Philosophy, Pre-Sokratic, i. 1-83;
value, xiv;
form compared with the Indian, 107;
studied in the third and second centuries B. C. , 92;
importance of Aristotle’s information about, 85;
Plato’s criticism on, 87 n.;
relation of early schemes, 86;
Aristotle’s relation to, 85;
abstractions of Plato and Aristotle compared with Ionians, 87;
Timæus resembled Ionic philosophy, 88 n.;
theories in circulation in Platonic period, 91;
Ionians attended to material cause only, 88;
defect of Ionic principles, 89;
little or no dialectic in earliest theorists, 93;
physics discredited by growth of dialectic, 91;
new characteristic with Zeno and Gorgias, 105.

Phlogiston theory, ii. 164 n.

Φρόνησις, ii. 120 n., iii. 301 n., 370 n.

Φθόνος, meaning, iii. 356 n.

Φύσις, of Demokritus, i. 70 n.;
in sense of γένεσις, denied by Empedokles, 38 n.;
φύσει and κατὰ φύσιν, iii. 294 n., iv. 310 n.;
see Nature.

Physics, transcendentalism in modern, i. 400 n.;
creation out of nothing, denied by all ancient physical philosophers, 52;
aversion to studying, on ground of impiety, iv. 219 n., 397 n.;
Thales, i. 4;
Anaximander, 4-7;
Anaximenes, 7;
Pythagorean, 12;
Xenophanes, 18;
Parmenides, 24, 90 n.;
his phenomena the object of modern, 23 n.;
and ontology, radically distinct points of view, ib.;
reconciliation of ontology with, attempted unsuccessfully after Parmenides, ib.;
Herakleitus, 27, 32;
Empedokles, 38;
attraction and repulsion illustrate his love and enmity, 40 n.;
Anaxagoras, 49, 57;
denied simple bodies, 52 n.;
atomic doctrine, 65, 67;
early, discredited by growth of dialectic, 91;
retrograded in Plato and Aristotle, 88 n.;
theories in circulation in Platonic period, 91;
Eudoxus, 255 n.;
early study of Sokrates, ii. 391;
Sokrates avoided, i. 376;
Cynics’ contempt for, 151;
and Aristippus’, 192;
see Kosmos.

Physiology, of Empedokles, i. 43;
Theophrastus, 46 n.;
Anaxagoras, 58;
Diogenes of Apollonia, 60 n., 62;
Demokritus, 76;
of Timæus subordinated to ethical teleology, iv. 256;
of Plato, see Body;
compared with Aristotle and Hippokrates, 260.

Plants for man’s nutrition, iv. 248;
soul of, ib.

Platæa, iii. 406.

Plato, life, little known, i. 246;
birth, parentage, and education, 247, 306 n.;
early relations with Sokrates, 248;
service as a citizen and soldier, 249;
political life, 251;
political changes in Greece during life, 1;
travels alter death of Sokrates, 253;
permanently established at Athens, 254;
teaches at the Academy, ib.;
received presents, not fees, iii. 218 n.;
his pupils, numerous, wealthy, and from different cities, i. 255;
many subsequently politicians, 261 n.;
Eudoxus, 255;
Aristotle, 260;
Demosthenes, 261 n.;
visits the younger Dionysius, 258, 351, 194 n.;
relations with Dionysius, 255;
disappointments, 280;
varying relations with Isokrates, ii. 331 n., iii. 35;
his jealousy and love of supremacy, i. 117 n., 153 n.;
alleged ill-nature, 117 n.;
antipathy to Antisthenes, 151, 152 n., 165;
alleged enmity between Xenophon and, iii. 22 n., iv. 146 n., 312 n.;
rivalry with Lysias, iii. 408, 410 n., 411 n.;
death, i. 200;
Plato and Aristotle represent pure Hellenic philosophy, xiv;
St. Jerome on, xv;
criticism on early Greek philosophy, 87 n.;
relation to predecessors, 91;
theories in circulation in his time, ib.;
Parmenidês and Pythagoras supplied basis for, 89;
relation to Sokrates, 344 n., ii. 303;
Pythagoreanism, i. 10 n., 15 n., 87, 344 n., 346 n., 347, 349 n., ii. 426 n., iii. 368, iv. 424 n.;
Herakleitus, i. 27, ii. 30;
Demokritus, i. 66 n., 82 n., iv. 355 n.;
abstractions of Plato and Aristotle compared with Ionic philosophy, i. 87;
physics retrograded with, 88 n.;
analogy to Indian philosophy, ii. 389 n.;
resemblance to Hebrew writers, iv. 157 n., 256;
little known of him from his Dialogues, i. 260, 339;
personality only in his Epistles, 349;
valuable illustrations of his character from Epistles, 339 n.;
his school fixed at Athens and transmitted to successors, 265;
scarcely known to us in his function of a lecturer and president of a school, 346;
lectures at the Academy, never published, 360;
miscellaneous character of audience, effect, 348;
lectures, 347;
De Bono, ib., 349;
on principles of geometry, 349 n.;
circumstances of his intellectual and philosophical development little known, 323 n.;
did not write till after death of Sokrates, 326, 334, 443 n.;
proofs, 327-334;
variety, 339, 342, 344, ii. 155 n., iii. 26 n., 54, 179 n., 259, 265 n., 400, 420;
style, i. 405;
prolixity, ii. 100 n., 276, iii. 259, 369 n., iv. 325 n.;
poetical vein predominant in some works, i. 343, iv. 153 n.;
mixture of poetical fancy and religious mysticism with dialectic theory, iii. 16;
comic vein, 410 n.;
builds on metaphor, i. 353 n., iii. 65 n., 351, 364;
rhetorical powers, 178 n., 392 n., 408, 409, 410;
irony, ii. 208;
tendency to embrace logical phantoms as real causes, 404 n.;
both sceptical and dogmatical, i. 342;
his affirmative and negative veins distinct, 399, 400 n., 403, 420;
in old age the affirmative vein, 408;
altered tone in regard to philosophy in later life, iv. 273, 320, 379, 424, i. 244;
intolerance, 423, iii. 277, iv. 157, 159, 379, 430;
inconsistencies, i. xiii, ii. 29, 303, 345, 416 n., iii. 17, 172 n., 273, 277, 332, 372, iv. 24, 219, 379-86, 396;
absence of system, i. xiii, 340 n., 344, 375;
untenable hypothesis that he communicated solutions to a few, xi, 360, 401;
assumed impossibility of teaching by written exposition, 349, 357, ii. 56 n.;
this assumption intelligible in his day, i. 357;
a champion of the negative dialectic, 372;
devoted to philosophy, 333;
his aim, 406;
is a searcher, 375, iii. 158 n.;
search after knowledge the business of his life, i. 396;
has done more than any one else to interest others in it, 405;
anxiety to keep up research, ii. 246;
combated commonplace, i. 398 n.;
equally with Sophists, laid claim to universal knowledge, iii. 219;
anachronisms, i. 335, ii. 20 n., iii. 411;
colours facts to serve his arguments, ii. 356 n., 369, iii. 46, iv. 311;
probably never read Thucydides, iii. 410 n.;
acquiescence in tradition, iv. 230-3, 242 n.;
relation to popular mythology, i. 441 n., ii. 416, iii. 265 n., iv. 24, 155 n., 196, 238 n., 325, 328, 337, 398;
theory of politics to resist King Nomos, i. 393;
reverence for Egyptian regulations, iv. 266 n.;
latest opinion in Epinomis, 421 n., 424 n.;
agreement of Leibnitz with, ii. 248 n.;
see Canon, Dialogue, Epistles, &c.

Platonists, influenced by Pythagoreans, iii. 390 n.;
pleasure a form of evil, ib.;
erroneous identification of truth and good, 391 n.

Pleasurable, Beautiful a variety of, ii. 45;
inadmissible, 45-7;
and Good, as conceived by the Athenians, 371;
is it identical with good, 289.

Pleasure, an equivoque, iii. 377 n.;
meaning as the summum bonum, 338;
Plato’s various doctrines compared, 385 n.;
is the good, ii. 292, 305, 347 n.;
agreement with Aristippus, i. 199-201;
right comparison of pains and, necessary, ii. 293;
virtue a right comparison of pain and, ib., 305;
ignorance, not pleasure, the cause of wrongdoing, 294;
actions conducive to, are honourable, 295;
Sokrates’ reasoning, 307;
not ironical, 314;
not Utilitarianism, 310 n.;
theory more distinct than any in other dialogues, 308, 347;
but too narrow and exclusively prudential, 309;
compared with Gorgias, 306 n., 345-6;
Republic, 210, 350 n.;
not identical with Good, 345, iii. 380 n., iv. 62;
Sokrates’ argument untenable, ii. 351;
its elements depreciated, 355;
arts of flattery aiming at immediate, 357;
Expert required to discriminate, 345, 347;
science of measure necessary to estimate pleasures, 357 n., iii. 357, 369 n., 376 n., 391, iv. 301;
is it good, iii. 335, 337;
pleasures unlike each other, 336, 396;
is good intense pleasure without any intelligence, 338;
life without pain or pleasure conceivable, at least second-best, 349, 372;
less cognate than intelligence to good, 339, 347, 361;
not identical with ἀλυπία, 338 n., 353, 377;
is of the infinite, 347;
is the indeterminate, 348;
pre-supposes pain, 349, 389 n.;
except in the derivative pleasures of memory and expectation, 349;
is the restoration of the system’s harmony, 348;
antithesis of body and mind in desire, no true pleasure, 350;
true, attached to true opinion, 351;
same principle of classification applied to cognitions as to, 382;
can they be true or false, 351, 352, 385, 380 n., 382;
false, are pleasures falsely estimated, 352, 384;
theory of pleasure-haters, partly true, 354;
intense, not compatible with cognition, 363;
Aristotle on, 376 n.;
same view enforced by Hedonists, 378, 387 n.;
intense, connected with bodily or mental distemper, 356, 391;
but more pleasure in health, 356;
feelings excited by drama, φθόνος, 355 n.;
true, of beautiful colours, odours, sounds, acquisition of knowledge, 356;
of geometry, painless, ib., 387 n.;
of intelligence more valuable than of sense, 375 n., 386 n., iv. 85, 89, 118;
analogy of cognition and, iii. 360;
true, admit of measure, 357, 369 n.;
is generation, therefore, not an end, nor the good, 357;
Aristippus and Aristotle on, 378 n.;
is an end, and cannot be compared with intelligence, a means, 373, 377 n.;
good a mixture of pleasure and cognition, 361;
only true, pure, and necessary pleasures included in good, 362;
gods and kosmos free from pleasure and pain, 389;
intelligence postulated by the Hedonists, 374;
Plato argues on Hedonistic basis by comparing, 375;
both ἀλυπία and pleasure included in Hedonists’ end, 377;
Sokrates differs little from pleasure-haters, 389;
doctrine not defensible against pleasure-haters, 387, 390 n.;
of intelligence, the best, and alone pure, iv. 85, 89;
of φιλομάθεια superior to φιλοκέρδεια and φιλοτιμία, 85, 89, 118;
neutral condition of mind intermediate between pain and pleasure, 86;
pure pleasure, unknown to most men, 87;
more from replenishment of mind than of body, 88;
citizens should be tested against, 285;
Sokrates the ideal of self-command as to, 288;
good identical with maximum of, and minimum of pain, 292-7, 299, 303;
at least an useful fiction, ib.;
a form of evil, Platonists’ doctrine, iii. 390 n.;
Speusippus on, 386 n., 390 n.;
Kyrenaic theory, i. 196;
Antisthenes, iii. 390 n.;
Cynics’ contempt for, i. 154;
Aristotle, iii. 386 n.;
Epikurus, ii. 355 n., iii. 387 n.;
Lucretius, 387 n.;
Cicero, 389 n.;
Prof. Bain, 383 n.

Plotinus, i. 376 n., iii. 84 n.

Poets, censured by Herakleitus, i. 26;
Xenophanes, 16;
the art is one, ii. 127;
arbitrary exposition by the rhapsodes, 125;
and rhapsodes work by divine inspiration, 127, 129;
deliver wisdom without knowing it, 285;
the great teachers, 135;
really know nothing, ib.;
Strabo against, iv. 152 n.;
appeal to maxims of, ii. 178;
importance of knowledge of, 283;
Plato’s forced interpretations of, 286, ib. n.;
relation of sophists, rhetors, philosophers to, iv. 149;
ancient quarrel between philosophy and, 93, 151;
Plato’s feelings enlisted for, 93;
Plato’s aversion to Athenian dramatic, 316, 350;
peculiar to himself, 317;
Aristotle differs, ib. n.;
change for worse at Athens began in, 313;
censured, ii. 355, iv. 91, 130 n.;
their mischievous imitation of imitation, 91;
retort open to, 153 n., 154 n.;
mischievous appeal to emotions, ii. 126, iv. 92, 152, 349;
only deceive their hearers, 91;
credibility upheld by Plato, 161;
must avoid variety of imitation, 26;
orthodox type imposed on, 24, 153, 155, 292-6, 323, 349;
to keep emotions in a proper state, 169;
Plato’s expulsion of, censured, iii. 3;
actual place of, in Greek education, compared with Plato’s idéal, iv. 149-53;
mixture in Plato of poetry with religious mysticism and dialectic theory, iii. 16;
poetic vein of Sokrates in Phædon contrasted with Apology, ii. 421;
Aristophanes on function of, iv. 306 n.

Political art, its use, ii. 206, iii. 415;
Sokrates declares he alone follows the true, ii. 361;
society and ethics, topic of Sokrates, i. 376;
ethics merged by Sokrates in, ii. 362;
treated together by Plato, iv. 133;
apart by Aristotle, 138;
Plato’s and Aristotle’s new theory of, to resist King Nomos, i. 393;
relation to philosophy, ii. 224, 227, 229, 230 n., 365 n., 368 n., ib., iii. 179, 183, iv. 51-4, i. 181 n., 182;
to be studied by itself exclusively, ii. 229;
Lewis on ideals, iv. 139 n.;
see Government, Monarchy, Ruler.

Politikus, authenticity, i. 307, 316 n., iii. 185 n., 265 n.;
date, i. 309, 410, 313, 315, 325;
purpose, iii. 188, 253, 257 n., 261;
value, 190;
relation to Theætêtus, 187;
scenery and personages, 185;
in a logical classification all particulars of equal value, 195;
province of sensible perception narrower in Theætêtus, 256;
importance of founding logical partition on sensible resemblances, 255;
the attainment of the standard the purpose of each art, 260;
necessity of declaring standard, 262;
Plato’s views on mensuration, 260;
Plato’s defence against critics, 262;
the mythe of the kosmos, 265 n.;
causes principal and auxiliary, 266;
the king the principal cause, ib.;
Plato does not admit received classification of governments, 267;
three kinds of polity, 278;
true classification of governments, scientific or unscientific, 268;
unscientific government, or by many, counterfeit, ib.;
of unscientific governments, despot worst, democracy least bad, 270, 278;
true government, by the one scientific man, i. 273, iv. 280, 310 n.;
counter-theory in Protagoras, iii. 275;
government by fixed laws the second-best, 269;
scientific governor, unlimited by laws, 269;
distinguished from general, &c., 271;
aims at forming virtuous citizens, 272;
maintains ethical standard, 273;
natural dissidence of gentle and energetic virtues, ib.;
excess of the energetic entails death or banishment, of the gentle, slavery, ib.;
courage and temperance assumed, 282;
compared with Lachês, 282-4;
Charmidês, ib.;
Menon, 283;
Protagoras, 262, 275;
Phædon, 262, 265 n.;
Phædrus, 257, 265 n.;
Parmenidês, 259;
Theætêtus, 184 n., 187, 256;
Kratylus, 281, 329;
Philêbus, 262, 369 n.;
Republic, 257 n., 279.