Smith, W. Robertson, on Semiramis, 369 sq.

Smut in wheat, ceremony to prevent, 318

Snails as scapegoats, 52, 53

Snake or lizard in annual ceremony for the riddance of evils, 208

Snipe as scapegoat, 51

Social ranks, inversion of, at festivals, 350, 407

Socrates, church historian, 394

Sods, freshly cut, a protection against witches, 163

Soldiers, Roman, celebration of the Saturnalia by, 308 sq.

Solomon Islanders, their expulsion of demons, 116

—— Islands, 9

Solstice, the winter, ceremony after the, 127

Soma, worship of, 90

Songs, liturgical, revealed by gods, 381

—— and dances, how they originate, 378 sq.

Sonnenberg, popular cure for gout in, 56

Soracte, Mount, 311

Sorcerers as protectors against demons, 94;

exorcise demons, 113

Soule, a ball contended for in Normandy, 183

Souls of the dead received once a year by their relations, 150 sqq.

South American Indians, 12, 20

Sow as scapegoat, 33

Sowing, prayer at, 138;

expulsion of demons at, 225;

the god of, 232;

dances at, 234 sqq.;

Saturn the god of, 346;

in Italy, season of the spring, 346

Sown fields, fire applied to, on Eve of Twelfth Night, 316, 318, 321

Spain, the Boy Bishop in, 338

Spear, sacred, 218

Spears used to expel demons, 115, 116

Spirits, retreat of the army of, 72 sq.;

guardian, 98;

good and evil, personated by children, 139;

Festival of Departed, 154

Spitting as a mode of transferring evil, 3, 10, 11;

as a mode of transferring disease, 187;

at ceremony for expulsion of evils, 208

Spittle as a protection against demons, 118

Spring, rites to ensure the revival of life in, 400

Squills used to beat human scapegoats, etc., 255 sq.

Star, the Morning, personated by a man, 238;

of Bethlehem, 330

Steele, Sir Richard, quoted, 333

Sternberg, L., quoted, 101 sq.

Sticks, fertilizing virtue attributed to certain, 264 sq.

—— and stones, evils transferred to, 8 sqq.;

piled on the scene of crimes, 13 sqq.

See also Throwing

Stinging young people with ants and wasps, custom of, 263

Stone-throwing at Mecca, rite of, 24;

in ancient Greece, 24 sq.

Stones heaped up near shrines of saints, 21;

communion by means of, 21 sq.;

thrown at demons, 131, 146, 152

—— and sticks, evil transferred to, 8 sqq.;

piled on the scene of crimes, 13 sqq.

See also Throwing

Stoning, execution by, 24 n. 2

—— human scapegoats, 253, 254

Stopfer, maskers in Switzerland, 239

Stow, John, on Lords of Misrule, quoted, 331 sq.

Strabo, on the Sacaea, 355, 369;

on the worship at Zela, 370 n. 4;

on the sanctuary at Zela, 421 n. 1

Strack, H. L., 395 n. 3

Stratification of religious beliefs among the Malays, 90 n. 1

Straw wrapt round fruit-trees as a protection against evil spirits, 164

Strehlitz, in Silesia, 157

Strudeli and Strätteli, 165

Substitutes in human sacrifice, 396 sq., 408

Sucla-Tirtha in India, expulsion of sins in, 202

Suffering, principle of vicarious, 1 sq.

Suffolk cure for ague, 68

Suicides, ghosts of, feared, 17 sq.

Sukandar river, 60

Sumatra, the Battas or Bataks of, 87, 213

Sun, appeal to the, 3;

charm to prevent the sun from setting, 30 n. 2;

reappearance of, in the Arctic regions, ceremonies at, 124 sq., 125 n. 1;

temple of the, at Cuzco, 129;

spirit who lives in the, 186;

hearts of human victims offered to the, 279, 298;

Mexican story of the creation of the, 410;

Syrian custom of saluting the rising, 416

—— -god, Christmas, an old pagan festival of the, 328;

the Egyptian, 341

Sunderland, cure for cough in, 52

Süntevögel or Sunnenvögel, 159 n. 1

Superhuman power supposed to be acquired by actors in sacred dramas, 382, 383

Supplementary days of the year, 171

Supreme Being in West Africa, 74 sq.

—— God of the Oraons, 92 sq.

Susa, capital of the Elamites, 366

Swabia, the “Twelve Lot Days” in, 322

Swahili, the, of East Africa, their New Year's Day, 226 n. 1

Swallow dance, 381

Swallows as scapegoats, 35

Sweden, 14, 20, 27

Sweeping misfortune out of house with brooms, 5

—— out the town, annual ceremony of, 135

Swords used to ward off or expel demons, 113, 118, 119, 120, 123, 203;

carried by mummers, 245

Syria, 17, 21;

Aphrodite and Adonis in, 386

Syro-Macedonian calendar, 358 n. 1

Tagbanuas of the Philippines, their custom of sending spirits of disease away in little ships, 189

Tahiti, transference of sins in, 45 sq.

Tahitians, the, 80

Taigonos Peninsula, 126

Taleins, the, of Burma, their worship of demons, 96

Talmud, the, on Purim, 363

Tamanachiers, Indian tribe of the Orinoco, 303

Tamanawas, dramatic performances of myths, 376, 377

Tamarisk branches used to beat people ceremonially, 263

Tambaran, demons, 82, 83

Tammuz, the lover of Ishtar, 371, 373;

annual death and resurrection of, 398;

at Jerusalem, the weeping for, 400.

See also Adonis

—— and Ishtar, 399, 406