St. John, knights of, i. 281, i. 307.
Heroic devotion of the, i. 308.
Their noble reply to Mahomet II., iii. 186.
Their bravery in the defence of Rhodes, iii. 188, iii. 189.
Driven from Rhodes, 213. Transferred to Malta, iii. 214.
Their brave defence of Malta, iii. 224.
St. Kenelmus, miracles attributed to, iii. 409.
St. Martin, the patron saint of Germany, ii. 31, ii. 32 and n.
St. Paulina, her pilgrimage to the Holy Land, iii. 350.
St. Simeon, port of, i. 140.
Saladin, genius and fortunes of, i. xx.
Account of, i. 397 and n.
Appointed vizier of Egypt, ib.
His character, i. 398.
His wars with the Christians of Syria, i. 401, i. 402 et seq., i. 417 et seq.
Defeats the Christians at Tiberias, i. 418-423.
His barbarous executions of the Christian knights, i. 424.
His further victories, and capture of numerous cities in Palestine, i. 425 et seq.
Besieges and captures Jerusalem, i. 426, i. 429, i. 432.
His victorious career, i. 451 et seq.
Defeats the Crusaders at Ptolemaïs, i. 460, i. 466.
His conflicts with Richard I. and Philip of France, i. 478.
Is defeated by Richard at Arsur, i. 487, i. 488.
Destroys Ascalon by fire, i. 490.
Negotiates with Richard, i. 491, i. 499.
Enters into a treaty of peace, i. 500, i. 501.
Character of, i. 504, i. 505 and n.
His death, i. 508.
Dissolution of his empire, i. 509.
His dominions divided among his successors, ii. 2, ii. 3 and n.
The civil wars thence arising, ii. 4 et seq.
——, letter of, detailing his conquest of Jerusalem, iii. 372 (App.).
Sermon made on the occasion, iii. 376.
His contests with Richard I., iii. 395 et seq., iii. 405.
—— tenths, decree of the council of Paris for raising the, iii. 384 (App.).
Salisbury, earl of, engages in the seventh crusade, ii. 360. Slain, ii. 408.
——, William of, joins Louis IX., ii. 379.
Samosata, city of, i. 123.
Saracens, their fanaticism and bravery, i. 5.
Capture Jerusalem, i. 6.
Defeated by Zimisces, i. 15.
Hostile spirit against the, i. 17.
Their contests with the Crusaders before Antioch, i. 158 et seq.
Reply of their general to the deputies of the Crusaders, i. 168.
Their order of battle before Antioch, i. 170.
Defeated by the Crusaders, i. 173, i. 174.
Insults to the Christian army before Jerusalem, i. 214.
Their preparations for resistance, i. 215, i. 216.
Advance from Cairo, i. 237;
and are defeated with great slaughter on the plain of Ascalon, i. 240-242.
Defeat the Christians, i. 291.
Their dynasty almost annihilated, i. 382.
Defeat the Christians at Tiberias with immense slaughter, i. 418-423.
Saracens, defeated by the Crusaders, ii. 18, 29.
Attacked by Louis IX., ii. 383;
and defeated, ii. 403.
Their severe conflicts with Louis, ii. 413 et seq.
Everywhere victorious, ii. 424 et seq.
Capture the king, ii. 428;
and annihilate his army, ii. 429 et seq.
——, divisions among the, iii. 3.
Letter from Daimbert, archbishop of Pisa, and others, detailing their victories over them, iii. 362-364 (App.).
Letter from St. Louis respecting them, iii. 461.
Defeated by Edward I. of England, iii. 472.
See Mohammedans.
—— of Africa, invaded by the Christian forces, iii. 117.
Sarepta, taken by the Crusaders, i. 288.
Saron, forest of, memoir on the, iii. 388 (App.).
Satalia, pillaged by the Christian forces, iii. 183.
Sauria, in Phrygia, miseries of the Crusaders in, i. 113.
Scanderberg of Albania defeats the Turks, iii. 178.
Death of, iii. 180.
Scharmesah, in Egypt, captured by the Crusaders, ii. 397.
Sclaves, notices of the, i. 374.
Scete, solitude of, i. 21.
Scurvy, disease of, among the Crusaders, ii. 418 n.
Sefed, besieged and captured by the Mamelukes, iii. 13, iii. 14.
The inhabitants slaughtered, iii. 15.
Seldjouc, Turkish dynasty of the, i. 31, i. 32.
Tribes of, i. 34.
Their military ardour, i. 34, i. 35.
Dynasty of, almost annihilated, i. 382.
Selim ascends the Ottoman throne, iii. 201.
His warlike disposition, iii. 202.
Conquers the king of Persia and the sultan of Egypt, ib.
Succeeded by Soliman, iii. 213.
Selim II. ascends the Ottoman throne, iii. 225.
Semlin, assailed by the Crusaders, i. 64.
Senna, brought from Asia, iii. 336.
Sepulchre. See Holy Sepulchre.
Serfage, under the feudal system, iii. 283, iii. 284, iii. 289 et seq.
Sergines, bravery of, ii. 426.
Serpents of the river Eleuctra, i. 198.
Various names of, i. 199 n.
Sextus IV. implores the aid of Christian Europe against the Turks, iii. 189.
Sibila, city of, captured and burnt, i. 40 and n.
Sibylla, daughter of King Amaury, and wife of Guy de Lusignan, ambition of, i. 413.
Death of, i. 470.
Sicilian vespers, iii. 66.
Sicily, conquered by Henry VI., ii. 20.
Crown of, granted by the pope to Charles, count of Anjou, iii. 21.
Discontents and revolts in, iii. 66.
Sidon surrenders to the Christians, i. 289.
Captured by the Mohammedans, ii. 392.
Surprised by the Turcomans, who slaughter the Christians, ii. 474.
Fortified by Louis IX., ii. 476.
Captured and destroyed by the Saracens, iii. 66.
Sigismund of Hungary, defeated by Bajazet, iii. 128.
Sigur, prince of Norway arrives at Jerusalem, with large forces to assist Baldwin, i. 289.
Silk of the East, i. 11.
Manufacture of, during the middle ages, iii. 328, iii. 329.
Siloë, fountain of, i. 10, i. 209.
Simeon, patriarch of Jerusalem, i. 42.
Sins to be expiated by visiting the Holy Land, ii. 191.
Sirvente, a poem of the Troubadours, iii. 19, iii. 20 n.
Smyrna, pillaged by the Christian forces, iii. 103.
Captured and destroyed by Bajazet, iii. 133.
Sobieski, king of Poland, defeats the Turks at Vienna, iii. 235.
Soliman, the Turkish chief, extensive conquests of, i. 33.
——, the Ottoman sultan, takes possession of Belgrade and Rhodes, iii. 213.
Invades Hungary, and defeats the Hungarians, iii. 214, iii. 215.
Besieges Vienna, iii. 217.
Death of, iii. 224.
Soneidanis, a class of Ismaëlians, iii. 428.
Sophronius, patriarch, death of, i. 6.
Sophia, victory of, iii. 137, iii. 139.
Souliers, family of the, i. 41 n.
Spain, crusades in, i. 375.
War with the Saracens and Moors, ii. 201, ii. 268.
Emancipated from Moorish domination, iii. 243.
State of, and changes in, during the age of the crusades, iii. 264 et seq.
Expels the Moors, iii. 266;
and establishes the Inquisition, iii. 267.
Increase of liberty in, iii. 285.
Spies, Turkish, barbarous treatment of, i. 137.
Statuary destroyed at Constantinople by the Latins, iii. 438-440.
Stellion, serpent so named, i. 199.
Stephen, duke of Burgundy, slain at Ramla, i. 282.
——, count of Blois, a leader of the Crusaders, i. 83.
Letter of, i. 95.
——, count of Chartres, slain at Ramla, i. 282.
—— de Salviac, notices of, i. 246.
Sugar, introduced into Europe during the middle ages, iii. 330.
Suger, prime minister of France, styled the “father of his country”, i. 376.
Death of, and character, i. 380, i. 381.
——, Abbot, i. 330.
His advice to Louis VII., i. 341.
Sunnites, Mohammedan sect of the, iii. 413.
Surnames, on the origin of, ii. 282.
Swabia, royal family of, nearly extinct, iii. 21.
Sweno, king of Denmark, a leader of the Crusaders, i. 133.
Slain, i. 154 and n.
Syria, the cities and territories of, i. 126.
The Crusaders enter, i. 127.
Conquests in, by the Crusaders, i. 183 et seq.
Invade Egypt, i. 390 et seq.
Political state of, at the sixth crusade, ii. 226.
Possessed by the Egyptians and Carismians, ii. 331.
By the sultan of Egypt, ii. 377.
Principal cities captured by the Moguls, iii. 5.
Towns of, destroyed by the Crusaders, iii. 119.
Overrun by Tamerlane, iii. 132.
Geographical details respecting, iii. 485 (App.).
See Palestine.
T.
Tabor, Mount, churches built on, i. 1.
Described, ii. 227.
Attacked by the Crusaders, ib.
Tamerlane, history and extensive conquests of, iii. 132, iii. 133.
Defeats Bajazet at Ancyra, iii. 133.
Tancred “the Brave,” character of, i. 86, i. 87.
His inflexible virtue, i. 96.
Hostile encounter with Baldwin, i. 118, i. 119.
“Tower of”, i. 217 and n.
Enters Jerusalem by storm, i. 222.
Takes possession of Tiberias and various other cities, i. 267.
Attacked by the sultan of Damascus, who is defeated by Godfrey, i. 273.
His quarrel with Baldwin, i. 276, i. 277.
His death and character, i. 290.
Tarenta, remedy for the bite of a, i. 199 n.
Tarentum, principality of, i. 85.
Tarsus, city of, i. 116.
Disputes among the leaders of the Crusaders at, i. 117.
Taken possession of by Baldwin, i. 118.
Tartars, invasions of the, i. 255; ii. 265.
Defeat the Latins, ii. 166, ii. 167.
Their manners and customs, ii. 313.
History and conquests of, ii. 316 et seq., ii. 322, ii. 487; iii. 8, iii. 95, iii. 132.
Government of the, ii. 321.
Capture Bagdad, iii. 4.
Their conquests in Syria, iii. 6.
Beaten and expelled by the Mamelukes, iii. 7.
The pope sends missionaries to them, iii. 94.
Their contests with the Mussulmans revive the hopes of the Christians, ib.
They send ambassadors to the pope, iii. 95.
Conquests of Tamerlane, their great leader, iii. 132, iii. 133.
Tasso, his “Jerusalem delivered”, i. 202 n., i. 205.
His account of the battle of Ascalon, i. 243 n.
His heroes more wonderful than those of Homer, i. 258.
Memoir of his enchanted forest, iii. 388 (App.).
Tatius quits the camp of the Crusaders, i. 135.
Taurus, Mount, sufferings of the Crusaders in passing, i. 126.
Taxation, created on the fall of feudalism, iii. 293.
Temelicus, defeated by the Saracens, i. 14.
Temory, Paul, Archbishop of Colotza, is appointed commander against the Turks, and defeated, iii. 214, iii. 215.
Templars, the, i. 307.
Their devoted bravery, i. 308; ii. 414; iii. 88.
Defeat and slaughter of, i. 415, i. 416.
Their grand master taken prisoner by Saladin, i. 422.
Their conquests and possessions, ii. 9; iii. 98.
Their quarrels with the Hospitallers, ii. 9, ii. 10; iii. 2.
Accusations against, iii. 99.
Hammer’s notes on their apostasy, iii. 494-500 (App.).
Temugin, the Tartar chief, notices of, ii. 317 et seq.
Death of, ii. 321.
Thaher, governor of Aleppo, ii. 3.
Themal, bravery of, i. 13 n.
Theodore, governor of Edessa, i. 121 and n.
Theodosius, column of, at Constantinople, ii. 157 and n.
Theopolis, the ancient name of Antioch, i. 128.
Theriaca, a medicine brought from Antioch, iii. 336.
Thessalonica, possessed by Boniface, ii. 150;
by Baldwin, iii. 160.
Thevet, André, i. 41 n.
Thibault III., count of Champagne, engages in the second crusade, i. 330.
—— IV., count of Champagne, engages in the fifth crusade, ii. 45.
His death and character, ii. 54.
—— V., king of Navarre, engages in the holy war, ii. 286, ii. 290.
Thierri, count of Flanders, i. 359.
Thimariots of Turkey, iii. 240.
Thoron, castle of, besieged, ii. 23-28.
Thrace entered by the Crusaders, i. 67.
Tiberias, taken possession of by Tancred, i. 267.
Captured by Saladin, i. 407.
Battle of, disastrous to the Christians, i. 418-423.
Letter from Saladin, detailing the battle of, iii. 372 (App.).
Togrul-Beg, elected king of the Turks, i. 31.
His victorious career, i. 31, i. 32.
Tolosa, victory of, over the Moors, ii. 201.
Tortosa, successful attack on by the Crusaders, i. 189.
Capture of, i. 254.
Retaken by the Mussulmans, i. 453.
Toucy, Chevalier de, ii. 466.
Tournaments of the middle age, iii. 296.
Tours, council of, for promoting the cause of the Crusaders, ii. 287.
Toutousch, the Turkish general, conquests of, i. 33.
Traconite, the country of, i. 318.
Tripoli, emir of, defeated by the Crusaders, i. 196.
The city of, captured by them, i. 287.
Riches of, i. 288.
Flourishing state of, i. 306.
Besieged by Saladin, i. 453.
Taken by storm, and the Christians slaughtered, iii. 69.
The city destroyed, iii. 70.
Recaptured and burnt by the Crusaders, iii. 119.
Tristan, duke of Nevers, death of, iii. 42.
Troncs, receipts of, in France, for the expenses of the crusades, iii. 473;
and their expenditure, iii. 474 et seq.
Troubadours, songs of, during the middle ages, ii. 306, ii. 307; iii. 342.
Their poetry for the crusades, iii. 452 (App.).
Trouvères during the middle ages, iii. 342.
“True cross,” a piece of, placed in the church of Drontheim, i. 289.
Captured by Saladin, i. 422.
Fragment of it taken from Constantinople, ii. 142 and n.
Tunis, the Crusaders under Louis IX. arrive at, iii. 37.
Historical notices of, iii. 37, iii. 38.
Captured, iii. 39.
Great mortality among the Crusaders at., iii. 41.
Death of Louis IX. at, iii. 46.
A truce concluded, iii. 50.
Turbessel, capture of, i. 121.
Turcoman, the surname of Ezz-Eddin Aybek, governor of Egypt, ii. 445.
Turks, or Turcomans, their victorious and sanguinary career, i. 31 et seq.
Embrace the Mussulman faith, i. 31.
Their social barbarism, i. 37.
Their power at the time of the first crusade, i. 97;
and the contests with them, i. 100 et seq.
Cruel treatment of, by the Crusaders, i. 137.
Their defeat before Antioch, i. 140, i. 141.
Defeat the Crusaders, i. 252, i. 253.
Cause of their victories, i. 255 n.
Their incursions in Palestine, i. 303.
Defeat the Germans, i. 351;
and are beaten by the French, i. 353.
Dynasties of, almost annihilated, i. 382.
Capture Sidon, and slaughter the inhabitants, ii. 474.
——, renewal of the crusades against, attempted, iii. 93.
Their conquest of Asia Minor, iii. 113.
The seat of their empire at Adrianople, ib.
Their origin from the Tartars, iii. 120.
Their history and conquests, iii. 121 et seq.
Their invasion of Greece, iii. 122.
A crusade against, determined on, iii. 125, iii. 126.
Contests with, iii. 127.
Defeated by Tamerlane, iii. 132, iii. 133.
Their barbarities to the Christians, iii. 135.
Besiege Constantinople under Mahomet II., iii. 148 et seq.
Capture it, and annihilate the Greek empire, iii. 156.
Crusades against, undertaken, A. D. 1438-1481, iii. 159.
They penetrate into Hungary, iii. 166.
And are defeated at Belgrade, iii. 167.
Their extensive conquests, iii. 171, iii. 174, iii. 180, iii. 225.
Invade Hungary and different parts of Europe simultaneously, iii. 187-189.
Defeated by the Hungarians, iii. 187.
Besiege Rhodes, iii. 188, iii. 189.
Capture Otranto, ib.
Complete the overthrow of all the rival powers of the East, iii. 203.
Defeat the Hungarians, iii. 215.
Capture Cyprus, iii. 225.
Defeated at the naval battle of Lepanto, iii. 226.
Succours against implored by Pope Alexander VII., and a Christian confederation formed, iii. 233, iii. 234.
Their military power begins to decline, iii. 230, iii. 231, iii. 236.
General review of their conquests, iii. 231 et seq.
Conclude a peace with the Christian forces in Hungary, iii. 234.
Defeated by Sobieski at Vienna, iii. 235.
Causes and history of their decline, iii. 236 et seq.
Their present political position, iii. 244 et seq.
Turks, letter of Bohemond and others, detailing the defeat of the Turks, iii. 360 (App.).
Letter to Pope Urban, detailing the victories of the Crusaders over them, iii. 365.
Tyre, commercial greatness of, i. 300.
Siege and capture of, i. 300, i. 301.
Besieged by Saladin, i. 451.
Its heroic defence, i. 452.
Captured and destroyed by the Saracens, iii. 89.
U.
Universities of Europe during the middle ages, iii. 337, iii. 339.