[358] Paus. viii. 1. 2.
[359] Rhet.
[360] Hist. vi. 56, 8.
[361] Minos 10.
[362] Æsch. Suppl. 256.
[363] Paus. viii. 2. 2.
[364] Herod. ii. 56.
[365] ii. 171.
[366] i. 146.
[367] vii. 94.
[368] i. 56.
[369] viii. 44.
[370] ii. 52.
[371] v. 64.
[372] Thuc. i. 3.
[373] Thuc. v. 109.
[374] Theocr. Idyll. xv. 136-40.
[375] Pind. Pyth. xi. 18. Soph. Aj. 285.
[377] Argonaut. i. 580, and Schol. Paris.
[378] Strabo vii. p. 327.
[379] Ibid. v. p. 221.
[380] Ibid.
[381] i. 17.
[383] So the ὀχετηγὸς ἀνὴρ already exists, as apart from the common labourer, in the time of Homer; Il. xxi. 257.
[384] K. O. Müller, Orchomenos, 119-22.
[385] Chap. iii.
[386] Cramer’s Geogr. Ancient Greece, vol. i. p. 15.
[387] The tradition that the Pelasgians were the original inhabitants of the Greek Peninsula appears to have been adopted into the literature of modern Greece. See Πετρίδης—Ἱστορία τῆς παλαίας Ἑλλάδος ἀπὸ τοὺς ἀρχαιοτάτους χρόνους, Κερκύρα, 1830, chap. i. p. 2. Also that Pelasgi and Hellenes were the two factors (μέρη) of the Greek nation. Ibid. p. 3.
[388] Niebuhr, ibid.
[389] Horæ Pelasg. ch. ii. p. 28.
[390] Cramer’s Greece i. 17.
[391] Antiq. Rom. i. 17, 18.
[392] Horæ Pelasg. pp. 12-15.
[393] Herod. ii. 54-7.
[394] Od. iv. 83.
[395] Ibid. xiv. 246-58, 290, 293-300.
[396] Ibid. v. 442, 7, 8.
[397] Perhaps the use of the word ἤπειρος for mainland may suggest, that it is due to an insular people, who would appropriately describe a continent as the unlimited (land). It is derived from α and πέρας, an end or stop; consider also περάω, to pass over, ἀντιπέραια, Il. ii. 635, and πέρην ἱερῆς Εὐβοίης, ibid. 535.
[400] Richard II., act ii., sc. 1.
[401] Horæ Pelasg. ch. i. sub fin.
[402] Clinton, Fast. Hell. i. p. 97.
[403] Herod. i. 56.
[404] Dion. Hal. i. 17.
[405] Il. xvi. 235.
[406] Ὄρνιθες, v. 1359.
[407] Potter’s Antiq., b. i. ch. 26.
[408] Horæ Pelasg. ch. i. p. 17.
[409] See Hey’s Norrisian Lectures, vol. iii. p. 142.
[410] Od. v. 335.
[411] Ol. vii. 104; Persæ 427; Scott and Liddell in πέλαγος. I venture to suggest πελάζω as the root, and ‘accessible,’ ‘easily travelled,’ ‘open’ (compare εὐρυαγυῖα) as the meaning.
[412] Strabo, p. 327, 331.
[413] Orchomenos, p. 119 and n.
[414] Thuc. i. 2.
[415] Od. xi. 260.
[416] Od. xi. 568.
[417] Od. iv. 564.
[418] Il. ii. 824; and xii. 19.
[419] Od. iii. 320-2; and xiv. 257.
[420] Od. xiv. 231, 243-8.
[421] Od. xiv. 237; Il. xiv. 321.
[422] Od. i. 105; ii. 180.
[423] Od. i. 183.
[424] Od. xv. 425.
[425] Od. xv. 415.
[426] See Wood on Homer, p. 48.
[427] Od. xvii. 383.
[428] Nägelsbach, Homerische Theologie 80-3.
[429] There were columns outside the doors, for example, of the palace of Ulysses in Ithaca. Od. xvii. 29. This construction of the metaphor would come nearly to the same point, by making it mean the doors of Ocean.
[430] Hermann Opusc. vii. 253. Nägelsbach, ii. 9, note.
[431] Blakesley’s Introduction to Herodotus, p. xiv.
[432] Strabo iii. 2. 13, 14. pp. 149, 50.
[433] Mure, Greek Literature, i. 510.
[434] Il. xv. 630. xvii. 21. ii. 723.
[435] Il. xxii. 15.
[436] Il. iii. 365.
[437] Od. xx. 201.
[438] Il. xxiii. 439.
[439] Od. i. 52 and x. 137.
[440] Od. iv. 460.
[441] Od. xvii. 248.
[442] Od. iv. 410.
[443] Od. x. 289.
[444] As perhaps does Amphitrite, mentioned four times in the Odyssey, never in the Iliad.
[445] I shall consider further the construction of Il. xiv. 321, as it bears on the connection of Minos with Phœnicia, in treating the subject of the Outer Geography.
[446] Od. xv. 252, 3.
[447] Od. x. 492.
[448] Nägelsbach ii. 9.
[449] See Studies on Religion, sect. iii.
[450] I have given the accepted, and perhaps the more probable meaning; but the word is also well adapted to signify the tidal Ocean. In the Mediterranean, as is well known, the tidal action is not perceived.
[451] Thucyd. vi. 42, 44.
[452] Od. xxiv. 304-8.
[453] Od. xix. 172.
[454] Od. xx. 383.
[455] Od. xxiv. 211, 366, 389.
[456] Il. ii. 857. Schönemann Geog. Hom. p. 31.
[457] Od. xv. 426.
[458] Cramer’s Italy, ii. pp. 354, 391.
[459] Thucyd. vi. 2.
[460] Dionys. i. 9.
[461] Thuc. ibid.
[462] Cramer’s Italy, ii. p. 2.
[463] Od. xxiv. 309.
[464] Od. xiv. 93.
[465] Od. vi. 7-12.
[466] Od. xiv. 293-359.
[467] Od. xvi. 65. xvii. 525, and xix. 269-99.
[468] Od. xvi. 424-30.
[469] Od. xiv. 278-86.
[470] Strabo vii. p. 324.
[471] Herod. vii. 176.
[472] Dion. Hal. i. 18.
[473] Diod. Sic. v. 58.
[474] Od. vi. 266.
[475] 260-5.
[477] Od. xix. 522.
[478] Il. iv. 385, 388, 391. v. 804. 7. x. 208. xxiii. 680. Od. xi. 275.
[479] ix. p. 401.
[480] Fig. i. in Map.
[481] Fig. ii. in Map.
[482] Fig. iii. in Map.
[483] ix. 5. p. 430.
[484] Fig. iv. in Map.
[485] Strabo ix. p. 435.
[486] Ibid. p. 439.
[487] Ibid. p. 442.
[488] Thuc. i. 2.
[489] Fig. v. in Map.
[490] Od. i. 170, et alibi.
[491] I am not prepared to contend that the numbers of the ships are to be taken as literally correct: but this subject will be discussed in conjunction with his general mode of using number, in the ‘Studies on Poetry,’ sect. iii.
[492] Od. ii. 386.
[493] The reasons for treating this as a coincidence will be found in a paper on Homer’s use of number. (Studies on Poetry, sect. iii.)
[494] Herod. vii. 161.
[495] Il. x. 434.
[496] Od. xi. 521.
[497] Lit. Greece, i. 39, note.
[498] Il. x. 267.
[499] Il. ii. 500.
[500] Il. ii. 681.
[501] Iliad passim: and Od. iii. 182. iv. 9. and xi. 494.
[502] Il. xvi. 171.
[503] Il. xiii. 685-700.
[504] Il. ii. 704, 727.
[505] Il. ii. 530. 562. 684.
[506] Thuc. i. 3.
[508] Donaldson’s New Cratylus, p. 291.
[509] It is not necessary to trace in this place, with precision, the various applications of the name Hellas, after the time of Homer. Stanley (on Æsch. Suppl. 263) states, that what I have termed Middle Greece was the Hellas of Ptolemy: that with Strabo the word includes most of the islands of the Ægean: and, finally, that it also came to include Asia Minor, and parts even of the African coast, as well as places elsewhere, which had been colonised by the Greek race. According to Cramer (Geogr. Greece, i. 2), at the epoch of the Peloponnesian war, Hellas meant everything south of the Peneus and the gulf of Ambracia. He considers that Herodotus also meant by it a portion of Thesprotia (Herod. ii. 56. viii. 47). It is interesting to observe how this domestic name, taken from the race which made Greece so great and famous, has retained its vitality through so many vicissitudes, and is now the national name of Greece, in opposition to that which was probably drawn from a Pelasgian source, and which, as proceeding from the Roman masters of the country, told its people the tale of their subjugation.
[510] Il. xvi. 234.
[511] Il. iii. 172.
[512] I follow the acute and sagacious notes of Professor Malden to a valuable paper contributed by Mr. James Yates, during the year 1856, to the Philological Transactions: also Donaldson’s Cratylus, p. 120.
[513] In loc. Cary’s Birds, p. 77.
[514] See sect. x.
[515] i. 89.
[516] See Studies on the Theo-mythology of Homer.
[517] Fasti, i. 39.
[518] De Nat. Deor. ii. 27.
[519] Liv. Hist. Rom. iv. 25, 29.
[520] Exc. iv. ad Æn. vii. See Browne’s History of Roman Literature, chap. viii. p. 129, and chap. iii. p. 41. Also Dunlop’s Hist. Rom. Literature, vol. iii. p. 56.
[521] See ‘The Trojans.’
[522] Polyb. vi. 56, sect. 6-12.
[523] Dionysius, b. ii. 18-21.
[524] Id., b. viii. 38. See also Cic. Div. i. 2.
[525] Smith’s Dict., Art. ‘Fasti.’
[526] Acts xvii. 22.
[527] Outram de Sacrif. b. i. ch. iv. sect. 3.
[528] Exodus xi. 12-16, and Levit. viii. 1-13. 1 Sam. xvi. 2, &c. See Calmet’s Dict. Taylor’s Edition, 1838. Art. Priest.