Pandects, discovery of the, iii. 415.

Papal power, first germ of the, ii. 158, 159;
preceded by the patriarchate, 160;
character of Gregory I., 161;
his wary proceedings, 162 and notes;
convocation of the synod of Frankfort by Boniface, 165, 166 and notes;
effect produced by the False Decretals, 166, 167 and notes, 221;
papal encroachments on the hierarchy, 167;
exemption of monasteries from episcopal control, 168 and note ^f;
kings compelled to succumb to papal supremacy, 169;
origin of excommunications, 170;
helpless position of excommunicated persons, 171;
interdicts and their disastrous consequences, 172;
further interference with regal rights by the popes, ib.;
scandalous state of the papacy in the tenth century, 174;
Leo IX.'s reformatory efforts, 177;
prerogatives of the emperors relative to papal elections, 182;
innovations of pope Nicolas II., 183;
election and death of Alexander II., 184;
career of Gregory VII. [see Gregory VII.];
contests of his successors with Henry IV. and V. of Germany, 188;
Calixtus II. and the concordat of Worms, ib.;
papal opposition to investitures, 181, 188, 189 and notes;
abrogation of ecclesiastical independence, 193;
papal legates and their functions, 194;
Alexander III. and Thomas à Becket, 195;
career of Innocent III. [see Innocent III.];
height of the papal power in the 13th century, 202;
promulgation of the canon law, 203;
its analogy to the Justinian code, 204 and notes;
establishment of the mendicant friars, 205;
dispensations of marriage, 208 and notes;
dispensations from oaths, 210;
encroachments on episcopal elections, 211;
and on rights of patronage, 212;
mandats and their abuse, ib.;
the Pragmatic Sanction, 214 and note;
pretexts for taxing the clergy, 215, 216;
clerical disaffection towards the popes, 218;
progress of ecclesiastical jurisdiction, 219-221;
opposition thereto by England, 223 and notes;
faint opposition of France, 225;
career of Boniface VIII. [see Boniface VIII.];
decline of the papacy, 232;
removal of the papal court to Avignon, 233;
its contests with Louis of Bavaria, 234;
growing resistance to the popes, 236;
rapacity of the Avignon popes, 237;
participation of the French kings in the plunder, 238;
independent conduct of England, ib. and notes;
return of the popes to Rome, 240;
contest between Urban VI. and Clement VII., ib.;
the two papal courts, 242;
three contemporary popes, ib.;
proceedings at the councils of Pisa, Constance, and Basle, 243 [see Councils];
reflections pertinent thereto, 248-251;
effects of the concordat of Aschaffenburg, 253;
papal encroachments in Castile, 254;
restraints thereon in France, 254-256;
further limits on ecclesiastical jurisdiction, 257-259 and notes;
decline of papal influence in Italy, and its causes, 259;
despicable nature of later Interdicts, 260 note.
See Church, Clergy, Monasteries.

Paper from linen, when invented, iii. 459 and note ^y.

Paris, seditions at, i. 66;
defeat and harsh treatment of its citizens, 67 and notes;
their fear of the Normans, 134;
population of the city in early times, iii. 224;
See Parliament of Paris.

Parishes, origin, of, ii. 144 and note ^r;
their slow growth, 145.

Parliament of England, constituent elements of the, iii. 4;
right by which the spiritual peers sit, 4, 5, 122;
earls and barons, 5, 6;
theories of Selden and Madox, 6-9;
tenants in chief in parliament, 10, 11;
first germ of representation, 11, 12 and note ^a;
county representation, 12;
parliaments of Henry III., 13, 14 and notes;
knights of the shire, how elected, 15-19;
first summoning of towns to parliament, 27 and note ^s;
question of an earlier date discussed, 28-30 and notes;
the parliament of Acton Burnell, 31 note ^e;
the Barnstaple petition, 32;
cause of summoning deputies from boroughs, 35-37;
division of parliament into two houses, 37;
proper business of the house of commons, 38;
complaint of the commons in 1309, 40;
rights established by them, 42;
their struggle with the king relative to taxation, 42-47;
concurrence of both houses in legislation made necessary, 48;
distinction between statutes and ordinances, 49-52;
interference of parliament in matters of war and peace, 53, 54;
right to inquire into public abuses, 54;
increase of the power of the commons under Richard II., 58;
their protests against lavish expenditure, 59-61;
success of their demands for accounts, 61;
boldness of their remonstrances, 62-64;
they aid the duke of Lancaster, 65 note ^t;
their charges against the earl of Suffolk, 67, 68;
submission of Richard to their demands, 69-71;
they come to an understanding with him, 73, 74;
they fall under his displeasure, 75;
servility of their submission, 76-78;
necessity for deposing Richard, 80;
cautious proceedings of parliament thereupon, 82, 83;
rights acquired by the commons during his reign, 83;
their constitutional advances under the house of Lancaster, 84;
their exclusive right of taxation, 84-86;
their right of granting and controlling supplies, 86;
and to make same depend in redress of grievances, 86, 87;
establishment of their legislative rights, 87-88;
falsification of their intentions how accomplished, 88-90;
their first petition in English, 90;
introduction of bills, public and private, 91, 92;
legislative divisions of king, lords, and commons, 92 note ^h;
parliamentary interference with royal expenditure, 93;
limitations laid on Henry IV., 93, 94;
re-establishment of a good understanding with him, 95;
harmony between Henry V. and the parliament, 96;
parliamentary advice sought on public affairs, 97;
their right to impeach ministers, 98;
Henry VI.'s mode of evading Suffolk's impeachment, 99;
assertion of the privilege of parliament, 100;
cases of Lark and Clerke ib.;
principles involved in Thorp's case, 101;
infringements on liberty of speech, 102;
privilege of originating money-bills, 103-106;
the three estates of the realm, 105 note ^b;
course of proceeding on other bills, 106, 107;
instance of excess of privilege, 108;
contested elections and proceedings thereon, 109, 110;
county franchise, in whom vested, 111 and note;
representation of towns, 111, 112;
partial omission of boroughs, 113, 114 and notes;
reluctance of boroughs to send members, 115;
in whom the right to vote was vested, 116, 117 and note ^m;
status of the members, 117;
exclusion of lawyers from the commons' house, 118;
members originally compelled to be residents, 118, 119;
election irregularities and crown interference, 120, 121;
constitution of the house of lords, 121;
qualification of spiritual barons, 122;
barons by writ, 123-126 and notes;
distinction between barons and bannerets, 126-129;
creation of peers by statute and by patent, 129, 130;
clergy summoned to send representatives, 131-138;
remonstrances of the commons against the encroachments of the council, 140-142.

Parliament of Paris, constitution and sittings of the, i. 248;
progress of its jurisdiction, 250;
enregistration of royal decrees confided to it, 251;
its spirited conduct in reference thereto, ib.;
interference of the kings with its privileges, 251;
establishment of its independence by Louis XI., 252;
its claims on the respect of posterity, ib.;
important ordinance of Charles V., iii. 152 note ^t.

Paschal II. (pope), opposition to investitures by, ii. 187 note ⁱ, and 189 note ^o;
his animosity against Henry IV. of Germany, 188.

Pastoureaux. See Superstitions.

Paulicians. See Religious Sects.

Pauperism, slavery chosen as a refuge from the miseries of, i. 328.

Pecock (bishop), character of, iii. 389 note ⁱ.

Peers of England. See Nobility, Parliament.

Peers of France, original constitution of the, i. 249.

Pelagius II. and the bishop of Arles, ii. 164.

Pembroke (William, earl of), resolute defiance of Henry III. by, iii. 164.

People, state of the, temp. Charlemagne and his successors, i. 18, 19, et seq.;
their lawlessness, iii. 307;
their general immorality, ib.

Pepin Heristal, usurpation of supremacy by, i. 7;
his influence over the destinies of France, 117;
he restores the national council, 215.

Perjury, prevalence of, in the middle ages, iii. 309.

Perrers (Alice). See Edward III.

Peter the Great compared with Charlemagne, i. 13.

Peter the Cruel, succession of crimes perpetrated by, ii. 14;
his apologists, ib. and note;
his discomfiture and death, 15.

Peter the Hermit. See Crusades.

Peter II. of Aragon surrenders his kingdom to the pope, ii, 200, 231.

Peter III of Aragon assists John of Procida, i. 483;
he accepts the crown of Sicily, 484.

Peter IV. of Aragon, character and reign of, ii. 39;
consequences of his attempts to settle the crown on his daughter, ib.

Petrarch on the state of France in 1360, i. 59, note;
his extravagant views relative to Rome, 418, note;
his personal characteristics, iii. 449 and note ^e;
his great popularity, 450;
his goldsmith host, ib. note ^f;
his passion for Laura, 451;
character of his poetry, 452 and note;
his efforts for the preservation of manuscripts, 461;
was Laura married or single? 482-484.

Philip Augustus, accession of, i. 26;
he cites John king of England before him, ib.;
deprives the English crown of its French possessions, 27;
joins in the third crusade, 40;
his request to an abbot relative to coinage, 206;
pope Gregory's menaces towards him, ii. 192;
his fear of Innocent III., 197;
takes back his repudiated wife, 199.

Philip III. (the Bold), accession of, i. 42;
his conduct towards the archbishop of Lyons, 45;
he taxes the clergy, ii. 219 note ^h.

Philip IV. (the Fair), accession of, i. 43;
policy adopted by him, ib.;
his resentment against the English king, ib. note;
his fraudulent conduct towards him, 44;
successful resistance of the Flemings against his attacks, 44 and note ^a;
his further acquisitions, 44;
and siege of Lyons, 45;
claims a right to debase the coin, 206 note ^q;
his character according to Guizot, 224 note;
he convokes the States-General, 225 and note;
his motives in embodying the deputies of towns, 226;
he taxes the clergy, ii. 228;
he arrests the pope's legate, 230;
he burns the pope's bulls, ib.;
retaliation of the pope, 231;
his stratagem against the pope, 232;
its consequences, ib.

Philip V. (the Long), assumption of the regency of France by, i. 45;
violates his treaty with his brother's widow, 46;
Salic law confirmed in his reign, 48 decrees the abolition of serfdom, 202;
result of his attempt at an excise on salt, 228.

Philip VI. (of Valois) regency and coronation of, i. 48;
sketch of his character, 53;
his debasements of the coin, 228.

Philip of Suabia elected emperor of Germany, ii. 75;
his assassination, ib.

Phocas, supposed concession to the popes by, ii. 162 note ^s.

Pickering (Sir James), tenor of a speech made by, iii. 59.

Piedmont, comparative obscurity of the history of, i. 390 note.

Piracy, temptations to the practice of, iii. 334;
difficulty of repressing it, 335.

Pisa, early naval and commercial importance of, i. 441;
her wars with Genoa, 442;
her reverses and sale to Florence, 443;
effect of the crusades on her prosperity, iii. 329.

Pisani (Vittor) defeated by the Genoese, and imprisoned by the Venetians, i. 445;
his triumphant recall from prison, 446.

Pius II. See Æneas Sylvius.

Podestà, peculiarities of the office of, i. 397, 398.

Podiebrad (George), vigorous rule of Bohemia by, ii. 104;
suspected of poisoning Ladislaus, 106 note ^c.

Poggio Bracciolini, services of, in the revival of learning, iii. 463.

Poitiers, battle of. See Edward III.

Poland, polity of, not based on feudality, i. 187.

Pole (Michael de la, earl of Suffolk), succeeds Scrope as chancellor, iii. 66;
refusal of Richard II. to dismiss him, 67;
his impeachment and sentence, 68;
subsequent proceedings relative to him, 72.

Porcaro, revolt and death of, i. 419.

Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges, ii. 255;
repealed by Louis XI., ib.;
its popularity with the people, ib.;
liberties secured by it, 256.

Pragmatic Sanction of S. Louis, enactment of the, ii. 214 and note.

Prague university, opposition of the nobles to the institution of, ii. 102 note ^t;
fate of its rector, ib.

Precarious, origin of the adjective, ii. 147 note ^d.

Prerogative of the kings of England, observations on the, iii. 147, 257-260.
See English Constitution.

Prices of commodities, iii. 368-370.

Printing, invention of, iii. 471;
first books printed, ib.;
Italian presses, 472.
See Learning.

Protadius, oppressive conduct of, i. 114.

Provence annexed to the French dominions, i. 100;
note upon its history, 101.

Public weal, origin of the war of the, i. 85;
object of its chiefs, 87, 88 and note ⁿ;
their fate, 89.

Punishments amongst the Franks for murder, i. 150, 151 and notes, 198 and note ^q, 281;
amongst the Burgundians, 151 and note ^s.

Purveyance, oppressive operation of the prerogative of, iii. 148, and 149 note.

Races, turbulence of the Carlovingian period ascribed to the antipathy between, i. 128-134.

Rachimburgii, the, i. 214;
difference between them and the Scabini, 216 note ^z.

Ravenna, conquest and reconquest of. i. 8, 9.

Raymond VI. (count of Toulouse) excommunicated by Innocent III., i. 28;
reverses of his son Raymond, 29.

Regencies, rule in France relative to, i. 68 and note ^a;
instances of regencies in England, and principles deducible therefrom, iii. 184-190.

Religious sects, moral improvement accelerated by the growth of, iii. 378;
tenets of the Manicheans and Paulicians, 378, 379 and notes;
the Albigenses, and controversies respecting them, 380, 381 and note;
origin of the Waldenses, 382, 383 and notes;
morality of their life, 384 note ^b;
Manicheism of the Albigenses, 385;
persecutions at Oxford, ib. and note;
secret readings of the scriptures, 386;
persecutions for witchcraft, ib. note;
permissions and prohibitions concerning the sacred writings, 387;
continued spread of heresies, 388;
strictnesses of Lollardism, 389;
schism of the Hussites, 389, 390 and note ^m.

Representation of the towns. See Parliament, States-General.

Representative legislation, first germ of, i. 216.
See Parliament.

Revenues of the kings of France, how derived, i. 208-212.
See Taxation.

Richard I., non-success of, against Philip Augustus, i. 26;
joins with Philip in the crusades, 40;
his prowess; terror excited by his name, ib. and note ^t;
his refusal relative to the right of private war, 207 note ^t;
his submission to the pope, ii. 197;
deposition of his chancellor, 325;
enactment of the laws of Oleron imputed to him, iii. 334;
his character as a troubadour, 439 and note ^k.

Richard II. loses ground in France, i. 64, 65;
his coronation, iii. 58;
his council during his minority, ib.;
his struggles with parliament, 62-64;
sketch of his character, 65;
his dependence on favourites, 66;
his refusal to dismiss de la Pole, duke of Suffolk, 67;
determined conduct of the commons towards him, 67, 68;
he yields to their demands, 69;
his further attempts at independent rule, 73;
his complaint against the commons, 75;
their submission, 76;
his seizure of the duke of Gloucester and other arbitrary acts, 77-79;
necessity for his deposition, 80;
progress of the constitution during his reign, 83;
extent of his malpractices relative to the raising of money, 84, 85;
his attack upon Haxey, 76, 102.

Richard (earl of Cornwall), chosen emperor of Germany, ii. 76;
absurdity of the choice, 77.

Richard (duke of York). See York.

Richer (a mediæval historian), degree of value due to the testimony of, i. 130.

"Riding the city," meaning of the phrase, i. 429.

Rienzi (Nicola di), sudden accession to power of, i. 417;
his exile, recall, and death, 418;
Petrarch's enthusiasm towards him, ib. note.

Robert of Artois, impolitic act of forgery committed by, i. 47 note ^k.

Robert of Gloucester, and other metrical writers, iii. 453.

Robert of Naples, wise rule of, i. 485;
singular provision made by him, ii. 226 note ^x.

Robert (count palatine) supersedes Wenceslaus as emperor of Germany, ii. 87.

Robertson (the historian), value of his treatise on private warfare, i. 207 note ^t.

Rochelle, patriotism of the citizens of, i. 63.

Roderick the last of the Goths, credibility of the legend relative to, ii. 62-65.

Rodolph of Hapsburg elected emperor of Germany, ii. 81;
Austria conferred upon his son, ib.;
his ascendency in Switzerland, 107.

Rollo of Normandy, conversion of, i. 22.

Romance language, ascendency in the Frank dominions of the, i. 131.
See Learning.

Romano (Eccelin da). See Eccelin.

Rome, subversion of the empire of, i. 1;
its division by barbarous races, ib.;
portion which remained subject to it, 2;
partition of its provinces amongst their conquerors, 146, 275-278;
its municipal institutions, 339, 340;
its internal state in the tenth century, 358;
infamous conduct of candidates for the papal chair, 359;
execution of the consul Crescentius, 359 and note;
schemes of Innocent III. for aggrandizing the holy see, 381, 382;
increase of the temporal authority of the popes, 414;
the Roman orator and Frederic Barbarossa, 415 and note;
expulsion of popes by the citizens, 416;
the senators and their jurisdiction, ib.;
mutual animosities of the nobles, 417;
rise and fall of Rienzi, ib., 418;
transient revival of the republican spirit, 418;
miscarriage of Porcaro's revolutionary projects, 419.
See Papal Power.

Romeo and Juliet, parallel to the story of, i. 402 and note.

Saint Bathilda, character of, i. 112.

Saint Boniface. See Winfrid.

Saint Denis, sum paid for redeeming the abbot of, i. 22.

Saint John of Jerusalem, knights of, i. 40;
their saint, who he was, ib. note ^r;
their enormous possessions, ib. and note ^s.

Saint Louis. See Louis IX.

Saint Medard, parentage of, i. 296.

Saint Pol (count of), anecdote of, i. 84 note ^f;
executed on the scaffold, 89;
anecdote of his distrust of Louis XI, 97 note.

Saint Wilfrid, historical service rendered by, i. 112.

Saints, great addition to the calendar of, in the time of Clovis and his sons, i. 111;
historical value of their lives, ib.;
extent of their title to canonization, 112, 113.

Saladin, conquest of Jerusalem by, i. 40.

Salic lands, characteristics of, i. 147-149 and notes.

Salic law, circumstances which led to the confirmation of the, i. 47, 48;
date of its enactment, 278, 279;
its incompleteness as a code, 280.

Sancho the Great bestows Castile on his second son, ii. 4;
he incorporates Naxara, 6.

Sancho IV. assassinates Don Lope, ii. 13;
clerical encroachments encouraged by, 220 note ^r.

Sanctuary, institution of the privilege of, iii. 302.

Saracens, expulsion of the, from France, i. 7 and note ^q;
their inroads upon Italy, 19 and note ^u;
Eudon's great victory over them, 116;
their conflicts with the Christians [see Crusades];
they conquer Spain, ii, 2;
encroachments of the Christians on their territories, 3;
mainspring of their heroism, 117;
their eastern conquests, 119;
their triumphs in the west, ib.;
effect of their successes, ib.;
their internal dissensions, 121.
See Crusades, Moors.

Saragosa taken from the Moors, ii. 5.

Sardinia conquered by the Pisans, i. 441;
its cession to the king of Aragon, 443.

Saxons, obstinate resistance to Charlemagne by the, i. 10;
enormous number beheaded by him, 13;
true cause of their wars with the Franks, 120;
their early kings, 303.
See Anglo-Saxons.

Scabini, representative character of the, i. 216;
difference between them and the Rachimburgii, ib. note ^z;
their functions, 238 and note ^g.

Scanderbeg, protracted opposition to the Turks by, ii. 138.

Scandinavia and her Sea Kings, ii. 271.

Sclavonians, territories occupied by the, i. 19.

Scotus (Duns), notices of, iii. 427, 428 note ⁱ, 429.

Scotus (John), an exception to the ignorance of his times, iii. 290 and note ^r;
character of the philosophy introduced by him, 430 note ^p.

Scrope (lord steward), answers to the commons by, iii. 60;
cause of his dismissal from office, 66.

Serfdom and villenage, distinctive features of, i. 197-200.
See Villeins.

Servitude enforced upon the cultivators of the soil in the middle ages, i. 328, 329;
contrary hypothesis of M. Guérard, 329-331.

Sforza Attendolo, rise to distinction of, i. 481;
his tactics relative to the crown of Naples, 489, 490.

Sforza (Francesco), powerful position achieved by, i. 483;
becomes duke of Milan, ib.;
joins in the quadruple league, 493;
his policy towards Naples, 504;
accession and assassination of his son Galeazzo, 496;
policy of Ludovico Sforza, ib.;
he directs the French king's attention towards Naples, 505;
short-sightedness of his views, ib.

Sheriffs, partiality of, in elections, iii. 113;
how originally appointed, 120 and note ^y.

Sicily, conquest of, by Roger Guiscard, i. 363;
its subsequent fortunes, 378;
its rebellion against Charles of Anjou, 483;
the Sicilian Vespers, 484 and note;
opposition of the Sicilians to Charles II. of Naples, 484;
settlement of the crown on Frederic, 485;
Sicilian possessions of the Chiaramonti, 490;
union of Sicily with Aragon, ib.

Sigismund elected emperor of Germany, ii. 87 and note ^g;
his safe-conduct violated, 102;
acquires the crown of Hungary, 104;
his conduct at the council of Constance, 249.

Silk manufacture established in Palermo, iii. 331.

Silvester II. (pope), scientific acquirements of, iii. 290, 291 note.

Simony. See Church, Clergy.

Slavery, existence of, in ancient times, i, 197;
its features amongst the Franks, 198 and note ^q;
voluntarily submitted to from superstitious motives, 199;
edicts for its abolition, 202;
submitted to by the poor for subsistence sake, 328;
Venetian and English slave-trading, iii. 316 and note ^d.

Society, state of.
See Architecture, Chivalry, Clergy, Feudal System, Learning, Superstition, Trade, Villenage.

Sorel (Agnes), examination of the story of, i. 80 note ^z.

Southey's Joan of Arc, eulogium of a French writer upon, i. 143.

Spain, character of the Visigothic kingdoms in, ii. 1;
its conquest by the Saracens, 2;
kingdoms of Leon, Navarre, Aragon, and Castile, 3, 4;
reverses of the Saracens, 5;
chartered towns, 6, 7, 8;
establishment of military orders, 8;
non-expulsion of the Moors, 10;
its probable cause, 11;
Alfonso X. and his shortcomings, 12;
frequent defection of the nobles, 13;
Peter the Cruel, 14;
accession of the Trastamare line, 15;
disgrace and execution of Alvaro de Luna, 16, 17;
contests after Henry IV.'s death, 18;
constitution of the national councils, 19;
composition of the Cortes, 21;
its trade relations with England, iii. 327.
See Aragon, Castile, Cortes.

Spelman (Sir Henry), remarkable mistake of, i. 166 note ⁿ.

Sports of the field, popularity of, iii. 309;
addiction of the clergy thereto, 310;
evils attendant thereon, 311.

States-General of France, memorable resistance to taxation by the, i. 66;
convoked by Philip IV., 225, 226;
probability of their earlier convocation canvassed, ib. note;
Philip's politic reasons for summoning them, 226;
extent of their rights as to taxation, 227, 228 and notes;
their resolute proceedings in 1355 and 1356, 228;
their protest against the debasement of the coin, 230 and notes;
disappointment occasioned by their proceedings in 1357, 231;
they compel Charles VI. to revoke all illegal taxes, 232;
effect of their limited functions, 233;
theoretical respect attached to their sanction, 234;
provincial estates and their jurisdiction, ib.;
encroachments of Louis XI., 235;
the States-General of Tours, 236;
means by which their deliberations were jeopardized, ib.;
unpalatable nature of their remonstrances, 237.

Stratford (archbishop), circumstances attending the trial of, iii. 205.

Succession to kingly and other dignities. See Hereditary Succession.

Suevi, part of the Roman empire held by the, i. 1.

Suffolk (duke of), impeachment of, iii. 99.

Suffolk (earl of). See Pole.

Sumptuary laws, enactment and disregard of, iii. 343, 344 and notes.

Superstition, learning discouraged by, iii. 274;
its universal prevalence, 293;
instances of its results, 294;
ordeals, 294, 295 and notes;
fanatical gatherings: the White Caps, 296;
the Pastoureaux, ib.;
the Flagellants, 297;
the Bianchi, 298;
pretended miracles, and their attendant evils, 298, 299;
miracles ascribed to the Virgin, 300 and note;
redeeming features of the system, 301;
penances and pilgrimages, 306, 307.
See Religious Sects.

Surnames, introduction of, i. 190.

Sweden, semi-feudal custom in, relative to military service, 188 note ^g.

Swineford (Katherine), proceedings relative to the marriage of, iii. 74, 75.

Switzerland, early history of, ii. 107;
ascendency of Rodolph, ib.;
expulsion and defeat of Albert and Leopold, 108, 109;
formation of the Swiss confederation, 109;
indomitable heroism of the Swiss, 111;
their military excellence, ib.;
failure of Maximilian's attempt to subjugate them, 112.

Syagrius, Roman provinces governed by, i. 2;
defeated by Clovis, ib. and 106.

Taborites, fanaticism and courage of the, ii. 103;
iii. 390.

Tacitus, general accuracy of the descriptions of, i. 273;
qualifications necessary to be observed touching his account of the Germans, 274.

Tartars. See Moguls.

Taxation, remarks on the philosophy of, i. 68;
clumsy substitutes for taxes in the middle ages, 208;
arbitrary course adopted by Philip Augustus, 212;
conditions annexed by the States-General to a grant of taxes, 230;
Philip de Comines on taxation, 236;
taxes under the Anglo-Norman kings, ii. 321, 322 and notes.
See States-General.

Temple, knights of the. See Knights Templars.

Tenure of land under the Anglo-Saxons and Anglo-Normans, ii. 293-301, 406-410.
See Feudal System.

Teutonic knights, establishment of the order of, i. 40.

Theodebert, story of the wife of, iii. 306 note ^u.

Theodoric, disregard of learning by, iii. 275.

Thierry (son of Clovis), territories possessed by, i. 4, and 5 note.

Timur, conquering career of, ii. 133.

Tithes, establishment of, ii. 144;
Charlemagne's capitulary relative thereto, 145 and notes;
origin of lay impropriators, 148;
note relative to the subject, 263.

Toledo taken from the Moors, ii. 5.

Torriani. See Visconti.

Toulouse, non-submission of the counts of, to the kings of France, i. 27 and note ^r;
their fall, 29.
See Raymond VI.

Towns and cities, earliest charters granted to, i. 256;
considerations on the causes of such grants, ib. 257;
privileges of incorporated towns, 258;
their relationship towards the crown, 259-261;
independence of maritime towns, 261;
chartered towns of Spain, ii. 6;
their privileges and duties, 7, 8;
cause of their importance, 20;
cities of Germany [see Germany];
cities of Italy [see Florence, Genoa, Milan, Pisa, Venice].

Towns of England, progress of the, iii. 19;
Canterbury, Lincoln, and Stamford, 20 note ^r;
conversion of individual tributes into borough rents, 21;
incorporation of towns by charter, 22 and notes;
curious bond relative to Cambridgeshire, 23 note ^b;
prosperity of the towns, 24;
early importance and populousness of London, 24, 25 and notes;
participation of its citizens in constitutional struggles, 26;
first summoning of towns to parliament, 27.
See Municipal Institutions.

Trade and commerce, mediæval non-existence of, iii. 313;
barriers to their progress, ib. 314;
extent of foreign commerce, 315;
home traffic in slaves 316 and note ^d;
woollen manufactures and vacillating policy of the English kings relative thereto, 318-323 and notes;
opening of the Baltic trade, 324;
growth of English commerce, 325;
opulence of English merchants, ib. 326;
increase of maritime traffic, 326-328;
commercial eminence of the Italian states, 328-330 and notes;
invention of the mariners' compass, 332, 333;
compilation of maritime laws, 333;
frequency and irrepressibility of piracy, 334;
practice of reprisals, 335, 336 and notes;
liability of aliens for each other's debts, 336;
trade profits and rates of interest, 337;
price of corn and cattle, 368.

Trial by combat, ceremonials attending, i. 242, 243 and notes;
abolished by St. Louis, 244.

Trial by jury and its antecedents, ii. 285-288;
early modes of trial, 386-388;
abolition of trial by ordeal, 390;
difference between ancient and modern trial by jury, 392;
original functions of juries, ib.;
origin of the modern system, 402-404;
character of the early system, 405.

Troubadours (the), and their productions, iii. 434-436.

Troyes, conditions of the treaty of, i. 76 and note.

Turks, Italian fears of the, i. 495;
triumphant progress of their arms, ii. 127;
their defeat by the crusaders and Alexius, 128;
their settlement under Othman, 132;
war declared against them at Frankfort, 136;
the Janizaries, 137.
See Ottomans.

Tuscany (Boniface, marquis of), flogged for simony, ii. 181 note ^q.

Tuscany, league of the cities of, i. 382;
espousal of the papal cause, ib. 389;
progress of its cities.
See Florence.