Ordeal by fire, i. 193.
Ordeals during the middle ages, iii. 312.
Ores, explanation of, ii. 404.
Oriflamme, or royal standard, i. 354.
Orpin, count of Bourges, i. 249.
Ortock, the Turkish general, conquests of, i. 33.
Otho of Savoy, excommunicated, ii. 209.
Makes war against the pope, ii. 209.
Otranto, captured by the Turks, iii. 189.
Abandoned, iii. 191.
Otto of Frisingen, i. 352.
Ottoman Port, her treaties with France, iii. 488.
Ottoman empire, its origin and history, iii. 120 et seq.
Ottomans, defeated by Tamerlane the Tartar, iii. 132, iii. 133.
Reconquer the provinces overrun by Tamerlane, iii. 133, iii. 134.
Their power under Mahomet II., iii. 144.
Capture Constantinople, and overturn the Greek empire, iii. 156.
See Turks.
Oulagon, commander of the Moguls, iii. 4, 6.
Outtreman, the Jesuit, i. 41 n.
Ozellis, valley of, in Phrygia, i. 106 and n.
Battle of, i. 107-111.
P.
Paganism annihilated by Mohammedanism, i. 5.
State of in the thirteenth century, i. 219; ii. 218-223.
Paladins, the order of, iii. 294.
Palæologus, Michael, his troops recapture Constantinople, iii. 10.
——, John, emperor of Constantinople, his vacillating policy, iii. 123.
——, Constantine, character of, iii. 144, iii. 156 n.
Prepares for the defence of Constantinople, and appeals in vain to western Europe for aid, iii. 145.
His great efforts, iii. 151, iii. 154.
His death, iii. 156.
——, Andrew, sells his claims to the empire of the East, iii. 194.
Palestine, visited by the early Christians, i. 2.
The Crusaders march through the country of, i. 196 et seq.
State of, at the period of the crusades, i. 265, i. 266.
Ravaged by the infidels, devastated by locusts, and visited by an earthquake, i. 291.
Continued hostilities in, i. 292-328.
Victories of Saladin in, i. 425.
Its capital, Jerusalem, taken from the Christians, i. 429.
Ceded to Henry, count of Champagne, i. 501.
——, governed by the successors of Saladin, ii. 3 n.
Civil contests in, previous to the fourth crusade, ii. 4-7.
Agitated and discordant state of, ii. 4-7, ii. 189, ii. 192, ii. 194, ii. 293, ii. 294.
Earthquake and famine in, 189. State of, at the time of the sixth crusade, ii. 225.
Oppressions of the Christians of, ii. 265.
No longer considered a place of blessedness, but of exile, ii. 300, ii. 301.
Subdued by the Carismians and Egyptians, ii. 330.
Distress of the Christians of, ii. 334.
Cities of, fortified by Louis IX., ii. 470, ii. 474.
——, on the Christian cities fortified by Louis IX., iii. 1.
Quarrels among the Christians of, iii. 2, iii. 3.
Among the Saracens, iii. 3.
Alarm of the Christians at the power of the Moguls, iii. 6.
Increasing difficulties of, iii. 11 et seq.
The Christians defeated, and the country laid waste, ib.
Divisions among the Christians, and conquests of the Mamelukes, iii. 69, iii. 85, iii. 89.
Destruction of all the Christian cities along the coast of, iii. 89.
Renewed persecutions of the Christians, iii. 109.
Subjected to the absolute domination of the Turks, iii. 202.
Acts of the council of Naplouse, for reforming the Christians in, iii. 367 (App.).
Pancratius, an Armenian prince, joins the Crusaders, i. 120.
Paphlagouin, the Crusaders pass through, i. 251.
Papyrus Masson, i. 250.
Paris, council of, held in 1188; decree of the, for providing Saladin tenths, iii. 384 (App.).
“Pastors,” the name given to certain Crusaders, ii. 462.
Paul II., Pope, instigates the crusade against the Turks, iii. 179.
Death of, iii. 182.
Paultre, M., memoir of, on the Forest of Saron, iii. 388 (App.).
Pelagius, Cardinal, instigates the prosecution of the sixth crusade, and proceeds to Egypt, ii. 239.
His obstinacy in carrying on the war in Egypt, ii. 256, ii. 257.
Negotiates for peace, ii. 259.
Persia, empire of, torn by intestine wars, i. 4.
Sends an immense army against the Crusaders, i. 157, i. 158;
which marches against the Turks, iii. 182;
and is destroyed, iii. 183.
Sends an embassy to the princes of the West, iii. 231.
Peter the Hermit, character of, i. 40.
His pilgrimage to Jerusalem, i. 41, i. 42.
His different appellations, i. 41 n.
His visit to Pope Urban II., i. 42.
His interview with the patriarch of Jerusalem, and his enthusiasm, ib.
Traverses all Europe to arouse the Christians against the infidels, i. 43.
Attends the council of Clermont, i. 48.
His inciting speech, ib.
Chosen general of the crusade, i. 61.
Introduced to Alexis Comnenus, at Constantinople, i. 68.
Loses his authority, i. 75.
Wretched situation of the remains of Peter’s army, i. 96.
Deserts the camp of the Crusaders, and is retaken, i. 135.
Sent to treat with the Saracen leaders, i. 165.
His speech, ib.
Arouses the enthusiasm of the Christian army by his address, i. 215.
Returns to his own country after the conquest of Jerusalem, i. 247.
Death of, ib. n.
—— of Lusignan, king of Cyprus, proposes a fresh crusade, iii. 113 et seq.
—— of Blois preaches the crusade, i. 442 and n.
—— de Salviac, notices of, i. 246.
Petrarch, an apostle of the holy war, iii. 110.
Pharamia, captured by Baldwin, i. 293.
Pharescour, insurrection of the Mamelukes at, ii. 440.
Philip I., king of France, excommunicated, i. 47.
State of his kingdom, i. 79, i. 80.
—— Augustus, king of France, determines on renewing the holy war, i. 438.
His quarrels with the king of England, i. 440.
Arrives at Palestine, i. 473.
Quits Palestine, and returns to France, i. 485.
His quarrel with Pope Innocent III., ii. 42.
Largely contributes to the sixth crusade, ii. 207.
Death of, ii. 264.
—— III., son of Louis IX., iii. 42, iii. 47.
Returns to France, with the dead bodies of his father, wife, and brother, iii. 53.
—— le Bel of France, takes the cross, iii. 100.
His death, ib.
—— le Long of France, iii. 100.
His death, iii. 102.
——, duke of Burgundy, assembles his nobility at Lille, iii. 169.
Curious festival held, and the enthusiasm of his nobility in favour of a fresh crusade, iii. 160, iii. 161.
—— of Swabia, his address to the French barons, ii. 68.
——, count of Flanders, i. 402. Slain, i. 481.
—— of Valois convokes an assembly at Paris for reviving a fresh crusade, iii. 107.
Compelled to renounce his intentions, iii. 110.
Death of, iii. 112.
Philosophy of the ancients brought from Constantinople, iii. 338.
Phirous betrays the city of Antioch to the Crusaders, i. 147-157.
Murders his brother, i. 153.
Phœnicia, the Crusaders pass through, i. 196.
Richness of, ib.
Phrygia, the country desolated by the sultan of Nice, i. 112.
Physicians, ignorance of, during the middle ages, iii. 336.
Pierre de Dreux engages in the holy war, ii. 216.
Pigeons, letters conveyed by, i. 182 and n.
Pilgrimages, ardour for, to the Holy Land, i. 1, 2.
Interrupted by the Goths, &c., i. 3.
Undertaken by St. Arculphus, St. Antoninus, and Peter the Hermit, i. 7.
By St. Bernard, i. 10.
During the eleventh century, i. 20 et seq.
They assume the character of an armed crusade, i. 54.
Number of, on the termination of the crusades, iii. 248, iii. 349 et seq. (App.).
Pilgrimages of penance by distinguished personages to the Holy Land, &c., i. 24-31.
Pilgrims, hospitals built for the reception of, i. 22, 23.
Kind treatment of, i. 23.
Arrival of, at Jerusalem, i. 269.
Buy off their vows, ii. 298.
Pisans, conquests of the, i. 40.
Aid the Crusaders by their fleets, i. 145, i. 286.
Pius II., Pope, exhorts the Christian states to a crusade against the Turks, iii. 172.
Convokes an assembly at Mantua, ib.
His negotiations with Mahomet II., iii. 173, iii. 174.
His zealous endeavours to resist the advance of the Turks, iii. 174 et seq.
Engages in the crusade, iii. 178;
and dies at Ancona, iii. 179.
Plague in Egypt, ii. 187.
Plaisance, papal council at, i. 44.
Poictiers, count of, his capture and release, ii. 415, ii. 416.
Poitevins, their severe conflicts with the Saracens, ii. 415, ii. 416.
Pons, abbot of Vézelai, preaches in favour of the second crusade, i. 335.
—— de Balasu, death and character of, i. 190.
Popedom, contests for the, i. 84; iii. 125.
Popelicains, religious principles of the, ii. 197.
Popes, increase of their power during the progress of Christianity, i. 39.
Their political pretensions and quarrels, ii. 302, ii. 303, ii. 306, ii. 342, ii. 353; iii. 20, iii. 268.
Their domination during the age of the crusades, iii. 268 et seq.
See Rome.
Portugal submits to Alphonso, i. 375.
The sultan of Egypt’s expedition against, iii. 199.
Pourcelet, Wm., his heroic self-sacrifice, i. 489.
Prester John, notices of, ii. 318.
Printing, instrumental in preserving the literary treasures of the East, iii. 338.
Prodigies, miraculous, seen at Antioch, i. 173, i. 183.
Provençalex, origin of the name, i. 94 n.
Provisions, scarcity and dearness of, i. 134 and n.
Prudhommes, maritime code drawn up by the, iii. 324.
Prussia, paganism of, in the thirteenth century, ii. 218.
Manners and customs of the inhabitants, ii. 219, ii. 220.
Their religious belief, and festivals, ii. 221, ii. 222.
Subdued and converted by the Holy See, ii. 223.
Reflections on the papal crusade against, ii. 309.
Funeral ceremonies of, iii. 455 (App.).
Ptolemaïs, the Crusaders march through the country of, i. 199.
Deceit of the emir of, i. 200.
Besieged and captured by Baldwin, i. 286.
Captured by Saladin, i. 425.
Description of, i. 454; iii. 70, iii. 71.
Besieged by Guy de Lusignan, who is opposed by Saladin, i. 454 et seq.
Retaken by the Christians, i. 481.
Hostilities at, commenced by the Christians, ii. 16.
Possessed by John of Brienne, ii. 196.
Arrival of the sixth crusade at, ii. 224;
of Frederick of Germany, ii. 275.
The commercial capital of Palestine, iii. 1.
Discords between the Venetian and Genoese residents of, iii. 2.
Quarrels between the Mussulmans and the Christians of, iii. 73, iii. 74.
Besieged by the sultan of Cairo, iii. 76 et seq.
Dissensions among the citizens, iii. 80.
After many sanguinary contests the city is captured and destroyed, iii. 85 et seq.
Puy, bishop of, named as the apostolic legate, i. 53.
Death of, i. 179.
Puyset, castle of, i. 313 n.
Q.
Quinze-Vingts, hospital of, ii. 487.
R.
Radnor, the lord of, anecdote of, iii. 408 (App.).
Ralph of Coggershall, his “Chronicon Anglicanum,” iii. 395.
Ramla, city of, besieged and captured by the Saracens, i. 280.
Raoul de Caen, the historian, i. 86 n., i. 163, i. 192, et passim.
—— de Coucy, slain, ii. 408.
Ravendel, capture of, i. 121.
Raymond, count of Thoulouse, engages in the first crusade, i. 52.
Marches at the head of 100,000 Crusaders, i. 88.
Defeats the Turks in Phrygia, i. 111.
Miraculous recovery from illness, i. 115.
Enters Jerusalem by storm, i. 223.
Returns to Constantinople, and receives from the emperor the city of Laodicea, i. 246.
Revisits Jerusalem as a pilgrim, i. 269.
Appointed regent of Jerusalem, i. 407.
His speech against Saladin, i. 417, i. 418.
Suspected of treachery, i. 419, i. 422 n.
Death of, i. 423.
——, the last count of Thoulouse, character and death, ii. 394, ii. 395.
——, count de St. Gilles, one of the leaders of the crusades, i. 87, i. 251, i. 252.
His quarrel with Godfrey, i. 244.
—— of Poictiers, appointed governor of Antioch, i. 312.
His interest in the crusades, i. 361.
Is slain, i. 379.
—— d’Agiles, the historian, i. 88 n., i. 190, et passim.
Raynouard, M., his notes on Hammer’s “Mysterium Baphometi Revelatum”, iii. 494-500.
Redemption, mystery of the, celebrated at Jerusalem, i. 24.
Reformation, first dawnings of the, in Europe, ii. 196, ii. 197.
The Turkish hostilities favourable to its principles, iii. 246.
Relics, veneration for, among the Crusaders, ii. 141, ii. 142.
Religion, sanguinary wars in the name of, ii. 310.
Despotic principles of, noticed, ii. 111, ii. 241 and n.
Mingled with the institutions of the middle age, ii. 111, ii. 295, ii. 299.
Renaud de Chatillon, biographical notices of, i. 403.
Raised by marriage to the throne of Antioch, ib.
Makes war on the emperor of Constantinople, i. 404.
Defeats the Saracens, ib.
His various military adventures, i. 404-415.
Taken prisoner by Saladin, i. 422.
Put to death, i. 424.
Renaudot, M., his description of the Greek fire, iii. 387 (App.).
Rephraim, valley of, i. 213.
Reslans, family of the, iii. 428.
Resurrection, church of the, i. 1.
Rhamnus, the shrub, i. 212.
Rhodes, defended by the knights of St. John, iii. 185.
Besieged by the Turks, iii. 188, iii. 189.
Captured, iii. 213.
Richard I., king of England, his quarrels with the king of France, i. 440, i. 441.
Prepares for the holy war, i. 441 et seq.
Captures Cyprus, i. 475.
Married to Berengaria of Navarre, i. 476.
His arrival before the walls of Ptolemaïs, and his quarrels with Philip of France, i. 476, i. 477.
Defeats Saladin at Arsur, i. 487, i. 488.
Surprised by the Mussulmans, i. 489.
Rebuilds Ascalon, and negotiates with Saladin, i. 491, i. 499.
Marches on Jerusalem, i. 492.
Retreats, i. 497.
His personal exploits, i. 498.
His interview with Aboubeker, i. 498 n.
Enters into a treaty of peace with Saladin, i. 500, i. 501.
Character of, 504; iii. 257.
Detained as a prisoner in Austria and Germany, i. 507.
Returns to England, i. 508.
Death of, ii. 42.
Anecdote of, ii. 43 n.
His adventures in the Holy Land, and his contests with Saladin, iii. 395 et seq. (App.).
Account of his imprisonment in Germany, iii. 405 et seq.
Richard, duke of Cornwall, joins the Crusaders at Ptolemaïs, ii. 295.
Returns to Italy, ii. 296.
——, prince of Salerno, i. 86.
Rinaldo, a leader of the Crusaders, i. 74 and n.
Rion de Loheac, notices of, i. 245 n.
Robert, king of Scotland, pilgrimage of, i. 21.
——, duke of Normandy, father of William the Conqueror, undertakes a penitential pilgrimage, i. 27.
Dies, i. 28.
——, son of William the Conqueror, a leader of the Crusaders, i. 82.
Defeats the Turks in Phrygia, i. 111.
Returns home, and dies in prison, i. 248.
Historical notices of, iii. 357 (App.).
——, count of Flanders, a leader of the Crusaders, i. 83.
Surnamed “The Lance and the Sword,” ib.
Returns to his own country, and is killed by a fall from his horse, i. 247 and n.
——, count of Paris, i. 83.
His reception by Alexius of Constantinople, i. 94.
Mortally wounded, i. 108.
—— de Vair, slain, ii. 408.
—— de Trils, death of, ii. 165.
—— le Frison, count of Flanders, penitential pilgrimage of, i. 27.
Anecdote of his son, i. 56 n.
Robert the Monk, the chronicler, i. 49 n.
Rodolphe, chancellor of Jerusalem, i. 328.
—— de Rhenfield, duke of Swabia, i. 76.
Romances during the period of the middle ages, iii. 342-344.
Romanus-Diogenes, death of, i. 36.
Rome, early pilgrimages to, i. 21.
A second time the capital of the world, i. 39.
Besieged by Frederick II., emperor of Germany, ii. 293.
Agitated state and desolation of, ii. 296.
Its alarm at the threatened invasions of the Turks, iii. 189.
Possessed by the French, iii. 194.
See Popes.
Rosnay, prior of, ii. 409.
Rossi, his speech to the Crusaders, ii. 84.
Rousseau, J. J., his remarks on the Crusaders, ii. 36.
S.
Saadi, the Persian poet, ii. 189 and n.
Sabeans, sect of, i. 4.
Sadoletus, his eloquent exhortation in favour of a crusade against the Turks, iii. 206.
St. Ambrose, pretended revelation of, i. 164.
St. Bernard, abbot of Clairvaux, incites the nations of Christendom to the second crusade, i. 329 et seq.
Miracles imputed to, i. 339 and n.
His great influence, i. 343.
Reproaches against, for the misfortunes of the Crusaders, i. 376, i. 377.
His death and character, i. 380, i. 381.
——, monastery of, i. 22 n.
St. Clair, virgins of, self-mutilated and slaughtered, iii. 86 n.
St. Dominic, order of, its origin, iii. 304.
St. Eusebius, his pilgrimage to the Holy Land, iii. 350.
St. Francis, order of, its origin, iii. 304.
St. George, his miraculous appearance to the Christian army, i. 221.
St. Jerome, his pilgrimage to the Holy Land, iii. 350.