Gorgias
the Leontine, reasoned against the Absolute as either Ens or Entia, i. 103;
Ens incogitable and unknowable, 104;
contrasted with earlier philosophers, 105;
not represented by Dionysodorus in Euthydemus, ii. 202;
celebrity, 317;
theory of vision, iv. 237
n.
Gorgias, the date, i.
305-7,
308-10, 312,
315, ii. 228 n.,
318 n.,
367;
its general character, discrediting the actualities of life, 355;
reply to, by Aristeides, 371 n.;
upholds independence and dignity of philosophic dissenter, 375;
scenery and person ages, 317;
rhetoric the artisan of persuasion, 319;
a branch of flattery, 321,
370;
citation of four statesmen, 358,
362;
true and counterfeit arts, 322;
multifarious arts of flattery, aiming at immediate pleasure, 357;
despots and rhetors have no real power, 324;
description of rhetors, untrue, 369;
rhetoric is of little use, 329,
iii. 410;
Sokrates’ view different in Xenophon, ii. 371 n.;
issue unsatisfactorily put by Plato, 369;
view stands or falls with idéal of Good,
374;
all men wish for Good, 324;
illustration from Archelaus, 325,
333 n.,
334, 336, i. 179;
Plato’s peculiar view of Good, ii. 331, 335;
contrasted with usual meaning, 331;
καλὸν and
αἰσχρὸν defined, 327, 334;
definition untenable, 334;
to do, a greater evil than to suffer, wrong, 326, 359;
inconsistent with description of Archelaus, 333;
reciprocity of regard indispensable,
ib.;
opposition of Law and Nature,
ib., 338;
no allusion to Sophists, 339;
uncertainty of referring to nature, 340;
punishment a relief to the wrong-doer, 327, 328, 335;
the only cure for criminals’ mental distemper, 328;
consequences of theory, 336;
analogy of mental and bodily distemper
pushed too far, 337;
its incompleteness, 363;
are largest measure, and all varieties, of desire, good, 344;
good and pleasurable as conceived by the Athenians, 371;
good and pleasurable not identical, 345, iii. 380 n.;
argument untenable, ii. 351;
expert required to discriminate pleasures, 345, 347;
idéal of measure, view of order,
undefined results, 374;
permanent and transient elements of human agency 353-5;
psychology defective, 354;
temperance the condition of virtue and happiness, 358;
Sokrates resolves on scheme of life, 360;
agreement of Sokrates with Aristippus, i. 200 n.;
Sokrates alone follows the true political art, ii.
361-2;
condition of success in life, 359;
danger of dissenter, ib.;
Sokrates as a dissenter, 364;
claim of locus standi for philosophy, 367;
but indiscriminate cross-examination given up, 368;
mythe respecting Hades, 361;
compared with Protagoras, 270 n.,
306 n.,
345-8, 349-55, iii. 379;
Philêbus, ib.,
380;
Apology, Kriton, Republic,
ii. 362;
Leges, ib.,
iv. 301, 302, 324;
Menexenus, 409;
Xenophontic Sokrates, i. 178,
221.
Government,
natural rectitude of, ii. 89;
Plato does not admit the received classification, iii. 267;
true classification, scientific or unscientific, 268;
monarchy and democracy the mother-polities, iv. 312;
dissent of Aristotle,
ib. n.;
seven distinct natural titles to, 309;
illustrated by Argos, Messênê, Sparta, 310;
imprudent to found on any one title only,
ib.;
five types of,
78-84;
three constituents of good, 312;
Plato’s idéal, ii. 363;
unscientific, or by many, counterfeit, iii. 268;
genuine, by the one scientific man,
ib., 273, iv. 280;
counter-theory in Protagoras, ii. 268, iii. 275;
distinguished from general, &c., 271;
no laws, 269;
practicable only in golden age, iv. 319;
by fixed laws the second best, iii. 270;
excess of energetic virtues entails death or banishment, of gentle,
slavery, 273;
true ruler aims at forming virtuous citizens, 272;
standard of ethical orthodoxy to be maintained, 273;
of unscientific forms despotism worst, democracy least bad, 270, 278;
a bad government no government, 281 n.;
timocracy, iv. 79;
oligarchy, ib.;
democracy, 80;
despot, 81;
education combined with, by Plato, Xenophon, Aristotle, 142;
Sokratic ideal differently worked out by Plato and Xenophon, iii. 273;
Xenophon’s idéal, citizen
willing to be ruled, i. 215,
218, 219;
and scientific ruler, 224;
Xenophon’s scheme of, a wisely arranged Oriental despotism, 234;
see State.
Gräfenhahn, iii. 312 n.
Grammar, no formal, existed in Plato’s time, ii. 34 n., iii. 222.
Greece,
political changes in, during Plato’s life, i. 1;
Greeks all by nature kinsmen, iv. 47.
Guardians,
characteristics, iv. 23,
25;
drunkenness unbecoming, 298
n.;
consist of men and women, 41,
46;
syssitia, 359;
communism of, ib.,
44, 140, 169;
maintenance of city dependent on their habits, character, education, 32, 34, 139, 170, 178;
no family ties, 41, 174-8;
temporary marriages, 44,
175;
object, 198;
number limited, Plato and Aristotle, 178, 198-200;
age for studies, 76;
studies introductory to philosophy, 70-4;
courage seated in, 35;
analogous to reason and energy in individuals, 39;
divided into rulers and auxiliaries, 29;
compared with modern soldiers, 148,
180.
Gymnastic,
art reducible to rule, ii. 372 n.;
measured quantity alone good, 112;
education in, necessary for guardians, iv. 23;
should be simple, 28;
imparts courage, 29;
prizes at festivals, 338;
but object of training, war, not prizes, 358;
music necessary to correct, 29.
Hades,
no repulsive fictions tolerated of, iv. 25, 154;
mythe of, in Republic, 94;
in Gorgias, ii. 361.
Hamilton, Sir Wm.,
doctrines inconsistent, i. xiii.
n.;
Plato’s reasonings on the soul, ii. 250 n.,
428 n.;
Reid and Berkeley, iii. 165
n.;
Judgment implied in every act of Consciousness, 166 n.;
relativity of knowledge, 133 n.;
primary and secondary qualities, iv. 243 n.
Happiness,
relation to knowledge, ii. 159,
160;
Plato’s peculiar view of, 335;
contrasted with usual meaning, 331;
its elements depreciated, 353;
temperance the condition of, 358;
all men love Good as means to, iii. 5;
and good, correlative terms in Philêbus, 335;
Sydenham on seat of, 372
n.;
the end of the state and individual, iv. 98;
flowing from justice, 20,
84, 90;
see Good, Pleasure.
Harris, James,
on Homo Mensura, iii. 139 n.;
Plato’s etymologies, 302 n.;
on Stoical doctrine of virtue, iv. 106 n.;
on sophism
Κυριεύων,
i. 141 n.;
time, 146
n.
Harvey, Dr. Wm., iv. 259.
Hebrew
studies, their effect on classical scholarship, i. xv.
n.;
uniformity of tradition contrasted with diversity of Greek philosophy, 384 n.;
allegorical interpretation of prophets, ii. 286 n.;
writers, Plato’s resemblance to, iv. 160 n.,
256.
Hedonists,
doctrine, iii. 374;
included ἀλυπία in end, 377;
did not set aside all idea of limit, 392 n.;
basis adopted in Plato’s argument, 375, 387 n.;
enforced same view as Plato on intense pleasures, 378;
see Pleasure.
Hegel,
origin of philosophy, i. 382
n.;
ideal expert,
ib.;
Plato’s view of the soul, ii. 414 n.;
Anaxagoras’ nous, 403 n.
Hegesias,
the “death-persuader,” i. 202;
coincidence with Cynics, 203;
doctrine of relativity, 204.
Heindorf,
on Kratylus, iii. 310 n.;
Charmidês, iv. 136 n.;
Republic,
ib.
Hekatæus, censured by Herakleitus, i. 26.
Herakleitus,
works and obscure style, i. 26;
dogmatism and censure of his predecessors, ib.;
metaphysical, 27;
physics, ib.,
32;
did not rest proof of a principle on induction of particulars, iii. 309 n.;
Fieri his principle, i. 28;
Parmenides’ opposed, 37;
the law of Fieri alone permanent, 29;
no substratum, 30;
identified with Homo Mensura, iii. 114, 115, 126, 128;
rejected by Aristotle, but approved by modern science, i. 37 n.,
iii. 126 n.,
154 n.;
exposition by metaphors, i. 28,
30;
fire and air, 27,
31;
fire a symbol for the universal force or law, 30 n.;
distinction of ideal and elementary
fire, 32 n.;
doctrine of contraries, 30,
31, iii. 101 n.;
the soul an effluence of the Universal, i. 34;
individual reason worthless,
ib.;
Universal Reason, the reason of most men as it ought to be, 35;
περιέχον
compared with Anaxagorean Nous, 56 n.;
sleep, 34;
theory of vision, iv. 237
n.;
time, 228
n.;
paradoxes, i. 37
n.;
Πολυμαθίη
νόον οὐ
διδάσκει,
26;
reappears in Plato, ii. 30;
enigmatical doctrine of his followers, iii. 159 n.;
their repugnance to dialectic, i. 106 n.;
names first imposed in accordance with his theory, iii. 301 n.,
314-7;
names the essence of things, 324 n.,
325;
theory admitted, 316;
some names not consistent with it, 318;
the theory uncertain, 321;
flux, true of particulars, not of Ideas, 320;
antipathy to Pythagoras, 316 n.;
influence on the development of logic, i. 37;
on Diogenes of Apollonia, 64 n.;
Protagoras, iii. 159
n.;
Plato, i. 27;
Stoics, 27,
34 n.
Herakleitus the Allegorist, iii. 3 n., iv. 157 n.
Hêraklês, the choice of, ii. 267 n., i. 177.
Hermann, Godfrey, natural rectitude of names, iii. 300 n.
Hermann, K. F.,
theory of Platonic canon, i. 307;
Susemihl coincides, 310;
principle of arrangement reasonable, 322;
more tenable than Schleiermacher’s, 324;
Ueberweg attempts to reconcile Schleiermacher with, 313;
on Hippias Major, ii. 34 n.;
Kratylus, iii. 309 n.;
Republic, 244 n.;
Leges, iv. 274 n.,
328 n.,
369 n.,
374 n.
Hermokrates, intended as last in Republic tetralogy, i. 325, iv. 266, 273.
Herodotus,
infers original aqueous state of earth from prints of shells and
fishes, i. 19
n.;
Psammetichus’ experiment, iii. 289 n.;
the gods’ jealousy, iv. 164 n.;
sacrifice and prayer, 394,
ib.
n.
Herschel, Sir John, axioms of arithmetic from induction, iv. 353 n.
Hesiod,
cosmology, i.
2-3, 4
n.;
censured by Xenophanes, 16;
by Herakleitus, 26.
Hindoos,
Sleeman on grounds of belief among, iii. 150 n.;
philosophers compared with Eleatics, i. 159 n.