[X-64] Brasseur, Hist., tom. iii., pp. 66-7, renders this passage very ambiguously. 'Ce fut en ce lieu (Patamagua Nacaraho) que les dieux, frères de Curicaneri, se séparèrent; chacun des chefs chichimèques, prenant le sien, alla se fixer au lieu que la victoire lui donna. Pour lui, continuant le cours de ses conquêtes, il chassa tour à tour le gibier sur les terres voisines, passant d'une montagne à l'autre, et jetant la terreur dans les populations d'alentour.'
[X-65] 'Patzcuaro veut évidemment dire le lieu de temples; cu ou cua, dans la langue tarasque, comme dans la langue yucatèque.' Brasseur, Hist., tom. iii., p. 72.
[X-66] Pimentel, Cuadro, tom. i., p. 499; Beaumont, Crón. Mechoacan, MS., pp. 61-2, quoting Basalenque, Hist. Mech., lib. i., cap. xv.
[X-67] Beaumont, Crón. Mechoacan, MS., pp. 60-61. Granados, p. 185, refers to a seven years' struggle, which may be the same as the above. The records indicate two great battles at Tajimaroa and Zichu.
[X-68] Clavigero, tom. i., p. 150; Alcedo, Dicc., tom. iii., p. 461; Pimentel, Cuadro, tom. i., p. 499. See also this vol., pp. 432-5. Sahagun, tom. iii., lib. x., p. 129.
[X-69] Brasseur, Hist., tom. iii., pp. 51-78; Carbajal Espinosa, Hist. Mex., tom. i., pp. 264-85.
[X-70] Also spelled Tzihuanga, see note 62.
[X-71] See this vol., pp. 477-8. Beaumont says that Tlahuicol gained nothing during his six months' campaign except some booty, and he doubts whether that was much, as along the frontier there was little to be had. Crón. Mechoacan, MS., pp. 59-60.
[X-72] He bore the title of Caltzontzin. See note 63. Brasseur says he was also called Gwangwa Pagua, Hist., tom. iii., p. 78.
[X-73] Beaumont, Crón. Mechoacan, MS., p. 68.
[X-74] Crón. Mechoacan, MS., pp. 71-3.
[X-75] See vol. iii. of this work, p. 446.
[X-76] For boundaries of Miztecapan, see ante, vol. i., p. 678.
[X-77] See vol. i., p. 679, for boundaries.
[X-78] Burgoa, Geog. Descrip. Oajaca, tom. ii., pt i., pp. 195-6; Murguia, Estadist. Guajaca, in Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, tom. vii., p. 167.
[X-79] Orozco y Berra, Geografía, p. 133; Veytia, tom. i., p. 150.
[X-80] Torquemada, tom. i., p. 32; Gomara, Conq. Mex., fol. 299; Motolinia, in Icazbalceta, Col. de Doc., tom. i., p. 8; Burgoa, Geog. Descrip. Oajaca, tom. ii., pt i., p. 175; Sahagun, tom. iii., lib. x., p. 136; Orozco y Berra, Geografía, p. 120.
[X-81] Hist., tom. iii., p. 5.
[X-82] Brasseur, citing Burgoa, Geog. Descrip. Oajaca, tom. ii., pt i., fol. 128-9, says they were male and female, and from them descended the race that subsequently governed the country. Hist., tom. iii., p. 6; García, Orígen de los Ind., pp. 327-8.
[X-83] Burgoa, Geog. Descrip. Oajaca, tom. ii., pt i., pp. 128, 175-6; Orozco y Berra, Geografía, p. 80, says this story is merely invented to show the great age of the Miztecs. See also ante, vol. iii., p. 73.
[X-84] Burgoa, Geog. Descrip. Oajaca, tom. ii., pt i., fol. 128-9. Orozco y Berra, Geografía, p. 126, says the Zapotecs took their region by force of arms from the Huatiquimanes, or Guanitiquimanes.
[X-85] Hist., tom. iii., pp. 8-9.
[X-86] Torquemada, tom. i., p. 255; Herrera, dec. iii., lib. ii., cap. xi.; Veytia, tom. i., p. 164; Burgoa, Geog. Descrip. Oajaca, tom. ii., pt ii., fol. 297-8, 343-5.
[X-87] See vol. ii. of this work, pp. 209-11.
[X-88] 'De allà de la Costa del Sur, mas cerca de la Eclyptica vezindad del Perù, y segun las circunstancias de su lengua, y trato de la Provincia ò Reyno de Nicarahua.' Burgoa, Geog. Descrip. Oajaca, tom. ii., pt ii., fol. 396; Murguia, Estadist. Guajaca, in Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, tom. vii., p. 183; Orozco y Berra, Geografía, pp. 173-4. See also Mühlenpfordt, Mejico, tom. ii., pt i., p. 176. Guillemot relates that some Peruvian families fled northward along the Cordilleras. On the banks of the Sarrabia they resorted to the fire test to find out whether the gods wished them to settle there. A brand was placed in a hole, but as it was extinct in the morning, they knew they must go further. Four emissaries went in search of another place. Beneath a coapinol-tree, where now stands Huixicovi, the brand-proof answered the test, and so they settled there. The coapinol is still venerated. Fossey, Mexique, pp. 50-1; see also p. 467.
[X-89] Burgoa, Geog. Descrip. Oajaca, tom. ii., pt i., fol. 196.
[X-90] Burgoa, Geog. Descrip. Oajaca, tom. ii., pt ii., fol. 312, 367-76.
[X-91] Burgoa, Geog. Descrip. Oajaca, tom. ii., pt i., fol. 197.
[X-92] Brasseur, Hist., tom. iii., p. 39.
[X-93] Id.; Burgoa, Geog. Descrip. Oajaca, tom. ii., pt i., fol. 181, 188.
[X-94] Burgoa, Geog. Descrip. Oajaca, tom. ii., pt ii., fol. 230, 245.
[X-95] Brasseur, Hist., tom. iii., p. 45.
[X-96] Burgoa, Geog. Descrip. Oajaca, tom. ii., pt ii., fol. 330; Murguia, Estadist. Guajaca, in Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, tom. vii., pp. 167, 201.
[X-97] Herrera, dec. iv., lib. ix., cap. vii.; Murguia, Estadist. Guajaca, in Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, tom. vii., p. 183; Burgoa, Geog. Descrip. Oajaca, tom. ii., pt ii., fol. 280.
[X-98] Burgoa, Geog. Descrip. Oajaca, tom. ii., pt ii., fol. 302-3; Brasseur, Hist., tom. iii., pp. 48-50.
[X-99] See this volume, pp. 415-17.
[X-100] Burgoa, Geog. Descrip. Oajaca, tom. ii., pt i., fol. 150.
[X-101] See this volume, p. 425.
[X-102] Brasseur, Hist., tom. iii., pp. 284-5, 338-40.
[X-103] See this volume pp. 443-7.
[X-105] Murguia, Estadist. Guajaca, in Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, tom. vii., p. 187.
[X-106] Hist., tom. iv., p. 539.
[X-107] Burgoa, Geog. Descrip. Oajaca, tom. ii., pt ii., fol. 367-76.
[XI-1] See vol. ii., p. 121, et seq.
[XI-2] See map in vol. ii.
[XI-3] Popol Vuh, p. 79; this volume, p. 175.
[XI-4] Las Casas, Hist. Apologética, MS., tom. iii., cap. cxxiv., cxxv.
[XI-5] This vol., pp. 178-80; Popol Vuh, p. 141.
[XI-6] Torquemada, tom. ii., pp. 53-4; Las Casas, Hist. Apologética, MS., tom. iii., cap. cxxiv.
[XI-7] Brasseur, in Popol Vuh, p. cclvi. The only authority referred to on this matter of Copan is the Isagoge Historico, a manuscript cited in García Pelaez, Mem. para la Historia del antiguo Reino de Guatemala, tom. i., p. 45 et seq.
[XI-8] The other names are Lamak, Cumatz, Tuhalha, Uchabaha, Chumilaha, Quibaha, Batenab, Acul-Vinak, Balamiha, Canchahel, and Balam-Colob, most of which Brasseur connects more or less satisfactorily with the scattered ruins in the Guatemala highlands, where these tribes afterwards settled. It is stated by the tradition that only the principal names are given.
[XI-9] The fourth god, Nicahtagah, is rarely named in the following pages; Tohil is often used for the trinity, Tohil, Avilix, and Hacavitz; and Balam-Quitzé for the band of the first four men or high-priests.
[XI-10] The names of the localities named as the hiding-places of the gods are said to be still attached to places in Vera Paz.
[XI-11] See p. 182, of this volume.
[XI-12] Another document consulted by Brasseur, Popol Vuh, p. 286, places four generations between Balam-Quitzé and Qocaib and Qocavib mentioned above as his sons.
[XI-13] Brasseur insists that this was Acxitl Quetzalcoatl, the last Toltec king, who had founded a great kingdom in Honduras, with the capital at Copan. Popol Vuh, p. 294.
[XI-14] Brasseur, in Popol Vuh, p. 297, gives a list from another document of many of these new settlements, many of which as he claims can be identified with modern localities. The chief of the new towns was Chiquix, 'in the thorns,' possibly the name from which Quiché was derived. This city occupied four hills, or was divided into four districts, the Chiquix, Chichac, Humetaha, and Culba-Cavinal.
[XI-15] Popol Vuh, pp. 205-99; Ximenez, Hist. Ind. Guat., pp. 83-118.
[XI-16] Brasseur, in Popol Vuh, pp. ccliii-cclxxi. The manuscripts referred to by this writer for this and the preceding information, are:—Título Territorial de los Señores de Totonicapan; Título Territorial de los Señores de Sacapulas; MS. Cakchiquel; Título Real de la Casa de Itzcuin-Nehaib; and Título de los Señores de Quezaltenango y de Momostenango.
[XI-17] Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. ii., pp. 73-150. The authorities referred to besides those already named are the following: Fuentes y Guzman, Recopilacion Florida de la Hist. de Guat., MS.; Ximenez, Hist. de los Reyes del Quiché, MS.; Chrónica de la Prov. de Goattemala, MS. The chief authority, however, is the MS. Cakchiquel, or Mémorial de Tecpan-Atitlan.
[XI-18] The tribes named as having gathered here, are the Quichés, Rabinals, Cakchiquels, Zutugils, Ah-Tziquinaha, Tuhalaha, Uchabaha, Chumilaha, Tucurú, Zacaha, Quibaha, Batenab, Balaniha, Canchahel, Balam Colob, Acul, Cumatz, Akahales, and Lamagi.
[XI-19] See p. 182, of this volume.
[XI-20] See vol. iv., pp. 128-30 , for notice of ruins.
[XI-21] See p. 555 of this volume.
[XI-22] This is evidently taken by Juarros, from the Spanish version of the Mexican traditions.
[XI-23] The reader is already aware that no such kings ever reigned over the Toltecs in Anáhuac. It is evident that the author has confounded the Tulan of the Guatemalan annals with Tollan, the Toltec capital in Anáhuac, and the Nahua migration from the Xibalban region in the fourth or fifth century, with that of the Toltecs in the eleventh.
[XI-24] Juarros, Hist. Guat., (Guat., 1857) pp. 7-9. The extract that I have made extends a little beyond the point at which I have left the other records. I give here also a list of the Quiché kings, who were according to Juarros: 1, Acxopil; 2, Jiuhtemal; 3, Hunahpu; 4, Balam Kiché (Balam-Quitzé); 5, Balam Acam (Balam-Agab); 6, Maucotah (Mahucutah); 7, Iquibalam (Iqi-Balam); 8, Kicab I.; 9, Cacubraxechein; 10, Kicab II.; 11, Iximché; 12, Kicab III.; 13, Kicab IV.; 14, Kicab Tamub; 15, Tecum Umam; 16, Chignaviucelut; 17, Sequechul or Sequechil.
The list of the Quiché princes of the royal house of Cawek, according to the order of the generations, is given in the Popol Vuh, pp. 339-40, Ximenez, pp. 133-4, as follows—the list apparently includes not only the Ahpop, or king, but the Ahpop Camha, heir apparent to the throne. And, as is indicated by the course of the history, and as Brasseur believes, each Ahpop Camha succeeded the Ahpop on the throne, so that the whole number of the Quiché kings, down to the coming of the Spaniards, counting from Qocavib, was twenty-two instead of eleven, as the list might seem to imply and as Ximenez evidently understands it:—1, Balam-Quitzé; 2, Qocavib, (although we have seen that, by other documents several generations are placed between the first and second of this list); 3, Balam Conache (the first to take the title Ahpop); 4, Cotuha and Iztayub; 5, Gucumatz and Cotuha; 6, Tepepul and Iztayul; 7, Quicab and Cavizimah; 8, Tepepul and Xtayub; 9, Tecum and Tepepul; 10, Vahxaki-Caam and Quicab; 11, Vukub Noh and Cavatepech; 12, Oxib-Quieh and Beleheb Tzi (reigning when Alvarado came, and hung by the Spaniards); 13, Tecum and Tepepul; 14, Don Juan de Rojas and Don Juan Cortés.
The princes of the house of Nihaïb given by the same authority, p. 343, Ximenez, pp. 135, were as follows:—1, Balam-Agab; 2, Qoacul and Qoacutec; 3, Qochahuh and Qotzibaha; 4, Beleheb-Gih; 5, Cotuha; 6, Batza; 7, Ztayul; 8, Cotuha; 9, Beleheb-Gih; 10, Quema; 11, Cotuha; 12, Don Christóval; 13, Don Pedro de Robles.
List of the princes of the Royal House of Ahau Quiché, Popol Vuh, p. 345, Ximenez, pp. 136-7; 1, Mahucutah; 2, Qoahau; 3, Caklacan; 4, Qocozom; 5, Comahcan; 6, Vukub-Ah; 7, Qocamel; 8, Coyabacoh, Vinak-Bam. These lists, however, do not seem to correspond altogether with the Quiché annals as given by the same authority, as the reader will see in the succeeding pages.
[XI-25] Monarq. Ind., tom. i., p. 38, tom. ii., pp. 338-40. See also Helps' Span. Conq., vol. iii., pp. 246-9.
[XI-26] Geografía, pp. 97-9, 128, et seq.
[XI-27] Gallatin, in Amer. Ethno. Soc., Transact., vol. i., p. 8.
[XI-28] Voy. Pitt., pp. 41, 646.
[XI-29] Mem. de Tecpan-Atitlan, in Brasseur, Hist., tom. ii., pp. 155-75.
[XI-30] Pp. 299-307; Brasseur, Hist., tom. ii., pp. 475-99; Ximenez, Hist. Ind. Guat., pp. 119-21.
[XI-31] In his Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. ii., p. 478, Brasseur seems to regard Balam II. and Conache as two kings, one succeeding the other, but in his notes to Popol Vuh, p. cclxxiii., he unites them in one.
[XI-32] Título de los Señores de Totonicapan.
[XI-33] Título de los Señores de Totonicapan, in the introduction to Popol Vuh, pp. cclxxv-vi.
[XI-34] See p. 529, of this volume.
[XI-35] Mem. de Tecpan-Atitlan, in Brasseur, Hist., tom. ii., pp. 483-9.
[XI-36] See p. 570-1, of this volume.
[XI-37] Brasseur places his reign somewhere between 1225 and 1275.
[XI-38] The Popol Vuh represents Utatlan, as we have seen, p. 573, to have been first occupied by Cotuha and Gucumatz; meaning, as is shown by the table of kings in the same document—see p. 566, of this volume—by Gucumatz as king and Cotuha II. as second in rank. Brasseur states that the name Gumarcaah was then given to the city, but it is much more likely that this was the ancient name, and Utatlan of later origin.
[XI-39] For description of the ruins of Utatlan, see vol. iv., pp. 124-8 .
[XI-40] Juarros, Hist. Guat., pp. 9-16.
[XI-41] Brasseur, Hist., tom. ii., pp. 150-2, 475-7, 499. The opinion that Hunahpu and Gucumatz were identical, however, is said to receive some support from the Isagoge Historico, of Pelaez' work, quoted by Id., in Popol Vuh, p. 316.
[XI-42] See vol. ii., pp. 637-44.
[XI-43] Or, as Ximenez renders it, to Hell.
[XI-44] He is named as being of the fifth generation in the tables at the end of the document.
[XI-45] Popol Vuh, pp. 307-17; Ximenez, Hist. Ind. Guat., pp. 121-5; Id., Escolios, in Id., pp. 165-8. This last work is perhaps the same as that quoted by Brasseur as Ximenez, Hist. de los Reyes del Quiché, MS., but it is merely a list of kings with some of their deeds, adding nothing whatever, in a historical point of view, to the translation of the Quiché record.
[XI-46] Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. ii., pp. 493-9; Id., in Popol Vuh, p. cclxxvi.
[XI-47] Título de los Señores de Totonicapan, in Popol Vuh, pp. cclxxvi-vii.
[XI-48] Mem. de Tecpan-Atitlan, in Brasseur, Hist., tom. ii., pp. 501-3.
[XI-49] See p. 576, of this vol.
[XI-50] Cakchiquels and Pipiles almost constantly at war; Squier's Cent. Amer., p. 323; Id., in Nouvelles Annales, tom. cliii., p. 180.
[XI-51] Juarros, Hist. Guat., pp. 16-23. Fuentes used a history written by a son and grandson of the last king of Guatemala, Müller, Amer. Urrel., p. 454. Waldeck, Voy. Pitt., p. 46, declares the Guatemalan manuscripts not reliable, and states that the Macario manuscript used by Fuentes was badly translated.
[XI-52] Juarros, Hist. Guat., pp. 23-4.
[XI-53] The seventh according to the tables.
[XI-54] Popol Vuh, pp. 317-27; Ximenez, Hist. Ind. Guat., pp. 125-9. There are some differences and omissions in the Spanish translation.
[XI-55] Escolios, in Hist. Ind. Guat., pp. 168-9.
[XI-56] Mem. de Tecpan-Atitlan, in Brasseur, Hist., tom. ii., pp. 503-45.
[XI-57] Escolios, in Hist. Ind. Guat., pp. 169-71.
[XI-58] Juarros, Hist. Guat., pp. 24-6.
[XI-59] Id., pp. 9-11, 35-9.
[XI-60] Mem. de Tecpan-Atitlan, in Brasseur, Hist., tom. ii., pp. 529-45.
[XI-61] Juarros, Hist. Guat., p. 26. It is impossible to connect this account in any way with the others.
[XI-62] Ximenez, Escolios, in Hist. Ind. Guat., pp. 172-3.
[XI-63] See p. 470 of this volume; Brasseur, Hist., tom. ii., p. 624.
[XI-64] Brasseur, Hist., tom. iv., pp. 619-51, with reference to MS. Cakchiquel, and other documents.
[XII-1] See for location of these tribes, vol. i., pp. 681-2.
[XII-2] Herrera, dec. iv., lib. x., cap. xi.; Remesal, Hist. Chyapa, p. 264; Brasseur, Hist., tom. iii., p. 16.
[XII-3] Remesal, ib.; Herrera, ib.; Murguia, Estadist. Guajaca, in Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, tom. vii., p. 187.
[XII-4] Juarros, Hist. Guat., p. 8.
[XII-5] Clavigero, tom. iv., p. 52, tom. i., pp. 150-1; Larrainzar, in Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, tom. iii., p. 92; Bradford's Amer. Antiq., p. 202.
[XII-6] Boturini, Idea, pp. 115, 118-19.
[XII-7] Five-leaved silk-cotton tree, Bombax Ceiba.
[XII-8] Piñeda, in Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, tom. iii., pp. 344-5. The names of these heroes were: Imox, Igh, Votan, Chanan, Abah, Tox, Moxic, Lambat, Molo or Mulu, Elab, Batz, Evob, Been, Hix, Tziquin, Chabin, Chic, Chinax, Cahogh, Aghual.
[XII-9] Who these 'better known tribes' are is not stated.
[XII-10] Piñeda, in Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, tom. iii., p. 346. The history, position and civilization of the Chiapanecs shows that they preceded, or were at least contemporaries of the first tribes or factions of the Aztec family. They were certainly a very ancient people, and of Toltec origin, while their civilization undoubtedly came from the north and not from the south. Orozco y Berra, Geografía, pp. 44, 60, 120.
[XII-11] Clavigero, tom. iv., pp. 267-8; Bernal Diaz, Hist. Conq., fol. 73, 178; Herrera, dec. iv., lib. x., cap. xi.; Larrainzar, in Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, tom. iii., p. 92; Brasseur, Esquisses, p. 17.
[XII-12] Herrera, dec. iv., lib. x., cap. xi.; Remesal, Hist. Chyapa, p. 264.
[XII-13] Monarq. Ind., tom. i., p. 333. Brasseur, Hist., tom. ii., p. 76, identifies them with the Pipiles and Xuchiltepecs.
[XII-14] Torquemada, tom. i., p. 332.
[XII-15] Cuzcatlan was the ancient name of Salvador.
[XII-16] Brasseur, Hist., tom. ii., pp. 78-9. Torquemada, tom. i., p. 332, relates that twenty days after starting, one of their high-priests died. They then traversed Guatemala, and journeying a hundred leagues farther on, came to a country to which the Spaniards have given the name of Choluteca, or Choroteca. Here another priest died. After this the author goes on to tell the story which, according to the version followed above, applies to the Xuchiltepecs who proceeded to the Gulf of Conchagua, and which will be referred to elsewhere.
[XII-17] Juarros, Hist. Guat., p. 224. A reduplication of pilli, which has two meanings, 'noble,' and 'child,' the latter being generally regarded as its meaning in the tribal name. Buschmann, Ortsnamen, p. 137. See also Molina, Vocabulario.
[XII-18] Juarros, Hist. Guat., pp. 81-4, 17-18, 20, 23, 26.
[XII-19] 'L'époque que les événements paraissent assigner à cette légende coïncide avec la période de la grande émigration toltèque et la fondation des divers royaumes guatémaliens qui en furent la conséquence.' Brasseur, Hist., tom. ii., p. 81.
[XII-20] Torquemada, tom. i., p. 336; Brasseur, Hist., tom. ii., pp. 106-7; Herrera, dec. iv., lib. viii., cap. iv.
[XII-21] Brasseur, Hist., tom. ii., pp. 101-5.
[XII-22] Torquemada, tom. i., p. 332; Brasseur, Hist., tom. ii., pp. 79, 107-8. See vol. i., of this work, p. 791, for territory of Cholutecs.
[XII-23] Torquemada, tom. i., p. 332; Levy, Nicaragua, p. 6; see vol. i., of this work, p. 792.
[XII-24] Id.
[XII-25] Id.
[XII-27] Nicaragua, (Ed. 1856), vol. ii., pp. 309-12; Oviedo, Hist. Gen., tom. iv., p. 35.
[XII-28] For locality, see vol. i., p. 792.
[XII-29] Torquemada, tom. i., pp. 332-3.
[XII-30] Hist., tom. ii., pp. 108-9.
[XIII-1] On the name of this country see:—Landa, Relacion, and Brasseur, in Id., pp. 6, 8, 42-3; Lizana, in Id., p. 348; Perez MS., in Id., pp. 421, 429; Id., in Stephens' Yucatan, vol. ii., pp. 465, 467; see also vol. i., pp. 139-40; Cogolludo, Hist. Yuc., pp. 60-1, 178-9; Villagutierre, Hist. Conq. Itza, p. 28; Ternaux-Compans, in Nouvelles Annales, tom. xcvii., pp. 30-1; Malte-Brun, Yucatan, pp. 14-15; Gomara, Hist. Ind., fol. 60.
[XIII-2] Landa, Relacion, p. 28; Herrera, dec. iv., lib. x., cap. ii.
[XIII-3] Lizana, in Landa, Relacion, p. 354; Orozco y Berra, Geografía, p. 128. Cogolludo, Hist. Yuc., p. 178, quotes this from Lizana.
[XIII-4] Lizana and Cogolludo, as above. Ternaux-Compans, in Nouvelles Annales, tom. xcvii., p. 32, also reverses the statement of the tradition respecting the relative numbers of the respective colonies.
[XIII-5] Orozco y Berra, Geografía, p. 129.
[XIII-6] Veytia, tom. i., p. 237; Torquemada, tom. i., p. 269; Lizana, in Landa, Relacion, p. 354; Cogolludo, Hist. Yuc., p. 178; Fancourt's Hist. Yuc., p. 115.
[XIII-7] Stephens' Yucatan, vol. ii., pp. 304-8, 342-3, 453-4; Bradford's Amer. Antiq., pp. 201-2; Morelet, Voyage, tom. i., pp. 270-1; Waldeck, Voy. Pitt., pp. 44-5; Mayer's Mex. Aztec, etc., vol. i., pp. 99-100; Wappäus, Geog. u. Stat., pp. 33, 142; Prichard's Researches, vol. v., p. 346; Ternaux-Compans, in Nouvelles Annales, tom. xcvii., pp. 31-2.
[XIII-8] On Zamná, see:—vol. iii., pp. 462-5 of this work; Cogolludo, Hist. Yuc., pp. 178, 192, 196-7; Landa, Relacion, pp. 328-30; Lizana, in Id., p. 356; Brasseur, Hist., tom. i., pp. 78-80; Waldeck, Voy. Pitt., p. 23; Malte-Brun, Yucatan, pp. 15-17.
[XIII-9] On Cukulcan and the Itzas, see:—Herrera, dec. iv., lib. x., cap. ii.; Torquemada, tom. ii., p. 52, tom. iii., p. 133; Cogolludo, Hist. Yuc., pp. 190, 196-7; Landa, Relacion, pp. 34-9, 340-2; Brasseur, Hist., tom. ii., pp. 10-13; Malte-Brun, Yucatan, pp. 15-16; Stephens' Yucatan, vol. i., pp. 140-1.
[XIII-10] In a note to Landa, Relacion, pp. 35, 39; Orozco y Berra, Geografía, pp. 155-6.
[XIII-11] Vol. iii., p. 465; Malte-Brun, Yucatan, pp. 15-16.
[XIII-12] Torquemada, tom. ii., p. 52; Landa, Relacion, pp. 38-45, 54-6; Cogolludo, Hist. Yuc., pp. 179-80; Herrera, dec. iv., lib. x., cap. ii.; Ternaux-Compans, in Nouvelles Annales, tom. xcvii., p. 34; Malte-Brun, Yucatan, pp. 15-6.
[XIII-13] Landa, Relacion, pp. 44-8. 'Le nom des Tutul-Xiu paraît d'origine nahuatl; il serait dérivé de totol, tototl, oiseau, et de xíuitl, ou xíhuitl, herbe, etc. En ceci il n'y aurait rien d'extraordinaire, puisqu'ils sortaient de Tula ou Tulapan, cité qui aurait été la capitale des Nahuas ou Toltèques après leur victoire sur Xibalba.' Brasseur, in Id., p. 47. See also Herrera, dec. iv., lib. x., cap. ii., iii.; Torquemada, tom. iii., p. 132; Cogolludo, Hist. Yuc., pp. 178, 182; Morelet, Voyage, tom. i., p. 271; Gallatin, in Amer. Ethno. Soc., Transact., vol. i., p. 171; Ternaux-Compans, in Nouvelles Annales, tom. xcvii., pp. 34-5.
[XIII-14] This volume, pp. 227-8. Additional study of the subject has caused me to modify considerably in this chapter some of the statements on Maya history contained in vol. ii., pp. 118-20.
[XIII-15] Stephens' Yucatan, vol. ii., pp. 465-9; Brasseur, in Landa, Relacion, pp. 420-9.
[XIII-16] For an account of this system of Ahau Katunes and the order of their succession, see vol. ii., pp. 762-5.
[XIII-17] See vol. ii., pp. 762-5.
[XIII-18] In his Hist. Nat. Civ., Brasseur follows this system and repeatedly gives 174 (171 on p. 228 of this volume is a misprint) as the date of this migration, using it indeed to fix the date of the migration of the Toltecs and Quichés from Tulan; but he adopts the other theory in his notes to Landa's work.
[XIII-19] Reckoning an epoch as 24 years, the migration lasted from 173 to 270, or 97 years instead of 81, as in the text. Perez has it from 144 to 217, or 73 years, which agrees neither with the text nor with his own theory.
[XIII-20] As late as 661 or 485, if Perez' statement of 8 Ahau be accepted, which is inconsistent with the whole record.
[XIII-21] From 218 to 360, according to Perez; or according to his statement that four epochs elapsed, from 270 to 366.
[XIII-22] 360 to 432, Perez; 533 to 605, on the basis of 24 years to an epoch.
[XIII-23] 432 to 576, Perez; 605 to 725 on the basis of 24 years to an epoch.
[XIII-24] Or 821 according to the other system.
[XIII-25] We have seen above that there is some confusion about the date of the Tutul Xius taking Chichen.
[XIII-26] In his commentary, Perez applies this stay of 13 epochs to the Tutul Xius, although the text seems to state the contrary, making them live in Champoton from 576 to 888; or if he had added simply the 260 years of the text, 576 to 836; or if he had correctly adapted his chronology to his own theory, from 821 to 1133. On a basis of 24 years to a Katun the stay of the Itzas at Champoton, as given in the text, was from 533 to 821.
[XIII-27] 888-936, Perez; 821-869, on the basis of 24 years. Perez, applying this wandering to the Tutul Xius, makes them settle again at Chichen.
[XIII-28] 936-1176, Perez; 869-1109, on basis of 24 years, but this of course would not agree with the two hundred years of the text.
[XIII-29] Perez makes these events, which he seems to regard as two or three distinct wars, fill the time from 1176 to 1258. From 1119 to 1157, on a basis of 24 years.
[XIII-30] 1258 to 1368, Perez; 1229 to 1445, on the basis of 24 years. Perez admits in his commentary only one destruction of Mayapan in 1308.
[XIII-31] Or, on a basis of 24 years to a Katun, between 1493 and 1517. Either of these dates agrees very well with the facts, since Córdova reached the coast of Yucatan in 1517, and Gerónimo de Aguilar was wrecked there, probably some years earlier. But Perez dates their arrival between 1392 and 1488, before America was discovered!
[XIII-32] Perez directly contradicts the text in placing this death in 1493.
[XIII-33] Vol. iv., pp. 140-285 .
[XIII-34] Cogolludo, Hist. Yuc., p. 197.
[XIII-35] It seems to me very probable that there is an error or omission by the copyist or translator in this part of the document.
[XIII-36] On this revolution see:—Landa, Relacion, pp. 48-52, 56. This author calls the Chel prince Achchel, and calls him the son-in-law of a venerable priest in Mayapan. Herrera, dec. iv., lib. x., cap. ii., iii.; Cogolludo, Hist. Yuc., pp. 60, 178-9; Lizana, in Landa, Relacion, p. 350; Villagutierre, Hist. Conq. Itza, p. 28; Brasseur, Hist., tom. ii., pp. 32-40, 48-9. This author calls him Ahalin Chel, and their province Cicontun. Ternaux-Compans, in Nouvelles Annales, tom. xcvii., pp. 31, 35; Gallatin, in Amer. Ethno. Soc., Transact., vol. i., pp. 172-3; Prichard's Researches, vol. v., p. 347; Malte-Brun, Yucatan, pp. 20-1; Stephens' Yuc., vol. i., pp. 140-1.
[XIII-37] Brasseur, Hist., tom. ii., pp. 41-2, tells us that their province was called Calkini, and the people, from their ruler, took the name of Ahcanuls; and also that they built or enlarged the cities of Sabacché, Labná, and Pokboc. (See vol. iv., pp. 211-8 ) The only authority for the latter statement is probably the location of these ruins in a general southern direction from Uxmal. Cogolludo says the natives of Conil and Choàca, called Kupules, were the most warlike in Yucatan. Hist. Yuc., p. 143; see also Landa, Relacion, p. 54; Herrera, dec. iv., lib. x., cap. iii.
[XIII-38] Landa, Relacion, pp. 54-5; Herrera, dec. iv., lib. x., cap. iii.; Brasseur, Hist., tom. ii., p. 42; Cogolludo, Hist. Yuc., p. 143; Malte-Brun, Yucatan, p. 20.
[XIII-39] Registro Yuc., tom. ii., pp. 261-72. The tradition is given in the form of a dialogue between a visitor to the ruins and a native of extraordinary intelligence, who claimed to be well acquainted with the historical traditions of his race. Brasseur, Hist., tom. ii., pp. 578-88, gives what is probably an extended translation of the article referred to. Stephens, Cent. Amer., vol. ii., pp. 423-5, obtained from a native a tradition similar in some respects, so far as it goes, which is translated by Charnay, Ruines Amér., pp. 369-71.
[XIII-40] See vol. iv., pp. 172 , 192-7 .
[XIII-41] Cogolludo, Hist. Yuc., pp. 507-8; Villagutierre, Hist. Conq. Itza, pp. 29-31, 401-2, 488-91; Waldeck, Voy. Pitt., pp. 24, 36, 41; Stephens' Yucatan, vol. ii., p. 200; Gondra, in Prescott, Hist. Conq. Mex., tom. iii., p. 98; Ternaux-Compans, in Nouvelles Annales, tom. xcvii., pp. 51-2; Squier's Cent. Amer., pp. 547, 550-1.
[XIII-42] Herrera, dec. iv., lib. x., cap. ii., iii.; Torquemada, tom. iii., p. 132; Cogolludo, Hist. Yuc., pp. 100, 179; Landa, Relacion, pp. 50-2, 62; Villagutierre, Hist. Conq. Itza, p. 28; Stephens' Yucatan, vol. i., pp. 140-1; Gallatin, in Amer. Ethno. Soc., Transact., vol. i., pp. 172-3. Landa makes the date 100 years before the Conquest, that is 1446. Villagutierre and Cogolludo say 1420. Herrera says 70 years before the arrival of the Spaniards, and 500 years after its foundation. Gallatin makes it 1517 or 1536.
[XIII-43] Landa, Relacion, pp. 58-64; Herrera, dec. ii., lib. iii., cap. i., dec. iv., lib. x., cap. iii.; Cogolludo, Hist. Yuc., pp. 97-100, 185; Gomara, Hist. Ind., fol. 63; Villagutierre, Hist. Conq. Itza, pp. 35-7; Torquemada, tom. iii., pp. 132-3; Alcedo, Dicc., tom. iii., p. 473; Remesal, Hist. Chyapa, pp. 245-6.