Sân Obelisks. As many as thirteen fragments of perhaps four obelisks are still at Tanis (Sân). These obelisks appear to have been erected by Ramses II. ¹¹

Sarbut-el-Khedem Obelisk. An erect obelisk in the Sinaitic Peninsula, on the way from Suez to Mount Sinai. The hieroglyphs on it are partially obliterated. ⁹

Sa·t. The Egyptian name of Saïs, which see. ⁹²

Sebek. The crocodile-headed deity and a form of Râ. He was specially worshiped in the Fayoom, and his Egyptian name was Sebek. ⁹⁰

Sebek-Râ. A combination of the gods Sebek and Râ, the local deity of Ombos. ²⁹

Sekhet. A lion-headed goddess and the wife of Ptah. As a destroying deity her name is Sekhet, but as a goddess of love it was Bast, or, as the Greeks called her, Pasht. She was usually identified with Diana. (^{92 98 103})

Sektet Boat. The boat of the evening-sun Tum, in which he was thought to pass over the heavens. In Egyptian the word is written sektet. ²²

Seni·t. The Egyptian name of Esneh, which see. ⁸⁷

Set or Sutekh. The national god of the Hyksos or the Shepherd kings of Asia, whose worship was forced on the Egyptians. He was the personification of evil, and was represented as an ass-headed deity with the usual divine insignia. He was the sworn enemy of Horus, whose father (Osiris) he had slain, and is identified with the devil. His picture, , was afterwards completely erased by the Egyptians from their monuments. His Egyptian name is Set or Sutekh. ⁸⁷

Seti I. A famous king of the XIXth dynasty and the father of Ramses II. He was an intense worshipper of Set, the devil, and forced his adoration on the people. His many wars carried him into Arabia Felix, Palestine, the Hittite territory, and beyond the Orontes and Euphrates. Out of him and his two successors the ancients fabricated the name Sesostris. His Egyptian name is ^{6 9 86 87 88}

Setting Sun. The god Tum, which see. ²²

Shepherd Kings. See under Hyksos. ⁹²

Silsilis. The Egyptian Khennu, which see. ⁸⁶

Sinaitic Peninsula. That part of western Asia lying between Syria and Egypt, and playing an important part in the forty years' sojourn there of the Israelites under Moses. ^{1 4 9 11}

Sion House Obelisk. Perhaps the same as the Alnwick Castle Obelisk, which see.—Sion House is the country-seat of the Duke of Northumberland. ¹⁰

Sioot. The modern name of the capital of the XIIIth nome of Upper Egypt, called in Egyptian Saìu·t. Its local deity was the jackal-headed god Anubis. ⁸⁹

Soughton Hall Obelisk. An obelisk mentioned by Bonomi, which may be identical with one of those at present in England. ¹¹

Sphinx. There are three kinds of sphinxes: Androsphinxes, having the head of a man; Criosphinxes, having that of a ram; and Hieracosphinxes, having that of a hawk. A few are also found with the form of a woman. "The Sphinx" is the monster figure in front of the Pyramid of Khufu, but older than it. It was cut out of a solid mountain, and had between its paws a temple of Harmachis, to whom it was dedicated. The sphinx represents the incarnation of the divine wisdom of the Pharaoh ^{32 46 47 49 50 51 52 53 54 55}

Stele. A slab rounded off on top and covered with inscriptions. It was made either of wood or of stone. The word comes from the Greek στήλη [stêlê]. The Egyptian word for it is utu. ^{5 31 37 48}

St. Ephraim Syrus. A Christian writer of the Syrian church, who died 373 A. D. ¹⁹

St^a. Maria Maggiore Obelisk. The companion of the Monte Cavallo Obelisk, at present in front of the basilica (church) of Santa Maria Maggiore in Rome. It has no inscriptions, and was removed to Rome by the emperor Claudius. Sixtus V. re-erected it on its present site in 1587. ⁹

Stuart, Villiers. A traveler and author. ²

"Sublime Porte." The name of the place where the Sultan administers justice, and, with us, a designation for the Sultan himself. The Turkish term for it is باب عالی [bâbi 'âlî], "the high gate". ⁵³

Suez Canal. The first attempt to construct it was made by Seti I., of the XIXth dynasty. It then only connected the Nile with the Red Sea, and was finished by Ramses II. Traces of it still remain. The present Canal was planned and completed by Lesseps in 1869. ⁴⁰

Sun·t. The Egyptian name of Syêné. ⁸⁶

Syêné. The Greek name of the modern Assuân, which was in the first nome of Upper Egypt, and called Sun·t by the Egyptians. The famous quarries, from which most of the obelisks were taken, were located here. The biblical name is סְוֵנֵה [s'vênêh, cf. Ezekiel xxix:10, xxx:6], which is the same as the Coptic [sûan], and the Arabic اسوان [aswân]. ^{5 13 16 23 24 35 82 86}

Syenite. The reddish amphibole-granite of Syêné, which was taken for all the Egyptian obelisks. ²³

Syria. A large tract of country in western Asia, bordering on Egypt. It was inhabited by many different tribes, with whom the Pharaohs of the XVIIIth and XIXth dynasties carried on extensive wars. ³⁶

Ta-en-ta-rer·t. The Egyptian name of Denderah, which see. ⁸⁸

Tanis. The Greek name of the Egyptian Zân·t the capital of the XIVth nome of Lower Egypt, now Sân. It was the main seat of the Hyksos, who embellished it in every possible way. ^{4 11 45 92}

Tathunen. See under Ptah-tathunen. ⁶⁵

Tel-Basta. The modern name of Bubastis, which see. ⁹²

Tel-el-Amarna. The present site of a city founded by the heretic king Amenôphis IV. in honor of the sun-disk Aten, in the XVth nome of Upper Egypt. It was totally destroyed after his death. ^{29 89}

Thebes. The largest and most famous city of the ancient world, the capital of the fourth nome of Upper Egypt and of the whole empire. Its usual Egyptian name was Us·t, or nu·t Ȧmen, which was sometimes shortened into nu·t â·t, "the great city", or nu·t, "the City" simply, the biblical נא [nô]. Its site is now occupied by several villages, such as Karnak, Luxor, &c. The local deity was Amen. ^{2 3 4 9 10 11 16 28 29 48 50 53 55 56 57 59 60 87 88 89}

Theni·t. The Egyptian name of Thinis. ⁸⁹

Thinis or This. The capital of the eighth nome of Upper Egypt, the reputed home of the first king of Egypt, Menes. Its Egyptian name is Theni·t, at present El-Tineh, which see. ⁸⁹

Thoth [pronounced tót]. The Egyptian god of writing, learning, and medicine. He was thought to introduce the soul of the deceased into the Lower World and to read off its sins before the judgment-seat of Osiris. He was afterwards identified with the moon. His sacred animal was the cynocephalus-ape ( or ), and he himself is represented with the head of the ibis, . His name in Egyptian is or Deḥuti. ^{49 56 57}

Thothmes I. [tótmees]. A king of the XVIIIth dynasty and the son of Aahmes I. He was a mighty warrior, and his conquests were very extensive. His name in Egyptian is ^{5 9 10}

Thothmes II. [tótmees]. A king of the XVIIIth dynasty and a son of Thothmes I. He was a weak monarch and altogether under the influence of his great sister Hatasu. His name in Egyptian is ⁶

Thothmes III. [tótmees]. The greatest king of the XVIIIth dynasty, a son of Thothmes I. His empire extended over all the then known world. The New York Obelisk was erected by him. His name in Egyptian is ^{6 7 9 10 19 31 35 36 37 38 46 47 48 49 50 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 82}

Thothmes IV. [tótmees]. A king of the XVIIIth dynasty, the successor of Amenôphis II. He reigned for nine years only, and his Egyptian name is ^{6 9 19}

Troja. The name which the Greeks gave to the town near Memphis, the Ru-âu·t (with the feminine article ta-Ru-âu·t) of the Egyptians. Here was situated the quarry of Memphis. The similarity of the words gave rise to the name "Troja" (Troy), which must not, however, be confounded with the famous Greek city of the same name in Asia Minor. ⁹¹

Tum. The Egyptian god of the setting sun. He was especially worshiped in Heliopolis. In painted inscriptions his color is generally red, like that of Râ, sometimes, however, also green. His name in Egyptian is Tum. ^{22 27 28 29 46 51 53 56 57 58 67}

Tura. The quarry of Memphis from which the "white stone" was taken. The Greeks called it Troja, which see. ⁹¹

"Two Countries." A designation of Egypt, which was divided into two parts, Upper and Lower Egypt. It may, however, also signify "heaven and earth" or "the universe". It is in Egyptian taui, "the two countries". (^{39 39}) ^{47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70}

Upper Egypt. The southern part of Egypt from the Fayoom to Assuân. ^{2 3 31 84 89}

Upper and Lower Egypt. The two divisions of Egypt, which were at certain periods of Egyptian history separate kingdoms. Some of the Egyptian designations are ḥez-desher, "the land of the white and red crowns" (cf. page 31), qebeḥui, "the land of the two sources (of the Nile)" (cf. page 119), res-meḥ, "the south and north land", qemâ-meḥ, "the south and north land", ?-ûz, "the land of the lotus and the papyrus", &c. The usual title of the king was suten-kaut?, "the king of Upper and Lower Egypt". ^{30 48 52 53 54 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 72 84}

Uraeus Snake. The Cobra haje of Egypt, the most deadly reptile in that country, whose figure was worn as the head-dress of kings and queens. It typifies Pharaoh's power over the life and death of his subjects, and its Egyptian name is ârâ·t. The Greeks called it "basilisk", from which they took their word for "king", βασιλεύς [basileus]. ^{56 57}

User-Mâ-Râ-sotep-en-Râ. The royal name of Ramses II., which see ^{37 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71}

Usertesen I. The second king of the XIIth dynasty, the son of Amenémhâ I., and the conqueror of the Ethiopians. His name in Egyptian is ^{5 9 11 36 91}