[1307] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xxv. 115—. xxvii. t. M. 8. f. 1.
[1308] Piso Hist. Nat. 63. Curui 1. Jundia v.
[1309] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xxvii. 235. Hor. Entomolog. 203.
[1310] Ibid. 281—.
[1311] Ibid. 354, 390, 397.
[1312] This insect, except in its antennæ, so nearly resembles a Nirmus, that it might be mistaken for one. See Coquebert Illustr. Icon. i. t. ii. f. 14.
[1314] Fuessl. Archiv. t. lii. f. 5.
[1315] Stoll Saut. de Pass. t. xx. b. f. 79.
[1317] Genes., ii. 19—.
[1318] Pol. Synops. on Genes. ii.
[1319] Genes. i. 25.
[1320] Linn. Trans. iv. 51—. See Levit. xi. 20—.
[1321] The Neuroptera appears to be the only Order not so signalized. It is worthy of notice that insects are usually noticed generically and not specifically in Scripture. On the insects of Scripture see Bochart Hierozoic. ii. 1. iv.
[1322] Isai. vii. 18. Joel ii. Rev. ix. 3.
[1323] Prov. xxx. 24—.
[1324] 1 Kings iv. 33.
[1325] Linn. Trans. i. 5.
[1327] Ibid. l. i. c. 5.
[1328] Ibid. l. iv. c. 7.
[1329] Ibid.
[1330] Ibid. l. v. c. 19.
[1331] Aristotle calls winged insects Pterota when he would distinguish them from those that are apterous, and Ptilota when he contrasts them with birds. (Comp. Hist. Anim. l. iv. c. 1. with l. i. c. 5.) Sometimes he calls birds thus contrasted Schizoptera, and insects Holoptera. De Anim. Incess. c. 10.
[1332] Ibid. l. i. c. 5.
[1333] Ibid. and l. iv. c. 7.
[1334] Ibid.
[1335] Hist. Anim. l. iv. c. 1.
[1336] Ibid.
[1337] Ibid. l. viii. c. 11.
[1338] Gr. Ον τροφης χαριν εχει οδοντας αλλ' αλκης. Αλκη means Strength of mind, Fortitude, Strenuousness, also Help:—it here probably signifies their strenuous use of their oral organs in fulfilling their instincts. De Partib. Anim. l. iv. c. 5.
[1339] Hist. Anim. l. iv. c. 7.
[1340] Ibid.
[1341] Gr. Αερσιποτητος αραχνη. Dies. lin. 13.
[1342] Hist. Nat. l. xi. c. 25.
[1343] Vol. I. p. 481. Vol. II. p. 121—.
[1344] De Natur. Animal. l. vi. c. 20.
[1345] Ibid. l. xv. c. 1.
[1346] Opera vi. 683.
[1347] Ibid. 153—.
[1348] Ibid. 154, 233, 265, &c.
[1349] Opera vi. 676, 679, 680.
[1351] Opera vi. 682—.
[1352] Esperienz. ed Osserv. i. 42—.
[1353] Pultency's Sketches of Botany in England, i. 86.
[1354] Theatr. Insect. Epist. Ded. i.
[1355] Theatr. Insect. Epist. Ded. i.
[1356] Theriotroph. Siles. 455.
[1357] Aristotle (Hist. Anim. l. i. c. 1.) says, "The sponge seems to have some sensation: as a proof, it is not easily plucked up, unless, so they say, the attempt is concealed."
[1358] Lister's Goedart, Præf. ii.
[1359] See Vol. I. p. 65—, where these terms are explained.
[1360] Swamm. Bibl. Nat. i. 38—.
[1361] Ibid. 92—.
[1362] Ibid. 119—.
[1363] Ibid. ii. 1—.
[1364] Ibid. 31—.
[1365] Ibid. 30.
[1366] Hist. Ins. Prolegom. ix.—
[1367] These are all Annelida.
[1368] Larvæ.
[1369] Various Aptera and the Bed Bug.
[1370] Nymphon.
[1371] Scorpio.
[1372] Spiders, Phalangia, and Mites.
[1373] Iulus.
[1374] Scolopendra.
[1375] Annelida.
[1376] This section is divided by the author into thirteen tribes.
[1377] Lepidoptera.
[1378] Apis, Bombus, &c.
[1379] Vespidæ.
[1380] Andrena, Halictus, Nomada, &c.
[1381] Crabro, Philanthus, Cerceris, &c.
[1382] Serifera? Ichneumon, &c.
[1383] Trichoptera.
[1384] Pimpla Manifestator, and other Ichneumonidæ, with a long ovipositor.
[1385] Our author has followed Swammerdam in this unnatural separation of those Diptera whose metamorphosis is coarctate from the rest; and in associating with them the Chalcidites, whose metamorphosis is really different. Into this error both were led by system.
[1386] Philos. Lett. &c. 141.
[1387] Ibid. 343.
[1388] Ray died in 1705, and Linné was born in 1707.
[1389] When a boy he attempted to introduce wasps and bees into his father's garden, to the great annoyance of the old gentleman.—Stœver's Life of Linnæus, 4.
[1390] Ibid. 75.
[1391] Linn. Philos. Botan. n. 87, 188, 189.
[1392] See above, p. 342, n. 5.
[1393] Linn. n. 291.
[1394] Fn. Suec. Præf.
[1396] Histoire abrégée des Insectes.
[1398] The first volume of his Mémoires was published in 1752.
[1399] The first volume of this work was published in 1734, the sixth and last in 1742.
[1400] Reaum. i. Mém. vi. vii. and Mém. ii. 68—.
[1401] Smith's Tour, iii. 150.
[1402] Vol. I. p. 175. Also see above, p. 166—.
[1403] Bonnet i. 19—.
[1404] We have been informed that these valuable remains are at length likely to be rescued from oblivion, and given to the public.
[1405] Vol. II. p. 48, note51.
[1406] Since the former edition of these volumes was published, another and most important association has been formed, having for its object the Animal Kingdom solely; which not only has a museum to receive specimens of dead animals (by the liberal donation of its present learned secretary, of his own rich collection, and from other sources, already most interesting both as a spectacle and to the student), but also a Vivarium, in which a considerable and curious assemblage of living animals may be seen. This association, which is named The Zoological Society, is principally indebted for its formation to the efforts of a great, amiable, and lamented character, the late Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles, whose merits were equally conspicuous both as a Politician and a Naturalist, and who was its first President.
[1407] Linné is recorded to have said, "Si Dominus Fabricius venit cum aliquo Insecto, et Dominus Zoega cum aliquo Musco, tunc ego pileum detraho et dico: Estote doctores mei." Stœver's Life of Linnæus. 186.
[1408] Fab. Philos. Entomolog. Præf.
[1410] Philos. Entomolog. vi. §. 2. Syst. Ent. Prolegom.
[1411] From Ελευθερος, Free.
[1412] Derivation uncertain. Perhaps Αυλων, A long and narrow space or tract.
[1413] Συνιστημι, To stand together.
[1414] Πιεζω, To press.
[1415] Οδους, A tooth.
[1416] Μιτος, A thread.
[1417] Unogata is probably a mistake for Onychata; from Ονυξ, A claw.
[1418] Doubtless for Polygnatha; from Πολυς, Many, and Γναθος, A jaw.
[1419] Κλειστος, Closed, and Γναθος.
[1420] Εξω, Without, and Γναθος.
[1421] Γλώσσα, A tongue.
[1422] Ῥυγχος, A rostrum.
[1423] Αντλια, A pump.
[1424] Dispositio insectorum sistit divisiones s. conjunctiones eorum, et est artificialis quæ Classes et Ordines, et naturalis quæ genera, species, et varietates docet. Philos. Entomol. vi. §. 2.
[1425] Ibid. §. 7.
[1426] Latreille Gen. Crust. et Ins. iii. 214.
[1427] With respect to Natural Genera he says—"Cavendum tamen ne nimis imitando naturam systematis amittamus filum Ariadneum." Ibid. § 6.
[1428] Fab. Entomolog. Syst. em. et auct. i. Præf. iv.
[1429] Fabricius calls this a chaos, and threatens to prove it, but he never fulfilled his threat. See Fab. Supplem. Præf. i.
[1430] Introd. ad Hist. Nat. 401.
[1431] See N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. x. article Entomologie; and Familles Naturelles du Règne Animal 262—.
[1432] These tables, except the first, are taken from the Familles Naturelles du Règne Animal. As a new edition of M. Le Baron Cuvier's Règne Animal is preparing, M. Latreille will doubtless give in it a still more improved arrangement of the Crustacea, Arachnida, and Insecta.
[1433] Several of the minor groups given in the table he has further resolved before he arrives at his genera.
[1434] Vol. III. p. 348, note903.
[1436] Syst. des Anim. sans Vertèbr. 185.
[1437] Ibid. 171.
[1438] Anim. sans Vertèbr. iii. 332—.
[1439] Anat. Comp. i. t. viii.
[1440] Expos. d'une Meth. Nat. 17.
[1442] Linn. Trans. xi. 376. N. B. I have transferred from the Arachnida his suborder Notostomata, as he subsequently placed it at the end of Insecta, under the Omaloptera.
[1443] See above, pp. 378, 380, 385, 390.
[1445] See Vol. III. p. 25—. and above, p. 394—.
[1446] Hor. Entomolog. c. vi.
[1448] Hor. Entomolog. 420—.
[1449] Ibid. 422.
[1450] Other systems or methods have been promulgated by various authors, as by Schæffer, Scopoli, Geoffroy, &c. Walckenaer and Blainville have proposed one founded on the number of the legs of insects; but those in the text are the principal and best known.—N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xvi. 277.
[1451] Linn. Trans. xiv. 59—. Annulos. Javan. 6. See above, p. 408.
[1452] Latreille Gen. Crust. et Ins. iii. 226. note 1.
[1453] Præf. ii.
[1454] Linn. Trans. ii. 63—.
[1455] Mon. Ap. Angl. i. 211—.
[1456] Vol. III. p. 620. n. 3.
[1457] It may not be unprofitable here to mention those works which the Entomologist may find it most useful to consult in various departments of the science. For descriptions of the Genera and Species of insects in general, he must have recourse to the Entomologia Systematica emendata et aucta of Fabricius, and its Supplement; to the volumes he subsequently published under the titles Systema Eleutheratorum, Rhyngotorum, Glossatorum, Piezatorum, and Antliatorum; to the Genera Crustaceorum et Insectorum of Latreille; to the same department of the Règne Animal of Cuvier; and to the Animaux sans Vertèbres of Lamarck. He will find the genera of Linné and Fabricius illustrated by figures, in Rœmer's Genera; and many of the species described by the latter in Coquebert's Illustratio Iconographica. In our countryman Drury's beautiful Illustrations of Natural History, a large number of new and rare insects are depicted; and in Mr. Donovan's Insects of China, India, and New Holland, some of the most brilliant and interesting that have been imported from those countries. Panzer's Faunæ Insectorum Germanicæ Initia has little short of 3000 figures of insects of every Order (a considerable number of which are found to inhabit Britain), by the celebrated Sturm; and the latter, in his Deutschlands Fauna, has illustrated many Coleopterous genera analytically (as has also M. Clairville the weevils and Predaceous beetles of Switzerland in his Entomologie Helvétique) by his admirable pencil. Beetles in general are well figured and described in Olivier's splendid Entomologie; as are those of Europe in a beautiful work now in course of publication, under the title of Coleoptères d'Europe, by MM. Latreille and Dejean. The latter author has also begun a work on this Order under the title of Species général des Coléoptères de la Collection de M. Le Comte Dejean; two volumes of which have appeared, containing part of the Carabici Latr. but I fear it has stopped for want of encouragement. Had the descriptions been less verbose it would have had a better chance of success. For the Orthoptera and Hemiptera, the student must have recourse to Stoll's Spectres, Mantes, Sauterelles, Grillons, Blattes, Cigales, and Punaises. To a knowledge of the species of Lepidoptera, the admirable figures of Cramer (Papillons Exotiques de trois Parties du Monde), Esper (Schmetterlinge, Tagschmetterlinge), Hübner (Schmetterlinge, &c.), and Ochsenheimer's valuable Schmetterlinge von Europa, with the continuation by Treitschke, will afford a useful avenue. Meigen also, author of a most valuable work on the Europæan Diptera, is publishing at this time a work on Lepidoptera under the title of Europäische Schmetterlinge. To the Hymenoptera Jurine and Christian are the best guides, and to the Diptera Meigen.
With regard to works in British Entomology in general—Donovan's Natural History of British Insects, and Samouelle's Entomologist's Useful Compendium, will be found very excellent helps to the student. For the British Genera, the most important work that has yet appeared is Mr. John Curtis's British Entomology, in which not only are the insects admirably represented, but their trophi correctly delineated, accompanied by able descriptions. For the Coleoptera of our country, Mr. Marsham's Entomologia Britannica should be consulted: for the Lepidoptera, the Butterflies of Lewin, Mr. Haworth's useful Lepidoptera Britannica, and Miss Jermyn's Butterfly-Collector's Vade Mecum; and for the English species of Linné's genus Apis, the Monographia Apum Angliæ. A British Fauna Insectorum, under the title of Illustrations of British Entomology, has at length been happily begun by a gentleman (J. F. Stephens, Esq.) who both by his accurate knowledge of the subject, and the extent of his collection of British Insects, is best qualified to undertake it. As far as it has proceeded, it is ably executed, and possesses this advantage, (an advantage seldom to be obtained in works published periodically,) that it finishes, as far as possible, as it goes.
[1458] Linn. Philos. Botan. § 334.
[1459] Linn. Trans. x. 20—. &c. Dict. des Scienc. Nat. xviii.
[1460] Selborne i. 173.
[1461] Philos. Entomolog. ix. § 20.
[1462] Mém. du Mus. 1815.
[1463] Hor. Entomolog. 42—. 518.
[1464] Essai Elément. de Géograph. Botan. 62.
[1465] Wisdom of God, &c. 2d edit. 9.
[1466] Hor. Entomolog. 469. This calculation includes the Crustacea.
[1467] It has lately been discovered that the larva of Drilus flavescens, a beetle, feeds upon the common snail. (Bulletin des Scienc. Nat. 1824. iii. 297; v. 110; vi. 221.) I have found an Acarus on the same animal.
[1469] We employ this term, because the more common one, herbivorous, does not properly include devourers of timber, fungi, &c.
[1470] If we consider the number of species of Acari, Nirmi, Poduræ, and Araneidæ, this proportion will appear moderate.
[1471] Hor. Entomolog. 48.
[1472] Philos. Entomolog. ix. § 20.
[1473] Géograph. Génér. des Ins. 5.
[1474] Ibid.
[1475] Ibid. 7—.
[1476] Ibid. 8, 11.
[1477] Personal Narrat. E. T. v. 88. He says also that each stream almost has its peculiar species (Ibid. 98), and that they sometimes emigrate to stations they had not infested before. Ibid. 106—.
[1478] Hor. Entomolog. 519.
[1479] Latr. ubi supr. 3.
[1480] Géographie, &c. 22—.
[1481] Ibid. 27.
[1482] Géographie, &c. 20—.
[1484] As this insect is the type of a distinct genus amongst the Scutelleridæ, I have distinguished it by the name Fabricius gave the whole tribe.
[1485] M. Latreille (Géographie, &c. 8.) seems to regard these varieties as distinct; in which case they would be the representatives of the species named in the text: but the variations are mostly so slight, as not to afford any satisfactory distinctive characters.
[1486] Géogr. Génér. des Ins. 2.
[1487] When I described the Melville Island insects for Captain Sabine, I received from him no Culices; but I afterwards saw in his possession a genuine one from thence.—K.
[1488] Linn. Trans. xii. 380—. n. 6, 7.
[1489] Ibid. n. 5.
[1490] Dejean in his catalogue gives only 434 species; while Mr. Stephens, four years ago, had 550, and has since increased the number to above 600.
[1491] Journal of a Tour in Iceland, 272.
[1493] Entomogr. Russ. Coleopt. t. xiii. f. 1.
[1494] Ahren's Fn. Europ. i. 1.
[1495] Hor. Ent. 47—.
[1496] Annulosa Javanica, 36.
[1497] See the Rev. L. Guilding's admirable History of Xylocopa Teredo and Horia (Cissites Latr.) maculata, Linn. Trans, xiv. 313—.
[1498] Out of 51 species described by Bilberg, 28 are African, and 19 of these are from the Cape.
[1499] Géogr. Génér. des Ins. 18.
[1500] Hor. Entomolog. 45.
[1501] Dr. Leach has described 8 British species (Linn. Trans. xi. 37.); Dejean has 7 Spanish ones.
[1502] I have a very splendid species of this genus taken by C. C. Elwes Esq. on the Pyrenees, which is undescribed, and falls under none of the count Dejean's Families, having its elytra perfectly smooth, without striæ, punctures, &c. It is of a brilliant golden green. It stands in my cabinet under the name of C. lævigatus. K.
[1503] Fischer Entomogr. Russ. 90—. t. viii. f. 13.
[1505] Major General Hardwicke gave me one of this description from Nepal.
[1506] Latr. Géograph. &c. 18—.
[1507] Linn. Trans. xiv. t. iii. f. 4.
[1508] Hor. Entom. 147.
[1509] Linn. Trans. ubi supr. f. 1.
[1510] Ibid. xii. t. xxi. f. 9.
[1511] Ibid. f. 14.
[1512] To this genus belong Melolontha aurulenta. Ibid. 400; and M. sericea. Ibid. 463.
[1513] Latr. Géograph. 7.
[1514] Cetonia atropunctata and Brownii of Linn. Trans. (xii. 464. t. xxiii. f. 6.) belong to this genus.
[1515] Linn. Trans. xii. t. xxii. f. 2; t. xxiii. f. 7.
[1516] Latreille, Géograph. &c. 10.
[1517] Linn. Trans. xiv. 569.
[1519] Fischer, Entomogr. Russ. i. 135.
[1520] From finding it in water, Fabricius considered this insect as a Hydrophilus, but it is a true Cercyon.
[1522] Personal Narrat. E. T. v. 91—.
[1524] A species of Gyrinus (G. Viola aquatica), described by Modeer (Linn. Syst. Nat. Ed. Gmel. i. 1612. n. 9.), is said to inhabit salt water.
[1525] Géograph. &c. 6.
[1526] Apis *., a. Mon. Ap. Angl. ii. 178—.
[1527] Linn. Trans. iv. 30—. v. 96—. t. iv.
[1529] Géograph. &c. 6.
[1531] These, as well as Melecta, are probably a kind of Cuckow-bee. Mon. Ap. Angl. i. 150.
[1532] Melitta * *. b. Mon. Ap. Angl. i. 138—.
[1533] Mémoires sur le gènre Halicte.
[1535] Linn. Trans. ix. 78—. t. i. f. 20.
[1536] Ibid. 55. t. i. f. 12.
[1537] This insect does not, I believe, eat the petals of the rose, but laps the nectar it produces. I have seen it employed upon wounded trees lapping the sap.
[1538] Mon. Ap. Angl. ii. 172. 257.
[1539] See above, p. 491, note1467.
[1540] Ibid. p. 219; and Vol. I. p. 267—.
[1541] Ibid. p. 256—.
[1542] Apis * *. e. 2. K.
[1543] Apis * *. c. 2. α. K.
[1544] Butterfly Collector's Vade Mecum, 66, noted.
[1545] De Geer ii. 638—. 641—.
[1546] Swamm. Bibl. Nat. i. Conf. 114 with 103.
[1547] Reaum. vi. 480—.
[1549] Lepidopt. Britann. 263—.
[1550] Linn. Trans. v. 256.
[1553] Vol. II. p. 217. See above, p. 200.
[1554] Entomologist's Useful Compendium. t. xi. f. 5.
[1556] Lepidopt. Britann. 20.
[1560] Samouelle's Compendium. t. xi. f. 1, 2.