 90;
privileges conferred on them, ib.;
their warfare with the nobles, 91;
the sanctuary of the palisades, 92;
league of the cities, ib.;
polity of the principalities, 93;
extent of the imperial domains, ib.;
their gradual alienation by the emperors, ib.;
the diet of Worms and its results, 94-98;
limits of the German empire at various periods, 100;
absence of towns, iii. 312;
pre-eminence of its robber chiefs, 314.
See Diet, Justice.

Ghent, populousness and impregnability of, i. 92, 93;
policy of its people relative to taxation, 93 note;
its trading eminence, iii. 319;
its houses and population, 320 note ^f.

Ghibelins, origin of the word, ii. 73.
See Guelfs.

Giovanni di Vicenza, singular success of the exhortations of, i. 403;
result of his attempts at sovereignty, 404.

Gloucester, duke of (temp. Richard II.), speaks for the parliament, iii. 67, 68 note ^c;
made lord appellant, 72;
reinstated in the council, 73;
his animosity towards the duke of Lancaster, 74, 75;
his seizure by the king, 76;
his murder and posthumous attainder, ib.

Godfrey of Boulogne, eastern domains assigned to, i. 38;
his reasons for refusing the title of king, ib. note ^g;
his feats of strength, ib. note ^h.

Granada, fertility and importance of, ii. 60;
its unavailing resistance to Ferdinand, ib.

Gratian, character of the Decretum compiled by, ii. 203.

Greek church, marriage of priests permitted by the, ii. 176.

Greek empire, degeneracy of the, ii. 120;
its theological dissensions, ib.;
revival of its power, 124;
tactics of its emperors, 125 and note ⁿ;
exploits of celebrated usurpers, 126;
results of the first crusade, 127;
expeditions of Alexius Comnenus, 128;
sacking of the capital, 128-130;
partition of the empire, 130;
its declining state, 132;
lukewarmness of the western Christians, 135;
fall of the empire, 136;
the last of the Cæsars, ib.;
Greek anti-exportation anecdote, iii. 315 note ^a.
See Constantinople.

Gregory I., character of, ii. 161;
he establishes the appellant jurisdiction, 162, note ^r.

Gregory II., design of, for placing Rome under Charles Martel's protection, i. 122.

Gregory IV. and V., submission of, to imperial authority, ii. 182.

Gregory VII., projection of the crusades by, i. 34;
his obligations to the countess Matilda, 380;
his ascendency over the clergy, ii. 183, 184;
elected pope, 184;
his differences with, and excommunication of, Henry IV. of Germany, 184, 185 and note;
rigorous humiliation imposed by him on Henry, 186;
his exile and death, 187;
his declaration against investitures, 189;
his illimitable ambition and arrogance, 192;
his despotism towards ecclesiastics, 193;
his arrogance eclipsed by Innocent III., 228.

Grostete (Robert, bishop of Lincoln), notices of, ii. 217 note ^f;
iii. 429 note ^k, 464.

Guarnieri (duke), systematic levy of contributions by, i. 471;
success of his operations, ib.

Guelfs and Ghibelins, origin of the rival factions of, i. 382;
their German antecedents, 383 and note;
characteristics of the two parties, 384;
irrationality of the distinctions, 406;
temporary union of the factions, ib.;
expulsion of the Ghibelins from Florence, 407;
revival of their party, 410;
origin of the name Guelfs, ii. 73;
See Florence, Genoa.

Gui de Lusignan, cause of his flight from France, i. 36.

Guienne, seized by Philip IV., i. 43;
restored to England, 44;
insurrection of its people against Charles VII., 86 and note;
suspicious death of Charles duke of, 89 and note.

Guiscard (Robert), territorial conquests of, i. 363;
he takes Leo IX. prisoner, ib.;
his English opponents at Constantinople, ii. 307.

Guiscard (Roger), conquers Sicily, i. 363;
declared king by Innocent II., 364;
he shelters Gregory VII., ii. 187;
he subjugates Amalfi, iii. 328;
he introduces silk manufactures at Palermo, 331.

Gunpowder. See Military Systems.

Hair, length of, a mark of nobility, i. 310;
Childebert's proposal relative to Clodomir's children, 311 note.

Hanse towns, confederacy of the, iii. 325.

Haroun Alraschid, magnificence of the rule of, ii. 121;
African principalities in his reign, 122.

Hastings, lord (temp. Edward IV.), receives bribes from Louis XI., i. 90;
his reason for refusing to give receipts for the same, ib. note ^q.

Hawkwood (Sir John), military renown acquired by, i. 472;
gratitude of the Florentines towards him, ib.;
his skill as a general, 473.

Haxey (Thomas), surrendered by the commons to the vengeance of Richard II., iii. 76, 102;
important principles involved in his case, 76 notes.

Henry II. of Castile rebels against Peter the Cruel, ii. 14;
his defeat and subsequent victory, 15;
his vow to preserve justice, 36.

Henry III. of Castile marries John of Gaunt's daughter, ii. 15.

Henry IV. of Castile, despicable character of, ii. 17;
deposed by a conspiracy of nobles, ib.;
futile efforts of his daughter to succeed him, 18;
contests after his death, ib.;
his reproof by the Cortes of Ocana, 33.

Henry I. of England, extortions on the church by, ii. 216.

Henry II. marries the repudiated wife of Louis VII., i. 25;
opposes the tyranny of the church of Rome, ii. 222;
cause of his dispute with Thomas à Becket, 223.

Henry III. allows Italian priests in English benefices, ii. 213;
abets papal taxation on the clergy, 217;
his submissiveness, 226;
provisions contained in his charter, 327, 328;
worthlessness of his character, 329;
his perjuries, 330;
his pecuniary difficulties and extortions, 331;
his expensive foreign projects, 332;
demands of the pope and resolute conduct of the barons, 333;
his quarrel with, the earl of Pembroke, iii. 164.

Henry IV., policy and views of, towards France, i. 65, 74;
circumstances attending his succession, iii. 81;
invalidity of his hereditary title, 82;
his tactics towards the parliament, 83;
aid granted to him in 1400, 85;
policy of the commons towards him, 86, 87;
limitations imposed on him, 93, 94;
he comes to terms with them, 94.
See Bolingbroke.

Henry V., his exorbitant demands on proposing to marry Catherine of France, i. 74 and note ⁿ;
invasion of France by, ib. and note ^o;
his negotiations with the duke of Burgundy, 75;
his marriage and death, 76;
life subsidies granted to him, iii. 87;
improbability of his alleged dissoluteness, 96;
his claims on popular affection, ib.;
his clemency to the earl of March, 194.

Henry VI., parliamentary policy during the minority of, iii. 97, 98;
unpopularity of his marriage, 98;
his conduct on Suffolk's impeachment, 99;
state of the kingdom during his minority, 183;
his imbecility, ib.;
solemnities observed in nominating a regency during his infancy, 186-190;
provisions in consequence of his mental infirmities, 190-194.