Μνήμη,
derivation, iii. 302
n.;
difference of
ἀνάμνησις, 350 n.
Mohl, Prof., on Hafiz, iii. 16 n.
Μοῖραι, relation to Gods, iv. 221 n.
Monad,
the Pythagorean, i. 11-12;
Platonic form of Pythagorean doctrine, 15 n.;
see Number.
Monarchy,
and democracy the mother-polities, iv. 312;
dissent of Aristotle, ib.
n.;
monarch a Principal Cause, iii. 266;
true government by the one scientific man, 268, 273;
no laws to limit scientific governor, 269;
idéal attainable only in Saturnian
period, 264,
iv. 319;
distinguished from general, rhetor, &c., iii. 271;
aims at forming virtuous citizens, 272;
Sokratic ideal differently worked out by Plato and Xenophon, 273;
of Atlantis, iv. 268;
bad education of kings’ son, 312.
Monboddo,
on Cartesian and Newtonian theories, ii. 402 n.;
on Ideas, 408
n.;
mind and body, iv. 387
n.
Monkeys, Galen on structure of, iv. 257 n.
Morality
of a society, how transmitted, ii. 274;
relation of art to, see Education,
Poetry;
Ethics.
More, Dr. Henry,
emanative cause, ii. 403
n.;
metempsychosis, 427
n.;
relativity of knowledge, iii. 124 n.
Moses, Plato compared to, iv. 256.
Motion,
of atoms, the capital fact of Demokritean kosmos, i. 72;
Zeno’s arguments, 97;
not denied as a phenomenal and relative fact, 102;
form of, iii.
209-10, 232,
245 n.;
varieties of rectilinear, iv. 225 n.;
circular, the best, 225, 388-9;
Diodôrus Kronus, i. 145;
Aristotle nearly coincides with, 146;
and Hobbes, ib.;
Monboddo on Aristotle and Plato, iv. 386 n.
Motives, distinction of, ii. 357 n.
Müller, Prof. Max,
origin of language, iii. 326 n.;
vague use of words, i. 398
n.
Munk, Dr. Edward, i. 311, 320, 401 n.
Music,
Pythagorean, of the spheres, i. 14;
and speech illustrate coalescence of finite and infinite, iii. 340;
Cynics’ contempt for, i. 151, 155;
Platonic sense, iv. 149;
disparaged, ii. 355;
education in, necessary for guardians, iv. 23;
and dancing, effect on emotions, 347;
excites love of the beautiful, 27;
importance of, in education, 305;
Aristotle on, 151
n., 306;
Xenophon,
ib., i. 228;
Luther, iv. 151
n.;
gymnastic necessary to correct, 29;
prizes at festivals, 292,
337, 358;
three choruses, youths, mature men, elders, 296, 305;
only grave allowed, 32,
168, 298 n.;
regulated by authority,
292-4, 349;
to keep emotions in a proper state, 169;
elders, by example, to keep up purity of music, 297;
change for worse at Athens began in, 313, 314 n.,
318;
dangers of change in national, doctrine also of Damon, 315.
Mysticism,
religious, in Empedokles, i. 47 n.;
mixture in Plato of poetical fancy and religious, with dialectic
theory, iii. 16.
Mythe,
general character of Plato’s, ii. 415, iii. 310, iv. 255 n.;
disparaged, in Sophistês, iii. 265 n.;
Plato’s resemblance to Hebrew writers, iv. 160 n.;
Aristotle on blending philosophy with, 255 n.;
probably often used by Sophists, ii. 267 n.;
of Prometheus and Epimetheus, 267;
value of, 276;
of Hades in Gorgias, 361;
of soul in Phædon, 415;
of pre-existent soul, iii. 12,
14 n.;
of the kosmos in Politikus, 265 n.;
Timæus, 409 n.;
Kritias,
ib., iv. 268;
of departed souls in Republic, 94;
the choice of Herakles, i. 177;
training by fictions, iv. 24,
154;
Plato’s view of the purpose of, ib.,
303-5;
Plato’s and Homer’s fictions contrasted, 153 n.;
retort open to poets,
ib., 154 n.;
no repulsive fictions to be tolerated about gods or Hades, 25, 154;
a better class to be substituted from religion for the existing
fictions, 160;
poet must avoid variety of imitation, 26, 155;
type for narratives about men, 26;
fiction as to origin of classes, 30;
difficulty of procuring first admission for fiction, 158.
Mythology,
prolonged belief in, iv. 152 n.;
Xenophanes’ censure of, i. 16;
Herakleitus’, 26;
Plato and the popular, 441
n.,
ii. 415,
iii. 265 n.,
iv. 24, 155 n.,
196, 238 n.,
325, 328, 337, 398.
Names,
relative and non-relative, iii. 232 n.;
Pythagorean theory, 304
n., 316 n.;
mystic sanctity of, 323
n.;
distinction of divine and human, 300 n.;
natural rectitude of, ii. 89,
iii. 286 n.,
300 n.,
306 n.;
connected with doctrine of Ideas, 286 n.,
327 n.;
difficult to harmonise with facts, 323;
the essence of things, 305
n.;
things known only through names, not true, 320;
the thing spoken of suffers, 287 n.;
forms of names and of things nameable, 289;
didactic instruments made by law-giver on type of name-forms, 287, 290, 313;
onomastic art,
ib.;
proofs cited from etymology, 299,
300 n.,
307 n.;
specimens of ancient etymologies, 307 n.,
308 n.,
309 n.,
310 n.,
311 n.;
not caricatures of sophists, 302,
304,
306-12, 314
n., 317 n.,
321, 324;
Plato’s idéal, 325, 328 n.,
330;
compared with his views on social institutions, 327;
Homo Mensura the counter theory of language, 326 n.;
intrinsic aptitude of, for particular things, 289;
consists in resemblance, 313;
vary in degree of aptitude, 318;
first imposer of, a Herakleitean, 302 n.,
314-7, 319
n.;
how they have become disguised, 312;
changes hard to follow, 315;
Herakleitean theory admitted, 310;
some names not consistent with it, 319;
the theory uncertain, implicit trust not to be put in names, 321, 325;
see Language.
Nature,
course of, the ultimatum of Demokritus and moderns, i. 73, ib.
n.;
all proceedings of, conducted according to fixed laws, iii. 286;
Greek view of, hostile to philosophical speculation, i. 86;
interdependence of, ii. 247;
antithesis of law and, 333,
338, i. 197;
also in Indian philosophy, 162;
φύσει and
κατὰ
φύσιν, iii. 294 n.,
iv. 309 n.;
Aristotle, 387
n.;
uncertainty of referring to, ii. 340, iv. 194, i. 162;
meaning of law of, ii. 341
n.;
Mill on number of ultimate Laws of, iii. 132;
no object in, mean to the philosopher, 61.
Necessity,
means Freewill in Plato, iv. 221;
kosmos produced by joint action of reason and, 238.
Negative,
Plato’s view of the, erroneous, iii. 236. 239;
predications disallowed by Menedêmus, i. 170.
Negative Method,
harshly censured by historians of philosophy, i. 123;
preponderated in Plato’s age,
ib.;
erroneously attributed to Sophists and Megarics, 371, 387;
the charge brought by contemporary Athenians against Sokrates, 388;
Sokrates and Plato its champions, vii,
x,
372;
Sokrates the greatest Eristic of his age, 124;
first applied negative analysis to the common consciousness, 385, 389 n.;
to social, political, ethical topics, 385;
the Megarics shared with Plato the negative impulse of Sokrates, 126;
Academics, 131
n.;
negative and affirmative veins in Plato distinct, 399, 403, 420;
the negative extreme in Parmenidês, iii. 71, i. 125;
overlooked in Kriton, 433;
well illustrated in Lysis, ii. 177;
the affirmative prominent in his old age, i. 408;
its necessity as a condition of reasoned truth, 91, 371, 373, 387, 395 n.,
421, ii. 186, i. 130;
a value by itself, iii. 51,
70, 85,
149-50, 176,
184 n.,
284, 422;
a necessary preliminary to the affirmative, ii. 186, 201;
essential to control of the affirmative, iii. 92 n.,
i. 123;
its difficulties never solved, iii. 51;
see Dialectic.
Nemesius, relativity of mental and sensational processes, iii. 122 n.
Newton, accused of substituting physical for mental causes, ii. 402 n.
Nile, inundation of, explanation of Anaxagoras, i. 58 n.
Νόμιμον, equivocal use, ii. 38.
Nominalism,
first protest against Realism, Antisthenes, i. 164;
of Stilpon, 167.
Nomos,
idea of law less extensive than, i. 380 n.,
382 n.,
ii. 92 n.;
omnipotence of King, i. 378,
380, 392 n.,
424, ii. 333;
Sokrates an exception,
ib.;
Plato’s and Aristotle’s theory of politics to
resist King, i. 393
n.;
Plato appeals to, iv. 24
n.;
Epiktêtus, i. 388
n.;
common sense of a community, its propagation, ii. 274;
no common End among established
νόμιμα, iii. 282 n.,
iv. 204 n.;
see Authority,
Orthodoxy.
Noumenon of Kant agrees with Parmenidês’ ens, i. 21.
Number,
the principle of Pythagoreans, i.
9-12, 14;
differs from Plato’s Idea, 10;
its modern application,
ib. n.,
14 n.;
limited to ten, according to Plato and Pythagoreans, 11 n.;
the Greek geometrical conception of, iii. 112 n.;
mean proportionals, iv. 224
n.;
see Arithmetic.
Objective,
and subjective views of ethics, Sokrates distinguished, i. 451;
dissent coincident with subjective unanimity,
ib.;
see Relativity.
Observation,
astronomy must not be studied by, iv. 73;
nor acoustics, 74.
Obstetric, of Sokrates, i. 367, ii. 251, iii. 112, 176.
Oken, Pythagoreanism, i. 10 n.
Oligarchy,
iv. 79;
Plato’s second state a compromise of democracy and, 333, 337.
Ὁμώνυμα, first distinguished from συνώνυμα by Aristotle, iii. 94 n.
Ὁμωνύμως, ii. 193.
One, in
the Many, and Many in the One, aim of philosophy, i. 407;
difficulties about many and, iii. 339;
see Idea.
Ontology
and physics, radically distinct points of view, i. 23 n.;
the science of Ens, first appears in the Eleates, 22;
reconciliation of physics with, attempted unsuccessfully after
Parmenides, 23
n.;
Plato blends ethics with, iii. 306;
Aristotle’s substratum for phenomenology, i. 24 n.;
tendency to embrace logical phantoms as real causes, ii. 404 n.;
see Ens, Philosophy.
Opinion, public, see Authority.
Opinion,
Xenophanes’ doctrine, i. 18;
Parmenides’, 20;
Demokritus’, 72;
embraces all varieties of knowledge save of the Good, ii. 30;
right, of good statesmen, derived from inspiration, 242;
compared with knowledge, 241,
253, 255 n.,
iii. 167 n.,
181 n.;
antithesis less marked in Theætêtus
than Politikus, 257;
Plato’s compared with modern views, ii. 254;
the mind rises from sensation to opinion, then cognition, iii. 164;
distinct from sensation, 166;
true, knowledge is, 168;
verification from experience, not recognised as necessary or possible, ib.;
if false, possible, 169,
181 n.,
351;
waxen memorial tablet in the mind, 169;
false, is the confusion of cognitions and non-cognitions, refuted, 171;
wherein different from knowledge, 172;
true, not knowledge, communicated by rhetor, ib.;
true, plus rational explanation, is knowledge, 173;
analogy of elements and compounds, ib.;
rejected, 174;
intercommunion of forms of non-ens and of
proposition, opinion, judgment, 213, 214;
akin to proposition, and may be false, by partnership with form non-ens,
214;
relation to kosmical soul, iv. 227;
its matter, what is between ens and non-ens, 49;
two grades of, Faith or Belief, and Conjecture, 67;
true pleasure attached to true, iii. 351.
Opposites, only one to each thing, ii. 13 n.
Orphic
canon of life, iii. 390
n., iv. 15;
coincidence of Timæus with, 255 n.
Orthodoxy,
local infallibility claimed, but rarely severely enforced in Greece,
iv. 396;
less intolerance at Athens than elsewhere, iii. 277, iv. 126;
Sophists conform to prevalent, 56;
irresistible effect of public opinion in producing, i. 392, iv. 55;
common sense of a community, its propagation, ii. 274;
Plato on, i. xi,
342, 392 n.,
424, iv. 69 n.,
165;
probable feelings of Plato, ii. 367;
Sokrates in Phædon contrasted with Apology,
421;
inconsistently exacted in Plato’s state, iii.
277-8, iv. 24,
156, 160, 327, 379, 430;
three varieties of heresy, 376;
proëm to laws against, 383;
first confuted, 386;
argument inconsistent and unsatisfactory, 388;
second confuted, 389;
contradicts Republic, 390;
the third the worst, 384;
confuted, 391;
general Greek belief, 381,
391, 394;
incongruity of Plato’s doctrine, 393;
opposition to Plato’s doctrine in Greece, 395;
Cicero, 379
n.;
Milton, ib.;
Bp. Butler, 166
n.;
book-burning, 379
n.;
see Authority.
Οὐσία, must be known before πάθη, ii. 243 n.
Παιδεραστία, iii. 20 n., iv. 359.
Paley, remarks illustrative of Sokratic dialectic, i. 377 n.
Panætius,
style, i. 406
n.;
on Phædon, 288, 334 n.;
Plato’s immortality of the soul, ii. 423 n.;
dialogues of Sokratici viri, i. 112 n.
Parmenidês,
metaphysical and geometrical rather than physical, i. 23 n.,
89;
the absolute, 19-24,
iii. 104;
Herakleitus opposed to, i. 37;
ens and non-ens, an inherent contradiction in human mind, 19;
ens alone contains truth, phenomena probability,
24;
ens erroneously identified by Aristotle with heat, ib.
n.;
non-ens, iii. 243
n.;
opposition to Homo Mensura, 113;
phenomena of, the object of modern physics, i. 23 n.;
mind, 26;
theology, 19,
25;
physics, 7
n., 90 n.;
two physical principles, 24;
doctrine defended by Zeno, 93,
99, iii. 58;
relation of Demokritus to, i. 66;
with Pythagoras supplied basis of Platonic philosophy, 89;
refutation of, in Sophistês, iii. 211, 223;
summum genus enlarged by Eukleides, 196 n.;
and Sokrates blended by Eukleides, i. 118.
Parmenidês,
the, date, i. 309,
315, 316 n.,
338 n.,
iii. 71 n.,
244 n.;
authenticity, i. 307-11,
320,
327, 338 n.,
401 n.,
iii. 68 n.,
69, 88 n.,
185 n.;
criticism of dialogue generally, 82;
its character, 56;
purpose negative, 71,
85 n.,
85, 93, 97, 108, i. 125;
the genuine Platonic theory attacked, iii. 68;
attack not unnatural, 71;
its dialectic, compared with Zeno’s, i. 100;
scenery and personages, iii. 58;
Sokrates impugns Zeno’s doctrine, 59;
and affirms Ideas separate from, but participable by, sensible objects,
ib.;
objections,
60-7;
no object in nature mean to the philosopher, 61, 195 n.;
ideas, how participable by objects, 63, 72, iv. 138;
analogous difficulty of predication, i. 169;
not merely conceptions, iii. 64,
74;
“the third man,” 64 n.;
not mere types, 65;
not cognizable, since not relative to ourselves, ib.,
72;
cognizable only through unattained Idea of cognition, 66;
which gods have, 67,
68 n.;
dilemma, ideas exist or philosophy impossible, 68;
exercises required from students, 79;
provisional assumption of hypotheses, and their consequences traced, ib.;
nine demonstrations from unum est and unum
non est, 81,
340;
criticism of antinomies, 82,
85 n.,
88 n.,
99 n.;
exercises only specimens of method applicable to other antinomies, 91;
more formidable than problems of Megarics, 92;
these assumptions convey the minimum of determinate meaning, 94;
different meanings of the same proposition in words, 95, 97 n.;
first demonstration a Reductio ad absurdum of Unum non multa,
96, 101;
second, demonstrates Both of what the first
demonstrated Neither, 98, 101;
third mediates, 100,
101;
but unsatisfactory, 102;
Plato’s imagination of the Instantaneous,
100;
found no favour, 102;
the fourth and fifth, 101,
102;
the sixth and seventh, 103;
unwarranted steps in the reasoning, 105;
seventh is founded on genuine doctrine of Parmenidês, 104;
eighth and ninth, 106;
conclusion compared to enigma in Republic, 108;
compared with Sophistês and Politikus,
187 n.,
259;
Philêbus, 97 n.,
340 n.,
343;
Republic, iv. 138;
Euthydêmus, ii. 200.